
Critical Issues in the History of Spaceflight
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Content
- Intro
- Contents
- Introduction*
- Acronyms and Abbreviations
- Section 1. Motivations for Spaceflight
- Introduction
- Chapter 1
- Seeking Newer Worlds: An Historical Context for Space Exploration
- Islands in the Mist: The Case for Ages of Discovery
- Great Voyages: The First Age
- Corps of Discovery: The Coming of the Second Age
- Lost Worlds: The Waning of the Second Age
- Boldly Going Where No One Is: The Third Age
- Back to the Future: Beyond the Third Age
- Chapter 2
- Compelling Rationales for Spaceflight? History and the Search for Relevance
- A Question of Motivation
- Five Rationales for Spaceflight
- Human Destiny/Survival of the Species
- Geopolitics/National Pride and Prestige
- National Security and Military Applications
- Economic Competitiveness and Satellite Applications
- Scientific Discovery and Understanding
- History and the Search for Relevance
- Section 2. Human and Robotic Exploration
- Introduction
- Chapter 3
- Observations on the Robotic versus Human Issue in Spaceflight
- Classical Approaches to Space Exploration
- History and the Human Spaceflight Vision
- Robots in Space
- Astrophysics and the Electromagnetic Space Program
- A Postbiological Perspective
- Conclusion
- Chapter 4
- Human-Machine Issues in the Soviet Space Program
- Automation on Vostok: Technological, Disciplinary, and Medical Factors
- Vostok Dual Use: Military/Civilian and Automatic/Manual
- The Voskhod 2 Mission: The Cosmonaut Takes Control
- Designing a Cosmonaut for Soyuz
- Soyuz Flights: Dividing Glory and Responsibility between Human and Machine
- The Role of Ground Control
- The Paradox of Disciplined Initiative
- The Lunar Program: A Turn Toward Manual Control
- Defining the Cosmonaut Profession
- Automation in Context
- Directions for Further Research
- Chapter 5
- Human and Machine in the History of Spaceflight
- Between Human and Machine
- The Case of Apollo
- The Test Pilots
- Systems Thinking and the Role of the Human
- X-15 Human and Machine
- Rethinking Apollo
- An Agenda for Research
- Section 3. NASA and External Relations
- Introduction
- Chapter 6
- NASA and the Aerospace Industry: Critical Issues and Research Prospects
- Nasa and Industry: Four Core Issues
- Initially Designing and Building Aerospace Artifacts
- Redesigning, Testing and Reworking Aerospace Artifacts
- Contests and Alliances between/among Contractors and NASA Units
- Conceptualizing Contracting Relations and Production on Technology's Edges
- Nasa and Industry: Two Key Studies
- Industry and NASA: Mercury Moments and Closing Questions
- Chapter 7
- NASA and the Department of Defense: Enduring Themes in Three Key Areas
- Developing, Organizing and Implementing America's Space Age Vision in the 1950s
- The Technological Capabilities Panel and NSC-5520
- Responding to the Sputniks and Creating NASA
- Completing the Organizational Structure
- Wrestling with the Rationale for Human Spaceflight in the Early Space Program
- Jockeying for Human Spaceflight Missions
- The Rise and Fall of Dyna-Soar
- The MOL Program and the Demise of Military Spaceflight Dreams
- DOD and the Development of the Space Shuttle
- The Military, Space Transportation Policy and STS Operations
- Chapter 8
- Technology, Foreign Policy, and International Cooperation in Space
- The Johnson Administration and the ELDO Crisis
- The Obstacles to the Support for ELDO
- Finding a Way Around the Obstacles
- Denouement
- Conclusion
- Section 4. Access to Space
- Introduction
- Chapter 9
- "A Failure of National Leadership": Why No Replacement for the Space Shuttle?
- What Does "Replacing the Space Shuttle" Mean?
- An Album of Frustration
- The Root Causes of the Failure to Develop a Shuttle Replacement
- Technological Hubris and Organizational Outputs
- The Political Process and the Strength of the Pro-Shuttle Coalition
- Human Spaceflight as a National Enterprise
- So Has There Really Been a Failure?
- Epilogue: An Achievable Vision?
- Chapter 10
- Reusable Launch Vehicles or Expendable Launch Vehicles? A Perennial Debate
- The Spaceplane Concept
- Dyna-Soar
- Lifting Bodies
- The RASV
- The National Aero-Space Plane
- The Delta Clipper
- NASA's "X" Vehicles
- Commercial Launchers
- Analysis of a Perennial Debate
- Policy
- The Era of Space Transportation
- A Mixed Fleet
- A New World (Dis) Order?
- The Vision Thing
- The NASA Access to Space Study
- Defense Department Studies
- The 1994 Space Transportation Policy
- The RLV Bubble Bursts
- The New Bush
- Historiography
- A Question
- Section 5. NASA Cultures
- Introduction
- Chapter 11
- Changing NASA: The Challenges of Organizational System Failures
- NASA's Slippery Slope: O-Rings, Foam Debris, and Normalizing Deviance
- Two Accidents: The Reproduction of System Effects
- The Presidential Commission: Connecting Causes and Strategies for Control
- The CAIB: Connecting Causes with Strategies for Control
- Signals of Danger and the Normalization of Deviance
- The Culture of Production: NASA's Political/Economic Environment
- The Organization: NASA Structure and Culture
- Conclusion: Lessons Learned
- Chapter 12
- Accidents, Engineering, and History at NASA, 1967-2003
- Apollo 204
- Challenger
- Columbia
- Reading Accident Reports as History
- Computing
- Engineering Education
- The Systems Approach
- Further Research
- Chapter 13
- Institutional Issues for Continued Space Exploration: High-Reliability Systems Across Many Operational Generations-Requisites for Public Credibility
- Pursuing Highly Reliable Operations
- Internal Processes
- Organizationally Defined Intention
- Reliability-Enhancing Operations
- Organizational Culture of Reliability
- External Relationships
- Assuring Institutional Constancy and Faithfulness in the Future
- Conditions Encouraging Institutional Constancy
- Institutional Purpose
- The Infrastructure of Constancy
- Concluding Reflections
- Section 6. Space History: State of the Art
- Introduction
- Chapter 14
- American Space History: Legacies, Questions, and Opportunities for Future Research
- Exploration
- Competition and National Security
- Artifactual and Programmatic Histories
- Nose Cone History
- New History
- Political History
- History of Technology
- Social History
- Cultural History
- Conclusion
- Chapter 15
- The History and Historiography of National Security Space
- Overview Sources
- Ballistic Missiles and Military Space Launchers
- Early Warning and Space Surveillance
- Command and Control
- Communications
- Ballistic Missile Defense
- Space Intelligence and Reconnaissance
- Military Human Spaceflight
- Weather and Science
- Navigation
- Antisatellites and Space Warfare
- Organization, Management, and Acquisition
- Space Power Theory
- Conclusion-Holes in the Literature
- Holes in the Research
- Chapter 16
- Critical Theory as a Toolbox: Suggestions for Space History's Relationship to the History Subdisciplines
- A Brief History of Space History
- The New Aerospace History
- Critical Theory as a Toolbox
- Chapter 17
- Space Artifacts: Are They Historical Evidence?
- Why Artifacts Are Marginalized as Historical Evidence
- Things as "Congealed Culture
- Addressing the Issue: Rationales for Collecting
- Why Preserve Objects? The Views and Actions of Individuals
- So, Why Collect?
- Afterword
- Section 7. Postscript
- Afterword: Community and Explanation in Space History (?)
- Community
- Explanation
- The NASA History Series
- Reference Works, NASA SP-4000
- Management Histories, NASA SP-4100
- Project Histories, NASA SP-4200
- Center Histories, NASA SP-4300
- General Histories, NASA SP-4400
- Monographs in Aerospace History, NASA SP-4500
- Electronic Media, NASA SP-4600
- Conference Proceedings, NASA SP-4700
- About the Authors*
- Index
- Blank Page
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