
International Project Finance
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Content
- Intro
- INTERNATIONAL PROJECT FINANCE
- Copyright
- Preface
- TABLE OF CONTENTS
- Notes on Contributors
- List of Abbreviations, Financial Terms, and Acronyms
- List of Islamic Abbreviations, Financial Terms, and Acronyms
- Glossary
- Table of Cases
- Table of Legislation
- Table of International Treaties, Conventions, and Agreements
- Introduction
- 1. Approaching Legal Issues in a Project Finance Transaction
- Introduction
- Overall Risk Assessment
- Assessing the Host Country
- Environmental and Social Considerations
- Governing Law Considerations
- Credit Documentation
- Security Packages
- Process Management
- 2. Project Participants and Structures
- General Overview
- Project Participants: Stage One (Project Origination)
- Project Participants: Stage Two (Financing the Project)
- Project Participants: Stage Three (Constructing the Project)
- Project Participants: Stage Four (Operating the Project)
- Ownership and Project Structures
- 3. Sources of Funding
- Introduction
- Sources
- Letters of Intent, Term Sheets, Commitment Letters, and Mandate Letters
- 4. Project Risks
- General Overview
- Risk Identification-?Due Diligence
- General Issues for All Projects
- 5. Allocation of Risks in Project Documentation
- Section A
- General Overview
- Objectives and Principles of Risk Allocation
- Bankability
- Risk Allocation Process
- Pass Through
- Relief from Contractual Obligations and Force Majeure
- Addressing Bankability Concerns
- Project Contracts
- Integrated Value Chain Projects
- Section B
- Risk Allocation in Project Agreements
- Shareholders' or Joint Venture Agreements
- Construction Contracts
- Operation and Maintenance Agreements
- Site Purchase or Lease Agreements
- Offtake Agreements
- Fuel and Other Feedstock Supply and Transportation Agreements
- Development Agreements/?Concession Contracts
- 6. Insurance
- Introduction
- Insurance Programme Design
- Project Company Control
- The Breadth and Scope of the Insurance Programme
- Legal and Commercial Influences on Procurement
- Insurance Risk itself and Lenders' Clauses
- 7. Principal Loan Finance Documentation
- Introduction
- Credit Agreements
- Accounts Agreements
- Mezzanine Facility Agreements
- Equity Bridge Facility Agreements
- Intercreditor Agreements
- 8. Official Funding Sources: Export Credit Agencies
- General Overview
- ECAs Generally
- Funding Considerations
- Structuring and Documentation
- Recent Trends
- 9. Official Funding Sources: Multilateral and Development Finance Agencies
- General Overview
- Multilaterals Generally
- Funding Considerations
- 10. Documentation of Project Bonds
- Introduction
- Why Issue Project Bonds?
- Securities Regulation and Legal Framework
- Disclosure
- Selling Restrictions
- Governing Law
- The Due Diligence Process
- The Underwriting Process
- Typical Project Bond Documentation
- Listing
- 11. Islamic Project Finance
- Introduction
- Sources of Islamic Finance
- Islamic Finance Principles
- Islamic Finance Techniques
- Islamic Project Finance Techniques
- Conventional Project Finance Structures
- Multi-?sourced Sharia'a-?compliant Financings
- Integrating the Conventional and Islamic Facilities
- 12. Ancillary Finance Documentation
- General Overview
- Equity Support
- Security Arrangements
- Direct Agreements
- Legal Opinions
- 13. Project Finance in Civil Law Jurisdictions
- Introduction
- Public Projects and Tender Offers
- Creating and Perfecting Security Interests
- Direct Agreements and Step-?in Rights
- Direct agreements and stipulation pour autrui
- Issues Arising from Secured Lending
- Effectiveness of Unilateral Dispute Resolution Clauses
- Influence of Civil Code in African Countries: Organisation pour l'Harmonisation en Afrique du Droit des Affaires (OHADA)
- 14. International Projects-?Sector Focus
- Section A-?Oil and Gas
- Introduction
- Project Structuring
- Sales Contracts
- Key Risks in an Oil and Gas Project
- Financial Consideration
- Section B-?Mining Projects
- General Overview
- Introduction
- Environmental and Social Impact
- Completion Risk
- Reserve Estimates and Market Risks
- Resource Nationalism and Political Risk
- Terms of a Mining Financing
- Streaming Agreements, Royalty Agreements, and other Alternative Finance Options
- Challenges in the Future
- Conclusion
- Section C-?Conventional Power
- Introduction
- The IPP Model
- Overview of Power Markets
- IPP Risk Allocation and Contractual Structure
- Key Risks in an Independent Power Project
- Financing Considerations
- Conclusion
- Section D-?Renewable Energy
- Introduction
- Sources of Renewable Energy
- Increased Market Penetration
- Incentives for Renewable Energy Investment
- Development of Renewable Projects
- Project Site
- Transmission and Interconnection
- Conclusion
- Section E-?Financing Nuclear Power Projects
- Introduction
- Challenges of Developing and Financing NPPs
- Why Hasn't Project Finance Worked for NPPs?
- Financing Models for NPPs
- Conclusion
- Section F-?Infrastructure/?Public Private Partnerships
- Introduction
- Contractual Risk Allocation
- Financing Considerations
- Benefits/?Challenges of PPPs
- Conclusion
- 15. Defaults and Workouts: Restructuring Project Financings
- Introduction
- Restructuring Protagonists
- Process
- Restructuring Options
- 16. Dispute Resolution in Project Finance Transactions
- Introduction
- Disputes Involving Commercial Risk
- Commercial Risks that Frequently Result in Project Disputes
- The Choice between Litigation and Arbitration
- Disputes Involving Political Risk
- Enforcement of Judgments and Awards
- Dispute Resolution 'Toolkit'
- Reducing the Chance for Error: Qualification Requirements and Appeals
- Consolidation of Potential Disputes by Agreement
- Increasing Effectiveness: Early Remedies and Final Enforcement
- Appendix 1: Checklist of Conditions Precedent, Representations, Covenants, and Events of Default for Inclusion in Finance Documents
- Appendix 2: Risk Matrix: Independent Water/?Power Project
- Appendix 3: Risk Matrix: Complex Petrochemical Project
- Appendix 4: Environmental Due Diligence Checklist
- Appendix 5: Overview of Key Provisions of a Joint Venture or Partnership Agreement
- Appendix 6: Key Provisions in a Concession Agreement
- Appendix 7: Checklist of Key Provisions in Turnkey Construction/?EPC Contracts
- Appendix 8: Checklist of Key Provisions in Feedstock Supply Contracts
- Appendix 9: Checklist of Key Provisions in Offtake/?Power Purchase Agreements
- Appendix 10: Checklist of Key Provisions in Operation and Maintenance Agreements
- Index
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