Language Standardization and Language Change
The dynamics of Cape Dutch
1st Edition
Published on 31. March 2004
XX, 362 pages
978-90-272-9579-8 (ISBN)
Description
Language Standardization and Language Change describes the formation of an early standard norm at the Cape around 1900. The processes of variant reduction and sociolinguistic focusing which accompanied the early standardization history of Afrikaans (or 'Cape Dutch' as it was then called) are analysed within the broad methodological framework of corpus linguistics and variation analysis. Multivariate statistical techniques (cluster analysis, multidimensional scaling and PCA) are used to model the emergence of linguistic uniformity in the Cape Dutch speech community. The book also examines language contact and creolization in the early settlement, the role of Afrikaner nationalism in shaping language attitudes and linguistic practices, and the influence of English. As a case study in historical sociolinguistics the book calls into question the traditional view of the emergence of an Afrikaans standard norm, and advocates a strongly sociolinguistic, speaker-orientated approach to language history in general, and standardization studies in particular.
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Content
- Language Standardization and Language Change
- Editorial page
- Title page
- LCC page
- Dedication
- Epigraph
- Table of contents
- List of figures
- List of tables
- Acknowledgements
- Introduction
- The study of language standardization
- Linguistic focusing: From variation continua to language standards
- Codification and functional diversification: From language standards to standard languages
- Afrikaans historical sociolinguistics
- Outline of the book
- Notes
- History
- Afrikaans sociohistorical linguistics
- Historical corpora and their interpretation
- Language contact and language change at the Cape: Sociohistorical and linguistic evidence
- Mechanisms and outcomes of language change
- The insights of the acrolect
- Summary: Setting the stage
- Notes
- Afrikaner nationalism and the discovery of the vernacular
- The rise of dialect writing
- Afrikaner nationalism and early vernacular standardization
- Folk taxonomies and language attitudes
- A diglossic community?
- The linguistic marketplace and its entrepreneurs
- Summary: The language question at the Cape
- Notes
- The Corpus of Cape Dutch Correspondence and the social context of language use in the nineteenth century
- The Cape Dutch speech community: Core and periphery
- Literacy and writing practices
- The Corpus of Cape Dutch Correspondence
- Mapping the social universe: Age, gender, ethnicity and class
- Age
- Gender
- Ethnicity
- Social class
- Summary: An acrolectal and mesolectal corpus
- Notes
- Variation analysis
- On the analysis of variability and uniformity
- Statistics and variation studies: More than a numbers game1
- Numerical taxonomy
- Hierarchical cluster analysis5
- Example (Labov 1969)
- Multidimensional scaling
- Example (Labov 1969)
- Principal components analysis (PCA)12
- Example (Labov 1969)
- Focusing, diffusion and fixity: A statistical perspective
- Notes
- The gradualness of morphosyntactic change
- Variation analysis: Some caveats
- The verbal system
- Revisiting Conradie (1979)
- The apocope of [t] - An example of morphophonemic variation
- Apocope of -e(n)
- Tense marking
- Past tense variation
- Tense and aspect adverbials
- Nominal gender agreement
- The attributive adjective inflection
- Summary: Morphosyntactic standardization as a process of rule extension
- Notes
- Morpholexical and syntactic variation
- Personal pronouns
- First person singular subject pronoun (ek)
- Third person singular subject/object pronouns
- First person plural subject pronoun (ons)
- Third person plural subject/object pronouns (hulle)
- Attributive possessive pronouns
- Summary of pronoun use in the corpus
- The relativizer
- The demonstrative pronouns hierdie and daardie
- The negation
- The infinitive clause
- Objective vir
- The periphrastic possessive
- Summary: Comparing distribution patterns
- Notes
- The Cape Dutch variety spectrum
- Identifying lects in the data
- Morphosyntactic variation
- Morpholexical variation
- Summary of results of the multivariate analysis
- Examining the social dimensions
- Linguistic patterns in the dialect writing tradition
- Standardization and diglossia revisited
- Afrikaans-Dutch code-mixing/switching
- Summary
- Notes
- Establishing the norm
- Engels, Engels, alles Engels
- British colonial rule: 1806-1910
- English-Dutch/Afrikaans code-mixing/switching
- Anglicisms
- Language conflict and language purism: Moenie jou languages mix nie
- Notes
- Social networks and the diffusion of standard Afrikaans
- Networks, modernization and nationalism
- Reconstructing historical social networks
- Ties of coalition and cooperation: The Afrikaner nationalists
- The rise of Afrikaans: Daar buite in die bloue lug4
- Summary
- Notes
- Epilogue
- Hypothesis I: An argument for slow and gradual change
- Hypothesis II: Against diglossia
- Hypothesis III: Shaping the linguistic market
- Hypothesis IV: The role of the `middle classes' and the standard as a social symbol
- Hypothesis V: Language standards as `focused' clusters of idiolects
- Note
- Appendix
- References
- Manuscript sources
- Official publications
- Index
- The series IMPACT: STUDIES IN LANGUAGE AND SOCIETY
