
Essentials of Working Memory Assessment and Intervention
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Content
- Cover
- Title Page
- Copyright
- Contents
- Series Preface
- Acknowledgments
- Chapter One Working Memory Models
- Working Memory's Influence
- Baddeley's Working Memory Model
- The Phonological Loop
- The Visuospatial Sketchpad
- The Episodic Buffer
- The Central Executive
- Other Models of Working Memory
- Daneman and Carpenter's Processing Efficiency Model
- Kane and Engle's Executive Attention Model
- Cowan's Embedded-Process Model
- Ericsson and Kintsch's Long-Term Working Memory Model
- The Relationship Between Working Memory and Long-Term Memory
- The Controversy Regarding Working Memory Capacity
- Retention Intervals
- Cognitive Load Theory
- The Integrated Model of Working Memory
- Short-Term Memory
- Verbal Working Memory
- Visual-Spatial Working Memory
- Executive Working Memory
- Interaction With Long-Term Memory
- Capacity of Working Memory Operations
- Chapter Two Cognitive Processes Highly Related With Working Memory
- General Intelligence
- Fluid Reasoning
- The Big Three
- Executive Functions
- Attention
- Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
- Oral Language
- Auditory Processing
- Phonological Processing
- Processing Speed
- Visual-Spatial Processing
- Sequential Processing
- Long-Term Memory
- Encoding
- Consolidation
- Retrieval
- Recall Versus Recognition
- Metamemory
- Strategies
- Chapter Three Development, Neuroanatomy, and Risk Factors
- Development of Working Memory
- Phonological STM
- Verbal WM
- Visual-Spatial STM
- Visual-Spatial WM
- Executive WM
- WM Strategies
- Metamemory Development
- Long-Term Memory Development
- The Neuroanatomy of Working Memory
- Interconnectivity Determines Capacity
- Phonological STM
- Visual-Spatial STM and WM
- Executive WM
- The Neuroanatomy of Long-Term Memory
- The Medial Temporal Lobe
- The Hippocampus
- Hippocampal Related Structures
- Amygdala
- Thalamus
- Risk Factors for Working Memory Impairments
- Concussions and Traumatic Brain Injuries
- Extreme Prematurity
- Childhood Diabetes
- Dopamine Deficiency
- Depression
- Anxiety
- Stress
- Chapter Four Working Memory's Influence on Academic Learning and Performance
- Working Memory and Classroom Learning
- Cognitive Load in the Classroom
- Instructional Variables
- Internal Processing Variables
- Content Variables
- Working Memory and Basic Reading Skills
- Case Illustration
- Reading Fluency
- Working Memory and Reading Comprehension
- The Role of Verbal WM
- The Role of Executive WM
- The Role of Visual-Spatial Working Memory
- Related Cognitive Processes
- Case Illustration
- Summary
- Working Memory and Mathematics
- The Role of Visual-Spatial STM and WM
- The Role of Phonological STM
- The Role of Verbal WM
- The Role of Executive WM
- Other Cognitive Factors
- Case Illustration
- Summary
- Working Memory and Written Expression
- Automaticity of Basic Writing Skills
- Case Illustration
- Working Memory and Oral Language
- Case Illustration
- Working Memory, Second Language Acquisition, and Bilingualism
- Working Memory and Scholastic Performance
- Working Memory and LD
- Reading Disabilities
- Mathematics Disabilities
- Oral Language Disabilities
- The Importance of Automaticity
- Implications for Assessment
- Other Cognitive Processing Deficits
- Preschool WM Screening
- Conclusions
- Chapter Five Assessment Strategies
- How to Determine Which Working Memory Component a Subtest Measures
- Differences Between STM Components and WM Components
- Phonological STM Tasks
- Verbal WM Tasks
- Visual-Spatial STM Tasks
- Visual-Spatial WM Tasks
- Executive WM Tasks
- Task Analysis
- Informal Assessment Procedures
- Collecting Background Information
- Interviewing
- Assessment of Metamemory and Strategy Use
- Assessing Cognitive Load in the Classroom
- Observations
- Assessing Interaction With Long-Term Memory
- Activated Long-Term Memory Items
- The Influence ofWorking Memory on Long-Term Memory
- Working Memory Testing
- Criteria for Composite and Subtest Inclusion
- Selecting Composites and Subtests for Testing
- Using Rating Scales
- Testing Related Cognitive Processes
- Analyzing Test Results
- Step 1. Decide on the Components and Processes That Will Be Included
- Step 2. Enter the Names of the Scales, Composites, and Subtests Administered
- Step 3. Calculate and Enter Obtained Standard Scores
- Step 4. Calculate and Enter the Component or Process Scores
- Step 5. Enter 95% Confidence Intervals
- Step 6. Enter the IQ or Mean as the Predicted Score
- Step 7. Compute and Enter the Discrepancy Values
- Step 8. Determine Normative Strengths and Weaknesses
- Step 9. Determine Intra-Individual Strengths and Weaknesses
- Step 10. Determine Deficits and Assets
- Step 11. Examine Pairs for Significance
- Step 12. Determine Whether Each Composite Is Unitary
- Interpretation of Working Memory Assessment Data
- Phonological Short-Term Memory
- Visual-Spatial Short-Term Memory
- Verbal Working Memory
- Visual-Spatial Working Memory
- Executive Working Memory
- Short-Term Memory Versus Working Memory Components
- Specific Learning Disability Determination
- Memory Processes Analyzer
- Chapter Six Psychological Scales That Measure Working Memory
- Child and Adolescent Memory Profile (CHAMP)
- Visual-Spatial STM: Objects
- Verbal WM: Instructions
- Visual-Spatial WM: Places
- Cognitive Assessment System, Second Edition (CAS-II)
- Composites
- Subtests
- Comprehensive Test of Phonological Processing, Second Edition (CTOPP2)
- Phonological Memory Composite
- Subtests
- Differential Ability Scales-Second Edition (DAS-II)
- Working Memory Composite
- Subtests
- Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children-Second Edition (KABC-II)
- Phonological STM: Number Recall
- Visual-Spatial STM: Face Recognition
- Visual-Spatial STM: Hand Movements
- Executive WM:Word Order
- The NEPSY II
- Phonological STM: Repetition of Nonsense Words
- Verbal WM: Narrative Memory
- Verbal WM: Sentence Repetition
- Verbal WM:Word List Interference
- Visual-Spatial STM: Memory for Faces
- Visual-Spatial STM: Memory for Designs
- Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales-Fifth Edition (SB5)
- Visual-Spatial STM: Delayed Response
- Verbal WM: Memory for Sentences
- Visual-Spatial STM and WM: Block Span
- Executive WM: LastWord
- Test of Auditory Processing Skills, Third Edition (TAPS-3)
- Phonological STM: Number Memory Forward
- Phonological STM: Word Memory
- Verbal WM: Sentence Memory
- Executive WM: Number Memory Reversed
- Test of Memory and Learning-Second Edition (TOMAL-2)
- Phonological STM: Digits Forward and Letters Forward
- Visual-Spatial STM: Abstract Visual Memory
- Visual-Spatial STM: Facial Memory
- Visual-Spatial STM: Manual Imitation
- Visual-Spatial STM: Memory for Location
- Visual-Spatial STM: Visual Sequential Memory
- Verbal WM: Memory for Stories
- Executive WM: Digits Backward and Letters Backward
- The Wechsler Intelligence Scales
- Composites
- Subtests
- WISC-IV Integrated
- Phonological STM: Letter Span Rhyming and Nonrhyming
- Visual-Spatial STM: Spatial Span Forward
- Visual-Spatial STM: Visual Digit Span
- Visual-Spatial WM: Spatial Span Backward
- Executive WM: Letter-Number Sequencing Process Approach
- Wechsler Memory Scale, Fourth Edition (WMS-IV)
- Composite
- Subtests
- Wide Range Assessment of Memory and Learning-Second Edition (WRAML2)
- Composites
- Subtests
- Woodcock-Johnson IV Tests of Achievement (WJ IV ACH)
- Woodcock-Johnson IV Tests of Cognitive Abilities (WJ IV COG)
- Composites
- Subtests
- Woodcock-Johnson IV Tests of Oral Language (WJ IV OL)
- Verbal WM: Sentence Repetition
- Executive WM: Understanding Directions
- Chapter Seven Working Memory Interventions That Change the Brain
- Types of Working Memory Interventions
- Selecting Working Memory Exercises and Strategies
- Phonological STM Methods
- Verbal Working Memory Methods
- Visual-Spatial STM Methods
- Visual-Spatial Working Memory Methods
- Executive Working Memory Methods
- Measuring Progress
- Metamemory Training
- The Efficacy of Working Memory Training
- Concerns About the Efficacy of Working Memory Training
- Cognitive and Academic Gains Produced by Working Memory Training
- How Working Memory Training Changes the Brain
- Conclusions Regarding the Efficacy of Working Memory Training
- Internet-Based Working Memory Training
- Cogmed
- Jungle Memory
- Lumosity
- Brain HQ
- Guidelines for Internet-Based Working Memory Training
- Hands-On Working Memory Exercises
- N-Back
- Counting Span
- Arithmetic Flash Cards
- Visual-Spatial Recall
- Following Directions
- Verbal Span Practice
- Last Word
- Rehearsal as an Exercise
- Interventions That Improve Related Cognitive Processes
- Attention
- Executive Functions
- Phonological Processing
- Processing Speed
- Chapter Eight Supporting Working Memory in the Classroom
- The Mnemonic-Based Classroom
- Metamemory Instruction
- Instruction That Reduces Cognitive Load
- Accommodations and Modifications for Specific Academic Subjects
- Modifications for Written Expression
- Modifications for Taking Notes
- Modifications for Mathematics
- Modifications for Basic Reading Skills
- Modifications for Reading Comprehension
- General Accommodations
- Instructional Practices That Support Working Memory
- Visually Oriented Instruction
- Direct Instruction
- Repetition and Review
- Mastery and Automaticity
- Elaboration
- Teaching Working Memory Strategies
- Strategy Training Guidelines
- Rehearsal
- Chunking
- Teaching the Strategies of Switching and Updating
- Teaching Visualization Strategies
- Dual Encoding
- Bypassing Working Memory by Using LTM Strategies
- Chapter Nine Case Study
- Working Memory Interpretation Section
- Case Study Assessment
- Results From the Initial Assessment
- Analysis of Working Memory Results
- Example of a Written Interpretation
- Phonological Short-Term Memory
- Visual-Spatial Short-Term Memory
- Verbal Working Memory
- Visual-Spatial Working Memory
- Executive Working Memory
- Encoding
- Retrieval Fluency
- Summary
- Jon's Interventions
- Parent Training Model
- Jon's Exercises and Strategies
- Rehearsal Practice
- Increasing Span
- Chunking
- Semantic Clustering
- Visualizing
- Counting Dots
- Math Flash Cards
- N-Back
- Listening Span
- Elaboration
- Metamemory
- First Postintervention Assessment
- Second Postintervention Assessment
- Appendix A Scaled Score to Standard Score Conversion Table With Percentiles
- Appendix B T-Score to Standard Score Conversion Table
- Appendix C Working Memory Composites and Subtests Sorted by Scale
- Annotated Bibliography
- References
- About the Author
- About the Online Resources
- Index
- EULA
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