Kavousi IV

Name: Kavousi IV | The Early Iron Age Cemeteries at Vronda
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The Early Iron Age Cemeteries at Vronda

Leslie Preston Day(Author)

INSTAP Academic Press

Published on 1. August 2023

712 pages

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Content

Intro
List of Abbreviations
Glossary
Leslie Preston Day
History and Chronology of the Vronda Remains
Addendum: Other Vessels Possibly from Vronda Tholos Tombs
Vronda Tomb XI
Vronda Tomb X
Vronda Tomb IX
Vronda Tombs II, VII, or VIII (Boyd's Tombs 1, 4, or 2)
Vronda Tomb VIII (Boyd's Tomb 2, Grave 18)
Vronda Tomb VII (Boyd's Tomb 4)
Vronda Tomb VI (Boyd's Tomb D)
Vronda Tomb V (Boyds Tomb C)
Vronda Tomb IV (Boyd's Tomb 3)
Vronda Tomb III (Boyd's Tomb B)
Vronda Tomb II (Boyd's Tomb 1)
Vronda Tomb I (Boyd's Tomb A)
Leslie Preston Day, Maria A. Liston, Kimberly Flint-Hamilton, David S. Reese, and Lynn M. Snyder
Grave 1
Grave 2
Grave 3
Grave 4
Graves 5 and 11
Grave 6
Grave 8
Graves 9 and 14
Grave 10
Grave 12
Grave 13
Grave 15
Grave 16
Grave 17
Grave 19
Grave 20
Graves 21 and 22
Grave 23
Grave 24
Grave 26
Grave 27
Grave 28
Grave 29
Graves 30, 33, and 7
Grave 31
Graves 32 and 25
Grave 34
Grave 35
Grave 36
Grave 37
Other Possible Enclosure Burials
Maria A. Liston
Excavation
Inventory and Measurement
Reconstructing the Cremation Process
Classification of Cremation Burials
Cremation Process at Vronda
Maria A. Liston
Tholos Tombs: Demography, Health, and Pathology
Enclosure Graves: Demography, Health, and Pathology
Animal Bones
Marine Shells
Palaeobotanical Remains
Leslie Preston Day
Tholos Tombs
Enclosure Graves
Other Types of Burials without Architectural Features
Leslie Preston Day
Discussion by Shape
General Observations about the Pottery
Potters' Marks and Graffiti
Eleni Nodarou
Kavousi Fabrics and the Aim of the Study
Analytical Results
Provenance and Consumption Patterns
An East Cretan Assemblage-An EastCretan Community?
Leslie Preston Day
Metal
Ivory or Bone
Glass
Stone
Terracotta
Textile Remains
Analysis of Textiles
Leslie Preston Day
Tholos Tombs
Enclosure Burials
Comparison of Burial Customs in Tholos Tombs and Enclosures
Reconstructing the Burial Rituals
Leslie Preston Day
History of Mortuary Use of the Vronda Ridge
Burying Population and Location of Cemeteries
Introduction of Cremation
Social Structure and Burial
Conclusions
Kevin T. Glowacki
Cups
Skyphoi and Kraters
Effie Photos-Jones
Iron Production Using the Bloomery Process
Iron Artifacts from Vronda and Kastro and Their Examination with Optical and Scanning Electron Microscopy and Microhardness Testing
Results and Discussion
_GoBack
Results and Discussion
Iron Artifacts from Vronda and Kastro and Their Examination with Optical and Scanning Electron Microscopy and Microhardness Testing
List of Abbreviations
Glossary
Table 1. Comparative Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age chronologies, after Coldstream 2001, 22 (Knossos, Athens)
Mook 2004, 164-173 (Kavousi Kastro)
Tsipopoulou 2005, 345-348 (East Crete)
Kotsonas 2008, 32-36 (Eleutherna)
and Day 2016, 197-199 (Kavou
Table 2. Tholos tombs: summary of faunal remains. Common names include: Bos taurus = cattle, Canis familiaris = dog, Capra hircus = goat, Lepus = rabbit or hare, Ovis aries = sheep, Sus scrofa = pig.
Table 3. Tholos tombs: summary of marine shells. Common names include: Glycymeris pilosa = dog cockle, Hexaplex = murex, Mactra corallina = trough shell, Phorcus = Monodonta turbinata = topshell, Patella = limpet.
Table 4. Graves 1, 2, 4, and 5: summary of faunal remains. Cervidae = deer
for other common names, see Table 2.
Table 5. Enclosure burials: summary of marine shells. For common names, see Table 3.
Table 6. Graves 6, 8, and 9: summary of faunal remains. For common names, see Tables 2 and 4.
Table 7. Graves 10, 12, 13, and 15-17: summary of faunal remains. Aves = bird
for other common names, see Table 4.
Table 8. Graves 20, 21, 23, and 24: summary of faunal remains. For common names, see Tables 2 and 4.
Table 9. Graves 26, 27, and 29-32: summary of faunal remains. For common names, see Tables 2 and 4.
Table 10. Graves 34 and 36: summary of faunal remains. For common names, see Tables 2 and 4.
Table 11, cont. Skeletal remains from Vronda enclosure graves and tholos tombs.
Table 12. Pathologies and anomalies on skeletons from the Vronda enclosure graves.
Table 13. Palaeobotanical remains from the Vronda enclosure graves. wh = whole, fr = fragment.
Table 14. Location, orientation, measurements, and architectural details of tholos tombs. Abbreviations of stone types: B = breccia, L = limestone
abbreviations of relations to slope: para = parallel, perp = perpendicular.
Table 15. Location, orientation, measurements, and architectural details of enclosure graves.
Table 16. Paved platforms associated with enclosure graves.
Table 17. Counts and percentages of pottery fabrics in the tholos tombs.
Table 18. Counts and percentages of pottery fabrics in the enclosure graves.
Table 19. Concordance of vessel shapes and petrographic fabrics.
Table 20. Summary of the characteristics of the main petrographic fabric groups.
Table 21. Spears from the Vronda enclosure graves.
Table 22. Short swords (dirks) and daggers from the Vronda enclosure graves.
Table 23. Stone beads from the Vronda enclosure graves.
Table 24. Terracotta beads or whorls from the Vronda enclosure graves.
Table 25. Co-occurrence of male burials with kraters and weapons in the enclosure graves.
Table 26. Chronology of use of the tholos tombs and enclosure graves (years b.c.).
Table 27. Comparison of numbers and percentages of burials with weapons in fully published EIA Cretan cemeteries. *Weapons include only swords, daggers, spearheads, javelin heads, and arrowheads.
Table 28. Estimates of maximum vessel capacities for cups, mug-like cups, wide-mouthed jugs, skyphoi, and kraters from tholos tombs and graves at Vronda, sorted by shape and volume. AutoCAD calculations by S. Zarrinmehr.
Table 29. List of ferrous and nonferrous Kavousi artifacts relevant to this study.
Table 30. Summary of observations gathered from the optical examination with the metallographic microscope and the SEM of polished blocks of Kavousi samples
also hardness testing measurements on each block.
Table 31. SEM-EDAX spot analyses on polished blocks of Kavousi samples, as shown in Table 29. Individual and average compositions expressed in oxide weight percent
nm = not measured. The analyses shown here are indicative of the composition of various ph
Chart 1. Total deaths in Vronda enclosure graves.
Chart 2. Age at death by sex in Vronda enclosure graves.
Chart 3. Pathologies in the population of Vronda enclosure graves.
Chart 4. Comparison of percentages of functional types of vessels in the tholos tombs and enclosure graves.
Chart 5. Percentages of functional types of vessels represented in the tholos tombs.
Chart 6. Percentages of functional types of vessels represented in the enclosure graves.
Chart 7. Most common decorative motifs in the tholos tombs.
Chart 8. Most common decorative motifs in the enclosure graves.
Chart 9. Comparison of functional types of vessels in Tholos Tombs IV and IX.
Chart 10. Percentages of functional types of objects in the tholos tombs.
Chart 11. Percentages of functional types of objects in the enclosure graves.
Chart 12. Comparison of the percentages of functional types of objects in the tholos tombs and enclosure graves.
Chart 13. Scatter plot of estimated maximum capacities (in liters) of drinking vessels from grave contexts at Vronda, separated by shape.
Chart 14. Scatter plot of estimated maximum capacities (lt.) of all cups, stemmed cups, mug-like cups, and wide-mouthed jugs, with suggested size categories. Possible subgroups within each size category are also indicated.
Chart 15. Scatter plot of estimated maximum capacities (lt.) of all skyphoi and stemmed skyphoi, with suggested size categories.
Frontispiece. Large pedestaled krater (GR27 P4), Early Orientalizing. Watercolor D. Faulmann.
Figure 1. Topographic map of the northern isthmus of Ierapetra and eastern coast of the bay of Mirabello. Contour lines at 100 m intervals. Adapted from Haggis 2005, fig. 2.
Figure 2. Topographic map of the Kavousi region, Vronda (Xerambela), and the north Papoura area. Contour lines at 20 m intervals. Adapted from Haggis 2005, fig. 22.
Figure 3. Vronda: state plan and site section. Topographic contours (1 m intervals) based on 1984 survey by J. Rehard. Grid north reflects magnetic north (declination 2.1584°) in July, 1984.
Figure 4. Plan of Vronda ridge showing position of LM IIIC settlement, tholos tombs, and cremation enclosures. D. Faulmann.
Figure 5. Vronda: plan of grid over site.
Figure 6. Plan of Vronda highlighting position of tholos tombs in relation to the LM IIIC settlement. D. Faulmann.
Figure 7. Vronda Tomb I: top plan (a) and north-south section (b).
Figure 8. Vronda Tomb I: ground plan (a) and plan of dromos (b).
Figure 9. Tomb I, pottery (I P1-I P3)
Tomb II, pottery (II P1-II P4). Scale 1:3.
Figure 10. Vronda Tomb II: top plan (a), ground plan (b), and north-south section (c).
Figure 11. Vronda Tomb IV: top plan.
Figure 12. Vronda Tomb IV: ground plan(a) and section(b)
east-west stratigraphic section through Tomb IV and Grave 3 (c).
figure 13. Vronda Tomb IV: pottery (IV P1-IV P8). Scale 1:3.
Figure 14. Vronda Tomb IV: pottery (IV P9, IV P10)
Tomb IV, cleaning: pottery (IV P11-IV P17), stone lid (IV S1). Scale 1:3 unless otherwise stated.
Figure 15. Vronda Tomb IV, dump: pottery (IV P18), bronze jewelry (IV M6, IV M7), iron weapons or tools (IV M8-IV M10), stone bead (IV S2). Scale 1:1.
Figure 16. Vronda Tomb V: top plan (a) and northwest-southeast section (b).
Figure 17. Vronda Tomb V: ground plan.
Figure 18. Vronda Tomb V: pottery (V P1, V P2, V P4). Scale 1:3.
Figure 19. Vronda Tomb VI: top plan (a), ground plan (b), and west-east section (c).
Figure 20. Tomb VII: pottery (VII P1-VII P4)
Tombs II-VII-VIII: pottery (II-VII-VIII P1 and II-VII-VIII P2). Scale 1:3.
Figure 21. Vronda Tomb VIII: plan (a) and section (b).
Figure 22. Vronda Tomb VIII, interior: pottery (VIII P1) and bronze pin (VIII M1)
Tomb VIII, fill: pottery (VIII P2-VIII P11) and iron object (VIII M2). Scale 1:3 unless otherwise indicated.
Figure 23. Vronda Tomb IX: plan (a), ground plan (b), and section (c).
Figure 24. Vronda Tomb IX: pottery (IX P1-IX P9). Scale 1:3.
Figure 25. Vronda Tomb IX: pottery (IX P10-IX P21). Scale 1:3.
Figure 26. Vronda Tomb IX: pottery (IX P22-IX P27). Scale 1:3 unless otherwise indicated.
Figure 27. Vronda Tomb IX: pottery (IX P28-IX P42). Scale 1:3.
Figure 28. Vronda Tomb IX: pottery (IX P43-IX P49). Scale 1:3.
Figure 29. Vronda Tomb IX: pottery (IX P50-IX P56). Scale 1:3.
Figure 30. Vronda Tomb IX: pottery (IX P57-IX P60) and iron objects (IX M1-IX M8). Scale 1:3.
Figure 31. Vronda Tomb X: top plan (a) and ground plan (b).
Figure 32. Vronda Tomb X: section. The composition of numbered levels is explained in the text (Ch. 2, p. 000).
Figure 33. Vronda Tomb X: pottery (X P1-X P8) and bronze object (X M1). Scale 1:3 unless otherwise stated.
Figure 34. Vronda Tomb XI: top plan (a), ground plan (b), and section (b). Drawing K. Chalkias.
Figure 35. Tomb XI: pottery (XI P1-XI P11). Scale 1:3.
Figure 36. Boyd excavations 1900: Boyd P1-Boyd P4. Scale 1:3.
Figure 37. Plan of Grave 1.
Figure 38. Grave 1: pottery (GR1 P1-GR1 P5). Scale 1:3.
Figure 39. Grave 1: pottery (GR1 P6-GR1 P15). Scale 1:3 unless otherwise indicated.
Figure 40. Grave 1: pottery (GR1 P16-GR1 P33). Scale 1:3.
Figure 41. Grave 1: objects: bronze fibula (GR1 M1), iron arrowheads (GR1 M2-GR1 M18), iron awl (GR1 M19), and stone bead (GR1 S1). Scale 1:3 unless otherwise stated.
Figure 42. Plan of Grave 2.
Figure 43. Grave 2: pottery (GR2 P1, GR2 P2). Scale 1:3.
Figure 45. Grave 3: pottery (GR3 P1-GR3 P13). Scale 1:3.
Figure 46. Grave 3: pottery (GR3 P14-GR3 P20), bronze (GR3 M1, GR3 M2), iron (GR3 M3), and terracotta (GR3 TC1). Scale 1:3 unless otherwise stated.
Figure 47. Plan of Grave 4.
Figure 48. Grave 4: pottery (GR4 P1-GR4 P4). Scale 1:3.
Figure 49. Grave 4: pottery (GR4 P5-GR4 P13). Scale 1:3.
Figure 50. Grave 4: pottery (GR4 P14-GR4 P19). Scale 1:3.
Figure 51. Grave 4: pottery (GR4 P20-GR4 P24), bronzes (GR4 M1, GR4 M2), and terracotta (GR4 TC1). Scale 1:3 unless otherwise stated.
Figure 52. Plan of Graves 5 and 11.
Figure 53. Grave 5: Reconstructed cranial vault of Burial 1 showing trepanation. Not to scale. Drawing G. Houston.
Figure 54. Grave 5: pottery (GR5 P1-GR5 P7). Scale 1:3.
Figure 55. Grave 5: pottery (GR5 P8-GR5 P17). Scale 1:3.
Figure 56. Grave 5: bronze (GR5 M1) and iron objects (GR5 M2-GR5 M12). Scale 1:3 unless otherwise indicated.
Figure 57. Plan of Grave 6.
Figure 58. Grave 6: pottery (GR6 P1-GR6 P11). Scale 1:3.
Figure 59. Grave 6: pottery (GR6 P12-GR6 P22). Scale 1:3.
Figure 60. Grave 6: pottery (GR6 P23-GR6 P27). Scale 1:3 unless otherwise indicated.
Figure 61. Grave 6: pottery (GR6 P28-GR6 P30). Scale 1:3.
Figure 62. Grave 6: iron jewelry (GR6 M1-GR6 M4) and spearheads (GR6 M5-GR6 M7). Scale 1:3.
Figure 63. Grave 6: iron dirk (GR6 M8) and tools (GR6 M9-GR6 M16). Scale 1:3.
Figure 64. Grave 6: iron tools (GR6 M17-GR6 M22) and terracotta bead (GR6 TC1). Scale 1:3 unless otherwise indicated.
Figure 65. Plan of Grave 8.
Figure 66. Plan of Graves 9, 14, 21, and 22.
Figure 67. Grave 9: pottery (GR9 P1-GR9 P4). Scale 1:3.
Figure 68. Grave 9: pottery (GR9 P5-GR9 P14). Scale 1:3 unless otherwise indicated.
Figure 69. Grave 9: pottery (GR9 P15-GR9 P24). Scale 1:3.
Figure 70. Grave 9: pottery (GR9 P25-GR9 P35). Scale 1:3.
Figure 71. Grave 9: pottery (GR9 P36-GR9 P39). Scale 1:3 unless otherwise indicated.
Figure 72. Grave 9: pottery (GR9 P40-GR9 P49). Scale 1:3.
Figure 73. Grave 9: pottery (GR9 P50-GR9 P58). Scale 1:3 unless otherwise indicated.
Figure 74. Grave 9: bronze objects (GR9 M1, GR9 M2, GR9 M5-GR9 M12) and iron pin (GR9 M13). Scale 1:2.
Figure 75. Grave 9: iron spears (GR9 M14-GR9 M16). Scale 1:3.
Figure 76. Grave 9: iron spears (GR9 M17-GR9 M20). Scale 1:3.
Figure 77. Grave 9: iron spears (GR9 M21-GR9 M25). Scale 1:3.
Figure 78. Grave 9: iron spears (GR9 M26-GR9 M29) and dirks or daggers (GR9 M30, GR9 M31). Scale 1:3.
Figure 79. Grave 9: iron dirks or daggers (GR9 M32-GR9 M34), knives (GR9 M35-GR9 M39), and axes (GR9 M40, GR9 M41). Scale 1:3.
Figure 80. Grave 9: iron axe (GR9 M42), scrapers (GR9 M43, GR9 M44), tools (GR9 M45-GR9 M55), and stone bead (GR9 S1). Scale 1:3 unless otherwise indicated.
Figure 81. Plan of Graves 10, 12, and 17.
Figure 82. Grave 10, burial pithos GR10 P1. Scale 1:4.
Figure 83. Grave 12: pottery (GR12 P1-GR12 P10). Scale 1:3 unless otherwise stated.
Figure 84. Grave 12: pottery (GR12 P11-GR12 P14). Scale 1:3 unless otherwise stated.
Figure 85. Grave 12: pottery (GR12 P15-GR12 P20). Scale 1:3.
Figure 86. Grave 12: pottery (GR12 P21-GR12 P33). Scale 1:3.
Figure 87. Grave 12: pottery (GR12 P34-GR12 P41). Scale 1:3 unless otherwise stated.
Figure 88. Grave 12: pottery (GR12 P42-GR12 P44). Scale 1:6.
Figure 89. Grave 12: bronze pins and awl (GR12 M1-GR12 M4) and iron arrowheads (GR12 M5-GR12 M17, GR12 M19). Scale 1:3 unless otherwise stated.
Figure 90. Grave 12: iron spears (GR12 M24-GR12 M29). Scale 1:3.
Figure 91. Grave 12: iron dirk (GR12 M31) and tools (GR12 M32-GR12 M34, GR12 M36-GR 12 M39). Scale 1:3.
Figure 93. Plan of Grave 13.
Figure 94. Grave 13: pottery (GR13 P1-GR13 P14). Scale 1:3.
Figure 95. Plan of Graves 15, 28, and 35.
Figure 96. Grave 15: pottery (GR15 P1-GR15 P4). Scale 1:3.
Figure 97. Plan of Grave 16.
Figure 98. Grave 16: pottery (GR16 P1-GR16 P12). Scale 1:3.
Figure 99. Grave 16: pottery (GR16 P13-GR16 P18). Scale 1:3.
Figure 100. Grave 16: pottery (GR16 P19-GR16 P22), iron pins (GR16 M1, GR16 M2), and iron needle (GR16 M3). Scale 1:3 unless otherwise indicated.
Figure 101. Grave 16, iron objects: spearheads (GR16 M4, GR16 M5), dagger (GR16 M6), and chisel (GR16 M7). Scale 1:3.
Figure 102. Grave 17: pottery (GR17 P1-GR17 P8). Scale 1:3 unless otherwise indicated.
Figure 103. Grave 17: pottery (GR17 P9-GR17 P11), bronze pins (GR17 M1, GR17 M2), bronze sheeting (GR17 M3), and iron pins (GR17 M4, GR17 M5). Scale 1:2 unless otherwise indicated.
Figure 105. Plan of Grave 19.
Figure 106. Grave 19: pottery (GR19 P1-GR19 P9). Scale 1:3.
Figure 107. Grave 19: pottery (GR19 P10-GR19 P23) and terracotta object (GR19 TC1). Scale 1:3 unless otherwise stated.
Figure 108. Plan of Grave 20.
Figure 109. Grave 20: pottery (GR20 P1-GR19 P4). Scale 1:3.
Figure 110. Grave 20: pottery (GR20 P5-GR19 P7). Scale 1:4 unless otherwise stated.
Figure 111. Grave 20: pottery (GR20 P8-GR19 P21). Scale 1:3 unless otherwise stated.
Figure 112. Grave 20: bronze fibulae (GR20 M1, GR20 M2), bronze sheeting (GR20 M3, GR19 M4), iron pins (GR20 M5, GR19 M6), iron spearheads (GR20 M7, GR19 M8), iron knives (GR20 M9, GR19 M10), iron tool (GR20 M11), ivory or bone bead (GR20 B1), and stone b
Figure 113. Grave 21: pottery (GR21 P1-GR19 P10). Scale 1:3.
Figure 114. Grave 21: pottery (GR21 P11-GR19 P13), iron spear (GR21 M1), iron dirk (GR21 M2), and lead objects (GR21 M3). Scale 1:3 unless otherwise indicated.
Figure 115. Plan of Grave 23.
Figure 116. Grave 23: pottery (GR23 P1-GR23 P4). Scale 1:3.
Figure 117. Grave 23: pottery (GR23 P5-GR23 P8) and bronze (GR23 M1-GR23 M3), iron (GR23 M4), and stone (GR23 S1, GR23 S2) objects. Scale 1:3 unless otherwise indicated.
Figure 118. Plan of Grave 24 showing area of human remains.
Figure 119. Plan of Graves 26, 32, and 25 (deposit associated with 32).
Figure 120. Grave 26: pottery (GR26 P1-GR26 P11). Scale 1:3.
Figure 121. Grave 26: pottery (GR26 P12-GR26 P20). Scale 1:3.
Figure 122. Grave 26: pottery (GR26 P21-GR26 P23). Scale 1:3 unless otherwise indicated.
Figure 123. Grave 26: bronze fibula (GR26 M1), iron spearheads (GR26 M2, GR26 M3), iron dirk (GR26 M4), and terracotta bead (GR26 TC1). Scale 1:3 unless otherwise indicated.
Figure 124. Plan of Grave 27.
Figure 125. Grave 27: pottery (GR27 P1-GR27 P3). Scale 1:3.
Figure 126. Grave 27: pottery (GR27 P4-GR27 P10). Scale 1:3.
Figure 127. Grave 27: pottery (GR27 P11-GR27 P13) and iron object (GR27 M1). Scale 1:3 unless otherwise indicated.
Figure 128. Grave 28: east-west section through grave.
Figure 129. Grave 28: schematic north-south section showing location of Burials 1-8.
Figure 130. Grave 28: pottery (GR28 P1-GR28 P8). Scale 1:3.
Figure 131. Grave 28: pottery (GR28 P9-GR28 P20). Scale 1:3.
Figure 132. Grave 28: pottery (GR28 P21-GR28 P24). Scale 1:3.
Figure 133. Grave 28: pottery (GR28 P25-GR28 P28). Scale 1:3 unless otherwise indicated.
Figure 134. Grave 28: bronze fibula (GR28 M1), iron spearheads (GR28 M2, GR28 M3), and iron tools (GR28 M4-GR28 M6). Scale 1:3 unless otherwise indicated.
Figure 135. Plan of Grave 29.
Figure 136. Grave 29: pottery (GR29 P1) and lead button (GR29 M1). Scale 1:3 unless otherwise indicated.
Figure 137. Plan of Grave 30, showing location of Graves 7 and 33.
Figure 138. Grave 30: pottery (GR30 P1-GR30 P15). Scale 1:3.
Figure 139. Grave 30: pottery (GR30 P16-GR30 P28). Scale 1:3.
Figure 140. Grave 30: pottery (GR30 P29-GR30 P33), bronze fibula (GR30 M1) and sheeting (GR30 M2), and iron pins (GR30 M3-GR30 M7). Scale 1:2 unless otherwise indicated.
Figure 141. Grave 30: iron spearheads (GR30 M8, GR30 M9), dagger (GR30 M10), needle (GR30 M11), sickle (GR30 M12), axe head (GR30 M13), chisel (GR30 M14), and tool (GR30 M15)
and terracotta beads (GR30 TC1, GR30 TC2). Scale 1:3 unless otherwise indicated
Figure 142. Plan of Grave 31.
Figure 143. Grave 32: pottery (GR32 P1-GR32 P11), bronze fibula (GR32 M1), and glass bead (GR32 G1). Scale 1:3 unless otherwise indicated.
Figure 144. Plan of Grave 34.
Figure 145. Grave 34: pottery (GR34 P1-GR34 P5) and terracotta object (GR34 TC1). Scale 1:3 unless otherwise indicated.
Figure 146. Plan of Grave 36.
Figure 147. Grave 36: pottery (GR36 P1-GR36 P4). Scale 1:3.
Figure 148. Grave 36: pottery (GR36 P5-GR36 P10). Scale 1:3.
Figure 149. Grave 36: pottery (GR36 P11-GR36 P17). Scale 1:3.
Figure 150. Grave 36: iron pins (GR36 M1-GR36 M3)
beads of various materials: ivory (GR36 B1), glass (GR36 G1), rock crystal (GR36 S1), terracotta (GR36 TC1-GR36 TC5). Scale 1:2.
Figure 151. Pottery from Grave 37 (GR37 P1, GR37 P2), surface finds not associated with any particular grave (GR P1, GR P2), and Chondrovolakes aryballos (Chondrovolakes 1). Scale 1:3.
Figure 152. Reconstructed skeletal positions: Grave 12 Burials 5 and 6 (a)
Grave 21 Burials 5, 6, and 7 (b). Drawings T. Faulkner.
Figure 153. Reconstructed skeletal positions: Grave 28, Burials 3 (a) and 8 (b). Drawings T. Faulkner.
Figure 154. Reconstructed skeletal positions: Grave 30, Burials 5 and 6 (a)
Grave 34, Burial 1 (b). Drawings T. Faulkner.
Figure 155. Specialized recording form for cremation burials.
Figure 156. Drawing of pig skeleton from experimental cremation (a)
drawings of three modern mortuary cremations (b). Not to scale. Drawings T. Faulkner.
Figure 157. Ground plans of Vronda tholos tombs.
Figure 158. Sections of Vronda tholos tombs.
Figure 159. Platforms and possible platforms associated with cremation enclosures.
Figure 160. Decorated cups: (a) IV P1, (b) Type 1 (GR3 P3), (c) Type 2 (GR3 P2), (d) Type 3 (GR1 P1), (e) Type 4 (GR12 P1)
monochrome cups: (f) IX P29, (g) IX P31, (h) Type 1 (GR9 P55), (i) Type 2a (GR9 P18), (j, k) Type 3a (GR6 P13, GR36 P13), (l, m) Ty
Figure 161. Mug-like cups: (a) Type 1 (GR3 P1), (b) Type 2 (GR16 P3)
footed cup: (c) IX P2
kantharos: (d) GR5 P11
decorated skyphoi: (e) GR12 P5, (f) GR19 P2, (g) GR19 P3
monochrome skyphoi: (h) GR26 P9, (i) GR26 P13, (j) GR26 P8, (k) GR4 P15, (l) GR3
Figure 162. Tray: (a) GR12 P27
lekanis: (b) GR32 P7
kalathoi: (c) Type 1 (GR12 P9), (d) Type 2 (GR36 P4)
decorated aryballoi: (e) with circles (GR12 P13), (f) crosshatched triangles (GR30 P2), (g) tongue pattern (GR32 P1)
plain aryballoi: (h) Type 1 (
Figure 163. Bell krater: (a) GR12 P11
krater: (b) GR12 P12
pedestaled kraters: (c) GR27 P4, (d) (GR12 P41)
(e) small krater: GR4 P16
(f) krater/basin: GR6 P27. Scale 1:6.
Figure 164. Stirrup jars: (a) VIII P1, (b) IV P4, (c) IX P10
lentoid flasks: (d) II P1, (e) IV P8
flask: (f) GR3 P18
lekythoi: (g) IV P2, (h) GR17 P2, (i) GR4 P20, (j) GR36 P11. Scale 1:4.
Figure 165. Jugs: (a) IX P27, (b) IX P15, (c) VII P2, (d) GR6 P6, (e) GR28 P20
wide-mouthed jugs: (f) GR9 P6, (g) GR3 P4
small oinochoai: (h) IX P18, (i) IX P20, (j) IX P21, (k) GR12 P14. Scale 1:4.
Figure 166. Large oinochoai: (a) IX P22, (b) IX P49, (c) GR26 P23
jug or oinochoe: (d) GR9 P37
hydria: (e) GR26 P20. Scale 1:4.
Figure 167. Small amphorae: (a) IV P10, (b) IX P58, (c) GR16 P18, (d) GR28 P3. Scale 1:4.
Figure 168. Large amphorae: (a) GR9 P38, (b) GR9 P39, (c) GR20 P7. Scale 1:8.
Figure 169. Small necked jars: (a) IX P7, (b) (GR5 P2), (c) (GR3 P5)
large necked jars: (d) IX P8, (e) IV P9, (f) VII P4, (g) Type 1a (GR5 P3), (h) Type 1a (GR28 P22), (i) Type 1b baggy (GR9 P36), (j) Type 1b ovoid (GR36 P9), (k) Type 2 (GR12 P19). Scale
Figure 170. Pyxides: (a) IX P45, (b) GR17 P4, (c) GR30 P28, (d) GR32 P2
basket vase: (e) GR9 P11
lids: (f) GR4 P24, (g) GR20 P4, (h) GR30 P3, (i) GR28 P19, (j) GR26 P17. Scale 1:4.
Figure 171. Bronze pins: (a) Type 1 (GR12 M1), (b) Type 2 (GR4 M1), (c) Type 3 (GR3 M1)
bronze fibulae: (d) Type 1a (GR26 M1), (e) Type 1b (GR1 M1), (f) Type 1c (GR20 M1), (g) Type 2 (GR9 M2), (h) Type 3 (GR28 M1), (i) Type 4 (GR23 M2), (j) Type 5 (GR30
Figure 172. Iron arrowheads: (a) Type 1a (GR12 M5), (b) Type 1b (GR12 M11), (c) Type 1c (GR12 M19), (d) Type 2 (GR1 M14), (e) Type 3 (GR1 M3), (f) Type 4 (GR12 M9)
iron spearheads: (g) Type 1a long (GR16 M4), (h) Type 1a short (GR28 M3), (i) Type 1b (GR2
Figure 173. Iron dirks: (a) GR9 M33, (b) GR9 M31
iron dagger: (c) GR9 M30
iron knives: (d) Type 1 (GR5 M7), (e) Type 2a (GR30 M12), (f) Type 2b (GR9 M38), (g) Type 3 (GR20 M9), (h) Type 4 (GR9 M35), (i) Type 5 (GR5 M9)
iron axes: (j) tanged (GR6 M10),
Figure 174. Iron chisels: (a) Type 1 with one bevel (GR6 M11), (b) Type 1 with two bevels (GR12 M41), (c) Type 2 (GR28 M6)
iron tools: (d) scraper (GR9 M43), (e) file (GR6 M15), (f) spatulate tool (GR12 M43), (g) awl (GR9 M47), (h) punch (GR6 M19), (i) n
Figure 175. Schematic representation of a vertical section through the bloomery furnace showing the temperature scale (left) and different zones of heating with appropriate conditions within. After Photos 1987, fig 3.4.1.
Plate 1A. View of Kavousi area from Pacheia Ammos (west). Photo K.T. Glowacki.
Plate 1B. View of Vronda from Azoria (northeast). Photo K.T. Glowacki.
Plate 2. Aerial view of the Vronda area, showing the location of Vronda Tholos Tombs IX and X, the Xerambela farmstead, and the Byzantine church. Photo J. Wilson and E. Myers.
Plate 3. Aerial view of the Vronda ridge (north at top). Photo J. Wilson and E. Myers.
Plate 4B. Tomb I: stomion with blocking stones
view from west.
Plate 4C. Tomb I: top view showing stones piled over dromos
view from south.
Plate 5A. Boyd's photograph of pottery from Tombs II, VII, and VIII.
Plate 5B. Tomb II: stomion
view from west.
Plate 6A. Tomb II: stomion blocked with earth and stones
view from northwest.
Plate 6B. Tomb II: blocking stones in stomion
view from northwest.
Plate 6C. Tomb II: flat stones in pseudo-dromos
view from northwest.
Plate 7A. Tomb II: stones piled over pseudo-dromos
view from north.
Plate 7C. Boyd's photograph of pottery from Tomb IV.
Plate 8A. Tomb IV: aerial view (north at top).
Plate 8B. Tomb IV: stomion and pseudo-dromos
view from northwest.
Plate 8C. Tomb IV: stones over pseudo-dromos
view from north.
Plate 9. Tomb IV pottery: cup (IV P1), lekythos (IV P2), juglet (IV P3), stirrup jar (IV P4), askos (IV P5), bird askoi (IV P6, IV P7), and lentoid flask (IV P8).
Plate 10. Tomb IV pottery and small finds: necked jar (IV P9), neck amphora (IV P10), bronze fibulae (IV M1-IV M4), bronze bracelet (IV M5), stone lid (IV S1
from area in front of tomb), bronze pin (IV M6), bronze ring (IV M7), and stone bead (IV S2
fro
Plate 11A. Tomb V: stomion and pseudo-dromos, cleaned
view from southwest.
Plate 11C. Tomb VI: stomion and pseudo-dromos cleaned
view from southwest.
Plate 11D. Tomb VI: flat stones in pseudo-dromos
view from southwest.
Plate 12B. Tomb VII pottery and metal find: bowl (VII P1
exterior and interior), jug (VII P2), stirrup jar (VII P3)
large necked jar (VII P4), and bronze fibula (VII M1).
Plate 13A. Tomb VIII: aerial view (north at top).
Plate 13B. Tomb VIII: stomion with animal bones
view from north.
Plate 13D. Tomb VIII metal find and pottery: bronze pin (VIII M1) and stirrup jar (VIII P1)
other pottery of uncertain provenience from Boyd's excavations: lentoid flask (II-VII-VIII P1) and oinochoe (II-VII-VIII P2).
Plate 14B. Tomb IX pottery: footed cup (IX P2), footed two-handled cup (IX P4), bowl (IX P6), small necked jar (IX P7), stirrup jar (IX P10), lentoid flask (IX P11), and juglet (IX P12).
Plate 15. Tomb IX pottery: juglet (IX P13), jug or oinochoe (IX P16), and oinochoai (IX P18-IX P22 [two views]).
Plate 16. Tomb IX pottery: jug or oinochoe (IX P24), jug (IX P27), cups (IX P28, IX P29, IX P50), footed cup (IX P34), bowl (IX P42), pyxis (IX P45), and bird askos (IX P53).
Plate 17. Tomb IX pottery and metal finds: neck amphora (IX P58
two views), cup (IX P59), iron spearhead (IX M1), and iron knife fragments (IX M2-IX M7).
Plate 18A. Tomb X
view from south.
Plate 18B. Tomb X: stomion
view from north.
Plate 18C. Tomb X: dog bones in interior pit.
Plate 19B. Tomb XI: stomion and stones in pseudo-dromos
view from southeast.
Plate 19C. Tomb XI: top and interior
view from northeast.
Plate 20A. Tomb XI: interior with stomion
view from northeast.
Plate 20C. Pottery of uncertain provenience from Boyd's excavations: oinochoe or juglet (Boyd P1), stirrup jar (Boyd P2), krateriskos (Boyd P3), and juglet (Boyd P4).
Plate 21A. Grave 1: northwest corner of enclosure after excavation
view from southeast.
Plate 21D. Grave 1 finds: fragments of uncataloged arrowheads, cup (GR1 P1), skyphos (GR1 P2), bronze fibula (GR1 M1), and iron arrowheads (GR1 M2-GR1 M5). Photo GR1 M3 C. Papanikolopoulos.
Plate 22A. Grave 1 finds: iron arrowheads (GR1 M6-GR1 M13, GR1 M14-GR1 M18) and stone bead (GR1 S1).
Plate 22B. Grave 3: stone tumble over grave
view from south.
Plate 22D. Grave 3: aerial view (north at top).
Plate 22F. Reconstructed crania from enclosure burials. Top row, left to right: Grave 12 Burial 5
Grave 17 Burial 1. Bottom row, left to right: Grave 21 Burial 4, 5, or 6
Grave 3 Burial 1
Grave 5 Burial 1.
Plate 23. Grave 3 pottery: cups (GR3 P1, GR3 P3, GR3 P6), mug (GR3 P4), miniature necked jar (GR3 P5), skyphoi (GR3 P9, GR3 P10, GR3 P17), aryballoi (GR3 P14, GR3 P15), and tray (GR3 P16).
Plate 24A. Grave 3 pottery and small finds: flask (GR3 P18), cup (GR3 P19), bowl (GR3 P20), bronze pin (GR3 M1), bronze earring (GR3 M2), iron pin (GR3 M3), and terracotta bead (GR3 TC).
Plate 24B. Grave 4 Burial 2: bones of fetus.
Plate 24C. Grave 4 Burial 3: bones of infant.
Plate 25. Grave 4, pottery and small finds: cups (GR4 P1, GR4 P13, GR4 P17), pyxis (GR4 P8), krater (GR4 P16), lid (GR4 P24), pithos fragments (GR4 P25), bronze pins (GR4 M1, GR4 M2), and terracotta bead (GR4 TC1).
Plate 26A. Grave 5 Burial 7 (inhumation)
view from north.
Plate 26C. Grave 5 after removal of burials
view from north.
Plate 26E. Area of Grave 5 showing stones before identification of grave
view from east.
Plate 26F. Grave 5 Burial 7: feet and legs in northeast corner.
Plate 27. Grave 5 pottery and small finds: necked jar (GR5 P2), cups (GR5 P4-GR5 P6), two-handled cup (GR5 P11), aryballos (GR5 P12), bronze pin (GR5 M1), iron spearheads (GR5 M2-GR5 M6), iron knives (GR5 M7-GR5 M9), iron knife or sickle (GR5 M10), iron s
Plate 28A. Grave 6: hoard of iron tools at south end of enclosure
view from north.
Plate 28C. Grave 6: aerial view (north at top).
Plate 28E. Grave 6 Burial 2: bones of infant.
Plate 29. Grave 6 pottery and metal finds: skyphoi (GR6 P2, GR6 P3, GR6 P23), miniature amphora (GR6 P5), oinochoe (GR6 P29), iron fibula (GR6 M4), iron spearheads (GR6 M5-GR6 M7), and iron dagger/dirk (GR6 M8).
Plate 30. Grave 6 iron finds: knife (GR6 M9), axe head (GR6 M10), chisel (GR6 M11), awl or chisel (GR6 M12), tools (GR6 M13, GR6 M18), punch or hammer (GR6 M14), files (GR6 M15, GR6 M16), and tongs (GR6 M17). Photos GR6 M13, GR6 M17 C. Papanikolopoulos.
Plate 31. Grave 6 metal and other finds: iron tool (GR6 M19), iron awl(?) (GR6 M20), iron handles(?) (GR6 M21, GR6 M22), modified antlers (GR6 B1, GR6 B2), obsidian blade (GR6 ST1), and terracotta bead (GR6 TC1). Photos GR6 B1 and GR6 B2 C. Papanikolopoul
Plate 32A. Grave 9: wall V 5303 on right
view from west.
Plate 32D. Grave 9 pottery: skyphoi (GR9 P2, GR9 P3), kalathos (GR9 P4), miniature jug (GR9 P6), and jug (GR9 P9).
Plate 33. Grave 9 pottery: cups (GR9 P13, GR9 P14), aryballos (GR9 P31), jug (GR9 P37), and amphorae (GR9 P38, GR9 P39).
Plate 34. Grave 9 bronze finds: fibulae (GR9 M1, GR9 M2 [X-ray below, not to scale], GR9 M3), awl/tool (GR9 M4), sheeting fragment groups (GR9 M5-GR9 M12), and pin (GR9 M13). Photo GR9 M2 K. Hall.
Plate 35. Grave 9 iron finds: spearheads (GR9 M14-GR9 M18, GR9 M19 [top and side], GR 9 M20-GR9 M28), and socketed weapon or tool (GR9 M29). Photos GR9 M21 C. Papanikolopoulos.
Plate 36. Grave 9 iron weapons and tools: daggers (GR9 M30, GR9 M32), dirks (GR9 M31, GR9 M33), dagger/dirk (GR9 M34), knives (GR9 M35-GR9 M39), axe heads (GR9 M40-GR9 M42), and scrapers (GR9 M43, GR9 M44). Photo GR9 M35 C. Papanikolopoulos.
Plate 37. Grave 9 iron tools: chisel (GR9 M45), awls (GR9 M47-GR9 M50), tool (GR9 M51), and flesh hooks (GR9 M52-GR9 M55). Photo GR9 M45 C. Papanikolopoulos.
Plate 38A. Grave 10: pithos burial in south half
view from west.
Plate 38C. Grave 10: after removal of pithos
view from south.
Plate 38E. Grave 10: pithos (GR10 P1).
Plate 38F. Grave 10: pithos (GR10 P1), close-up of decoration.
Plate 39A. Grave 12: aerial view (north at top).
Plate 39B. Grave 12 Burial 6: squatting facet on distal left tibia.
Plate 40. Grave 12 pottery and bronze finds: kalathos (GR12 P9), aryballos (GR12 P13), cup (GR12 P20), tray (GR12 P28
top and side), ladle or scuttle handle (GR12 P40), and bronze pins (GR12 M1-GR12 M3). Photos GR12 M1, GR12 M2 C. Papanikolopoulos.
Plate 41. Grave 12 metal finds: bronze tool (GR12 M4) and iron arrowheads (GR12 M5-GR12 M23). Photo GR12 M9 C. Papanikolopoulos.
Plate 42. Grave 12 iron weapons and knives: spearheads (GR12 M24-GR12 M30), dirk (GR12 M31), and knives (GR12 M32-GR12 M34).
Plate 43. Grave 12 iron knives and tools: knife (GR12 M35), sickle-shaped knife (GR12 M36), saw (GR12 M37), file (GR12 M38), awl or chisel (GR12 M39), chisels (GR12 M40, GR12 M41), tools (GR12 M42, GR12 M44), and spatulate tool (GR12 M43). Photo GR12 M37
Plate 44A. Grave 12 finds: iron flesh hooks (GR12 M45, GR12 M46), modified antlers (GR12 B1, GR12 B2), and terracotta bead (GR12 TC1). Photos GR12 B1, GR12 B2 C. Papanikolopoulos.
Plate 44B. Grave 15: circle of stones in doorway
view from west.
Plate 44D. Grave 16: after excavation completed
view from southeast.
Plate 45. Grave 16 pottery and other finds: skyphos (GR16 P2), wide-mouthed jugs (GR16 P3, GR16 P4), cups (GR16 P6, GR16 P14), amphora (GR16 P17), iron pins (GR16 M1, GR16 M2), iron needle (GR16 M3), iron spearheads (GR16 M4, GR16 M5), iron dirk (GR16 M6)
Plate 46A. Grave 17
view from south (Graves 10 and 12 in background).
Plate 46C. Grave 17
view from west.
Plate 47A. Grave 19: tree root growing through grave
view from north.
Plate 47B. Grave 20: aerial view (north at top).
Plate 48. Grave 20 pottery and other finds: amphora (GR20 P7 [front left, side right]), bronze fibulae (GR20 M1, GR20 M2), bronze sheeting (GR20 M3, GR20 M4), iron pins (GR20 M5, GR20 M6), iron spearheads (GR20 M7, GR20 M8), iron knives (GR20 M9, GR20 M10
Plate 49C. Grave 21: top of cremation burials
view from south.
Plate 49E. Grave 21: pithos burial with objects inside
view from south.
Plate 49F. Grave 21: pithos burial after removal of contents
view from south.
Plate 50B. Grave 21 pottery and other finds: kalathos (GR21 P8), oinochoe (GR21 P9), restored pithos (GR21 P13), iron spearhead (GR21 M1), iron dirk (GR21 M2), lead tubes (GR21 M3), modified deer antler (GR21 B1), stone lid for pithos (GR21 ST1).
Plate 51B. Grave 23 pottery and other finds: basket vase (GR23 P2), stemmed krater (GR23 P3), bronze pin (GR23 M1), bronze fibulae (GR23 M2, GR23 M3), iron needle (GR23 M4), stone beads (GR23 S1, GR23 S2).
Plate 52C. Grave 26: east wall and pit below at bottom of amphora burial
view from west.
Plate 52E. Grave 26: close-up of amphora burial from southeast.
Plate 53. Grave 26 pottery tray (GR26 P4 [side left, bottom right]), tray (GR26 P5 [side left, top right]), lids (GR26 P6, GR26 P12 [side left, top right]), cup (GR26 P7), skyphoi (GR26 P8-GR26 P10, GR26 P13), and kalathos (GR26 P14). Photos C. Papanikolo
Plate 54. Grave 26 pottery and other finds: kalathos (GR26 P15), lid (GR26 P17 [top]), hydria (GR26 P20 [side left, front right]), amphora (GR26 P22 [side left, front right]), oinochoe (GR26 P23), bronze fibula (GR26 M1), iron spearheads (GR26 M2, GR26 M3
Plate 55A. Grave 27: aerial view (north at top).
Plate 55C. Grave 27: south wall (V 9258) and platform
view from west.
Plate 55D. Grave 27: west wall (V 9252) and south wall (V 9258) from the north, with Graves 26 and 32 behind.
Plate 56A. Grave 28: top of amphora burial 6
view from west.
Plate 56C. Grave 28: amphora burials 6 and 7
view from west.
Plate 56E. Grave 28: east wall VW 11015
view from west.
Plate 56F. Grave 28: tops of south and west walls, and sides of north and east walls
view from southwest.
Plate 57A. Grave 28, deposit of cups in southeast corner and iron tool GR28 M6.
Plate 57C. Grave 28 pottery and stone: skyphos (GR28 P1), jug (GR28 P2), amphora (GR28 P3), and cups (GR28 P5, GR28 P4).
Plate 58. Grave 28 pottery and bronze find: cups (GR28 P6-GR28 P9), mug-like cup (GR28 P11), lid (GR28 P19), necked jar (GR28 P22), bronze fibula (GR28 M1).
Plate 59A. Grave 28 iron objects: javelin heads (GR28 M2, GR28 M3), knife (GR28 M4), axe head (GR28 M5), and tool (GR28 M6).
Plate 59B. Grave 29: lead button (GR29 M1), top and side views.
Plate 59C. Grave 30: aerial view (north at top).
Plate 60B. Grave 30 pottery and metal finds: lid (GR30 P3), cup (GR30 P6), relief pithos fragment (GR30 P33), bronze fibula (GR30 M1), bronze sheeting (GR30 M2), and iron pins (GR30 M3-GR30 M7). Photos GR30 P33 and GR30 M3 C. Papanikolopoulos.
Plate 61. Grave 30 iron and terracotta finds: iron spearheads (GR30 M8, GR30 M9), dirk (GR30 M10), needle (GR30 M11), sickle-shaped knife (GR30 M12), axe head (GR30 M13), chisel (GR30 M14), and tool (GR30 M15), and terracotta beads (GR30 TC1, GR30 TC2).
Plate 62A. Grave 32: aerial view also showing "Grave" 25 1989 (north at top).
Plate 62C. Grave 32 finds: aryballos (GR32 P1), bronze fibula (GR32 M1), glass bead (GR32 G1).
Plate 62D. Grave 34
view from west.
Plate 63A. Grave 35: aerial view (north at top).
Plate 63D. Grave 36 pottery: skyphoi (GR36 P1-GR36 P3).
Plate 64. Grave 36 pottery: kalathoi (GR36 P4, GR36 P5), tray with reflex lugs (GR36 P6 [side right, interior left]), small necked jar (GR36 P8), necked jar (GR36 P9), cup (GR36 P13), and juglet (GR36 P14).
Plate 65. Grave 36 finds: incised pithos sherd (GR36 P18), iron pins (GR36 M1-GR36 M3), bone or ivory bead (GR36 B1), glass bead (GR36 G1), rock crystal bead (GR36 S1), and terracotta beads (GR36 TC1-GR36 TC5).
Plate 66A. Finds from Boyd's 1900 excavations: short iron sword (GR M1), iron pick (GR M2), and aryballos (Chondrovolakes 1).
Plate 66B. Grave 30: pelvis and vertebrae in anatomical position.
Plate 66C. Experimental pig cremation.
Plate 67A. Grave 21, Burial 5: vertebral marginal osteophytes and facets with osteoarthritic pitting.
Plate 67B. Grave 9, Burial 5: linea aspera enthesopathy (muscle tear).
Plate 67F. Grave 5, Burial 2 or 3: fractured zygomatic.
Plate 68A. Grave 23, Burial 1: periosteal bone in infant tibia.
Plate 68C. Grave 3, Burial 1: hyperostosis frontalis interna.
Plate 68E. Grave 24, Burial 1: hystiocytosis lesions on cranium.
Plate 68F. Grave 21, Burial 4 (left) and Burial 6 (right): crania with metopic sutures.
Plate 68G. Grave 12, Burial 4: suprameatal pit.
Plate 69A. Grave 26: burned ovicaprid bones. Photo C. Papanikolopoulos.
Plate 69C. Grave 12: cervid metapodials. Photo C. Papanikolopoulos.
Plate 69D. Grave 10: pot stand for pithos burial
view from the south.
Plate 69F. Vronda ridge
view from east. Photo K.T. Glowacki.
Plate 70. Grave 36, pot marks (GR36 P3-GR 36 P5, GR36 P7, GR36 P9, GR36 P10, GR36 P17). Photos C. Papanikolopoulos.
Plate 71A. Fabric Group 1, semi coarse (KAV 15/17), x25.
Plate 71C. Fabric Group 1, fine (KAV 15/102), x50. Note the bright red minerals (RM) in the clay matrix.
Plate 71E. Fabric Group 2 (KAV 15/77), x25.
Plate 71F. Comparative sample for Fabric Group 2 from Papadiokampos (PDK 11/110), x25.
Plate 72A. Fabric Group 3 (KAV 15/24), x25. G = greenstones.
Plate 72E. Sample KAV 15/101, x25.
Plate 72F. Comparative sample for KAV 15/101 from Papadiokampos (PDK 11/172), x50.
Plate 73A. Fabric Group 4 (KAV 15/57), x50.
Plate 73C. Fabric Group 6 (KAV 15/83), x25.
Plate 73E. Sample KAV 15/30, x25.
Plate 73F. Sample KAV 15/02, x25.
Plate 74A. Sample KAV 15/34, x50.
Plate 74C. Sample KAV 15/64, x50.
Plate 75A. X-ray photograph of iron saw (GR12 M37). Not to scale. Photo K. Hall.
Plate 75C. View from Vronda summit looking north-northeast. Photo M. Eaby.
Plate 75D. View from Vronda west slope looking southwest-west across the northern isthmus of Ierapetra and the bay of Mirabello. Photo M. Eaby.
Plate 76A. Metallographic section of KAV1 viewed under the optical microscope (x100), showing distinct areas of carburization: (a) ferrite with a few slag inclusions, (b) ferrite with many slag inclusions, and (c) ferrite and pearlite.
Plate 76C. SEM-BS image of KAV402 showing lamellar pearlite (b) amid ferrite grains (a) traversed by elongated slag inclusions (c). Scale bar = 20 microns.
Plate 77A. Metallographic section 2 of KAV10 (object K 20014.2) showing uneven carburization across the section with pearlite (dark) and grains of ferrite (light) and gradual increase of carburization from bottom to top of image.
Plate 77B. SEM-BS image of KAV10 showing area of lamellar pearlite (b) with ferrite (a). Scale bar = 20 microns.
Plate 78A. SEM-BS image of KAV14 showing globular wustite (FeO, bright), needles of fayalite (gray and appearing below wustite), and (weathered) interstitial glass (darker shade of gray). Scale bar = 100 microns.
Plate 78B. SEM-BS image of KAV14 showing remnants of a fragment of charcoal (arrow) trapped within the matrix of partially reduced iron oxide. Scale bar = 2 mm.
Plate 79A. SEM-BS image of KAV16 showing unreacted iron ore inclusion (a) trapped within fayalite phase slag (b) and metallic iron (c)
pores (d), dendrites of wustite (e), and globular iron oxide evolving from fine dendrites (f) are also visible. Scale b
Plate 79B. SEM-BS image of KAV17 showing large dendrites of globular wustite (a) and fine dendrites of fayalite growing out of interstitial glass (grayish black). The sequence by which the various phases will form depends on the localized conditions, with
Plate 80A. SEM-BS image of KAV11 showing ferrite (a), fine and well-developed needles of iron nitride (b), cementite (c), and small slag inclusions (d). Scale bar = 50 microns.
Plate 80B. Metallographic section of KAV 26 (x50) showing ferrite with multiple slag inclusions following the line of working or hammering (composite of three images).
Plate 81A. Metallographic section of KAV33 (x50) showing ferrite with multiple slag inclusions lining up along the line of working or hammering.
Plate 81B. SEM-BS image of KAV33 showing slag inclusions (a) of various sizes trapped within the ferrite matrix with cementite growing within the grain boundaries. Scale bar = 100 microns.
Plate 82A. Metallographic section of KAV35 (x50) showing ferrite matrix with many elongated slag inclusions drawn along direction of line of working.
Plate 82C. SEM-BS image of upper section of KAV15 showing the metallic iron envelope having completely weathered to iron oxide (a), small islands of remaining low carbon iron (b), and angular grains of Cu-Sn alloy (c) separated by corrosion (light gray).
Plate 82D. SEM-BS image of KAV15 showing lead metal inclusion (a) at the grain boundaries of a copper-tin alloy (b) and with volume expanded (looking puffed up) tin chloride corrosion growing at the grain boundaries (c). Scale bar = 20 microns.
Plate 83A. Metallographic section of KAV29 (x50) showing a largely ferrite matrix with areas of angular pearlite.
Plate 83B. SEM-SE image of KAV29 showing lamellar pearlite (bright), long "island" of ferrite (light gray), and small teardrop slag inclusion near the center. Scale bar = 50 microns.
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Kavousi IV

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