
Nationality Discrimination in the European Internal Market
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Here is an utterly fresh approach to this all-important issue that exposes, in rigorous and well-informed detail, a polity that defines discrimination correctly but then refuses to see it where it occurs. Nationality Discrimination in the European Internal Market approaches the law of free movement from a point of view that is regrettably uncommon: neither that of market integration, nor that of Member State sovereignty within the Union, but that of the individual dignity subsumed in the state-citizen relationship.Focusing on the relevant caselaw of the European Court of Justice Gareth Davies shows that the law of cross-border movement in Europe can and should be guided by the principle of non-discrimination; that, despite inconsistencies in its judgments, and a tendency to retreat to the neutral language of economics, the Court is 'haunted' by the discriminatory principles inherent in formalistic European legal systems. Its jurisprudence will ultimately restructure them to impose respect for difference and equality before the law.Specific issues treated in depth include the following:
the definition and use of discrimination by the Court of Justiceimplications of free movement law for welfare provision, including health care and educationthe application of Community law to internal situations, resulting in ¿reverse discriminationthe legality of privately created obstacles to free movement.Practitioners, policymakers, academics, lawyers and political scientists interested in the larger, longer-term purposes of the European Union¿to change and open up in order to avoid repeating the past destructive patterns of behaviour of the Member States¿will find in this insightful and well-researched study a source of inspiration and a well-positioned foundation for an energetic and prosperous Europe based on individual freedom through equal rights.
Review(s)
'It is rare for a book to go over a well-trodden theme and yet manage to remain fresh and inspiring. This should definitely be on the reading list of anybody with an interest in the internal market.'
Nick Bernard, European Law Review
'The book is a well-researched in-depth study on the prohibition of discrimination; while the author builds on a well-established body of black letter law, he succeeds in adding appreciably to the standard corpus of free movement law.'
Common Market Law Review
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Content
- Cover
- Half Title Page
- Editorial Board
- Title Page
- Copyright Page
- Acknowledgements
- Table of Contents
- Foreword
- Chapter 1 Introduction and Overview
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Method
- 2.1 The Boundaries of the Law
- 2.2 An Examination of Case law
- 2.3 The Exclusion of Justification
- 2.4 The Legitimacy of Comparison
- 2.5 Form and Substance
- 3. Relationship to the Existing Literature
- 4. Footnotes and Quotations
- Chapter 2 Discrimination
- 1. The Principle of Equality
- 2. Discrimination and Equality
- 3. Different Situations Differently
- 4. Direct and Indirect Discrimination
- 5. Discrimination and Justification
- 6. Balancing Justification and Effect
- 7. Definitions
- 8. Measuring Discrimination
- 9. Positive and Reverse Discrimination
- 10. Discrimination and Rules
- Chapter 3 Definitions of Discrimination in Free Movement Caselaw
- 1. A Common Meaning
- 2. Direct Discrimination
- 3. Indirect Discrimination
- 3.1 Definitions in the Law on Workers
- 3.2 Measurement of Disparate Impact
- 3.3 Covert Intention?
- 3.4 Goods and Services
- 4. Justification and Proportionality
- 4.1 Proportionality
- 4.2. The Process of Justification
- 4.3 A Community Standard of Proportionality?
- 4.4 The Scope of Justifications
- Chapter 4 The Breadth of Indirect Discrimination
- 1. Structural Discrimination
- 2. Active Remedies
- 3. Disparate Impacts
- 4. Adapting to Strangers
- 5. The Criterion of Legitimate Relevance
- 6. Negotiating Justification
- 7. Remaking National Law
- Chapter 5 The Conceptual Scope of Free Movement Law: Beyond Discrimination?
- 1. Interpretations
- 1.1 Naïve Judgment
- 1.2 Economics
- 1.3 Formalism
- 1.4 Comparative/Discrimination-based
- 1.5 Individual Rights versus Integration
- 2. The Language of the Court
- 3. Prohibitions of Non-Discriminatory National Measures
- 3.1 Preliminary Comment:The Nationality of Non-Persons
- 3.2 Caselaw on Goods
- 3.3 Comments
- 3.4 The Status Quo Argument
- 3.5 Caselaw on Workers
- 3.6 Comments
- 3.7 Caselaw on Services, Capital, and Establishment
- 3.8 Comments
- 3.9 'Intrinsically Liable to Discriminate'
- 4. Conclusions
- 5. A Discrimination Test
- Chapter 6 Discrimination is Better than Market Access
- 1. Introduction
- 2. The Attraction of the Market
- 2.1 Suifing the Zeitgeist
- 2.2 Why Free Movement is not like Competition Law
- 3. The Justiciability of Market Access
- 3.1 Direct Restrictions
- 3.2 Substantial Restrictions
- 3.3 A General Test of Significance
- 3.4 An Individual Test of Significance
- 3.5 Retreatfrom Reality
- 3.6 Comparison as an Alternative
- 4. Justifying Rules with Disparate Impacts
- 5. Extending the Law: Integration versus Economics
- 5.1 Competition between Products, Laws and Nations
- 5.2 Conflicts of Competition
- 6. The Regulator's View
- 7. Constitution Building
- Chapter 7 The Wholly Internal Situation
- 1. Facts Within the Scope of Community Law
- 2. Reverse Discrimination
- 2.1 The First Response: The Idea of Equality
- 2.2 The Second Response: Reverse Discrimination Hardly Happens
- 2.3 The Third Response: Reverse Discrimination Makes No Sense
- 3. Hypothetical Questions
- 4. The Range of Purely Internal Situations
- 5. The Constitutional Question
- 6. Conclusion
- Chapter 8 Restrictions upon Private Actors
- 1. Introduction to the Problem
- 2. The Human Rights Example
- 2.1 The European Convention on Human Rights
- 3. Transplanting to Free Movement
- 4. Defining 'Private': Semi-Public and Quasi-Public Bodies
- 5. Private (Employment) Legislators
- 6. Mere Individuals
- 6.1 Goods
- 6.2 Persons and Services
- 6.3 Capital
- 7. Indirect Control
- 7.1 Commission v. France
- 7.2 Actionsfor Damages by Individuals
- 7.3 Does State Liability Entail Private Liability?
- 7.4 State Liability for Actions Legal under National Law?
- 7.5 The State as Guarantor without Recourse
- 7.6 The 'Application to All Law' Model
- 8. Conclusions
- Chapter 9 Free Movement of Welfare
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Geraets-Smits
- 2.1 Benefits-in-kind
- 2.2 Profit
- 2.3 The Obedient Patient
- 3. The Previous Healthcare Cases
- 4. The Education Cases
- 5. Payments from Public Bodies as Remuneration
- 5.1 The Payer-Recipient Link
- 5.2 An Identifiable Payment
- 5.3 Separate Institutions
- 5.4 The Potential for Choice
- 6. Conclusion
- Chapter 10 The Impact of Citizenship on Economic Movement
- 1. The Function of Citizenship
- 2. The Rights of Citizens
- 3. Citizenship and Economic Free Movement
- 3.1 Personal and Material Scope
- 3.2 Discarding 'Economic'
- 4. Jurisdictional Spread
- 5. A Constitutional Catalyst
- Chapter 11 Conclusions
- Bibliography
- Table of Cases
- Index
- Back Cover
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