
Exploring Speciation
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Content
- Intro
- Contents
- Preface
- Chapter 1
- Exploring Cadmium Speciation in the Aquatic Ecosystem: A Case Study
- Abstract
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Speciation of CD in the Aquatic Environment in Egyptian Coast, Case Study
- 2.1. An Overview of the Metal Pollution in the Marine Environment in Egyptian Coast
- 2.2. Speciation of Cadmium in Aquatic Environment
- 2.2.1. Cadmium in Sediment
- 2.2.1.1. Marine Sediment (Mediterranean and Red Sea)
- 2.2.1.1.1. The Egyptian Coast of the Mediterranean Sea
- 2.2.1.1.2. The Egyptian Coast of the Red Sea
- 2.2.2. Fresh Water Sediment
- 2.2.2.1. Nile River Sediments
- 2.2.2.2. Nile River Branches Sediment
- 2.2.2.3. Nile Lakes Sediments
- 2.2.2.3.1. Nasser Lake
- 2.2.2.3.2. Qarun Lake
- 2.2.3. Brackish Water Sediments (Four Nile Delta Lakes)
- 2.2.3.1. Lake Bardawil (Northern Egypt)
- 2.3. Cadmium in Aquatic Biota
- 2.3.1. Marine Environment
- 2.3.1.1. Fish
- 2.3.1.2. Marine Organisms
- 2.3.1.3. Marine Seaweed
- 2.3.2. Fresh Water Environment
- 2.3.2.1. Fresh Water Fish
- 2.3.2.2. Freshwater Organisms
- 2.3.2.3. Brackish Water Fish (Four Nile Delta Lakes)
- 2.3.2.3.1. Burullus
- 2.3.2.3.2. Edku
- 2.3.2.3.3. Manzalah
- 2.3.2.3.4. Maryout
- 2.3.2.4. The Extent of Cadmium Pollution of Marine Organisms on Egyptian Coasts
- Conclusion
- References
- Biographical Sketch
- Chapter 2
- Investigation of Photon Atom Interactions in Various Chemical Materials Employing X-Ray Spectroscopic Techniques
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Photon-Atom Interaction Processes
- Atomic Inner-Shell Photoionization
- Inner-Shell Vacancy Decay and Subsequent Processes
- Non-Radiative Transitions
- Radiative Transitions
- Physical Parameters Associated with Inner-Shell Vacancy Decay
- Mass Attenuation Coefficients
- Fluorescence, Auger, and Coster-Kronig Yields
- Vacancy Transfer Probabilities
- Fractional X-Ray Emission Rates
- X-Ray Production Cross-Sections
- Near-Edge Processes Contributing to the Absorption of Incident Photons
- Resonant Raman Scattering
- X-Ray Absorption Fine Structure (XAFS) Process
- Single Scattering
- Multiple Scattering
- Elastic Scattering
- Form Factor Formalism
- S-Matrix Calculations
- Inelastic Scattering
- Compton Scattering from Free Electrons
- Compton Scattering from Bound Electrons
- Compton Profile and Relativistic Impulse Approximation
- Effect of magnetic Field on the X-Ray Line Spectra
- Application of X-Ray Spectroscopy: A Possible Probe to Examine the Chemical Effect in Distinct Materials
- Acknowledgments
- References
- Chapter 3
- Effect of Readout Heating Rate and Correction for Temperature Lag, Effective Heating Rate and Thermal Quenching to the Response of TLD-100 (LiF: Mg, Ti)
- Abstract
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Thermoluminescence Dosimeter Readout System
- 2.1. Sample Detector Housing
- 3. Experimental Details
- 3.1. TLD Measurements Using Photon Beam
- 3.2. TLD Sorting and Calibration
- 3.3. Effect of Heating Rate on TLD-100
- 3.4. The General Order Kinetics (May and Partridge Model)
- 4. Correction for Temperature Lag, Effective Heating Rate and Thermal Quenching
- 4.1. Corrections for the Temperature Lag in TL Glow-Curve Measurements
- 4.2. The Effective Rate of Heating (ßeff)
- 4.3. Thermal Quenching
- 5. Results and Discussion
- 6. Summary
- References
- Chapter 4
- X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy: Rapid Tool for the Assessment of Elemental Composition in Various Environmental Samples
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometer
- Excitation Sources
- X-Ray Tube-Based Excitation Sources
- Radioisotope-Based Excitation Sources
- Various Experimental Setups
- Geometrical Setups
- EDXRF Experimental Setup
- WDXRF Experimental Setup
- Relationship between Fluorescent X-Ray Intensity and Mass of Element in the Target
- The Self-Absorption Correction Factor (ß)
- Calculations of the Area under the X-Ray Fluorescent Peak
- The Efficiency of the Detector
- Evaluation Procedure
- WDXRF Setup
- Environmental Applications of XRF Technique
- Elemental Analysis of Water Samples
- Elemental Analysis of Coal and Fly Ash Samples
- Elemental Analysis of Fertilizer Samples
- Acknowledgments
- References
- Chapter 5
- Speciation: How to Propose Models and Select the Best of Them
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Model Development Approach
- Selection of the Best Model
- Conclusion
- Acknowledgements
- References
- Index
- Blank Page
- Blank Page
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