Arbitration in India

Name: Arbitration in India
Brand: Kluwer Law International
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Dushyant Dave(Editor)

Kluwer Law International (Publisher)

Published on 24. February 2021

624 pages

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978-90-411-8282-1 (ISBN)

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India has a long-standing tradition of dispute resolution through arbitration, with arbitral-type regulations going back to the eighteenth century. Today, amendments to the 1996 Indian Arbitration Act, a steady evolution of case law and new arbitral institutions position India's vibrant system once more at the forefront of international commercial dispute resolution. In this handbook, over forty members of the international arbitration community in India and beyond offer authoritative perspectives and insights into topics on arbitration that matter in India. International arbitration practitioners, Indian practitioners, and scholars have combined efforts to produce a practical and informative guide on the subject. Among numerous notable features, the contributors provide detailed analysis and description of such aspects of arbitration as the following, with a focus on the Indian context: Indian application of the 1958 New York Convention; law governing the merits of the dispute and awards; investor-state dispute settlement; drafting arbitration clauses for India-centric agreements; managing costs and time; rise of virtual arbitration and technology; effect of public policy in light of extensive Indian jurisprudence; and arbitration of claims relating to environmental damage. Practical features include checklists for drafting arbitration clauses and a comparative chart of major commercial arbitration rules applicable to India. Also included is a comparative analysis of arbitral regimes in India, Singapore and England; chapters on the India Model Bilateral Investment Treaty and ISDS reforms; a special section on the enforcement of foreign awards; a section on the drafting of the award guided by leading arbitrators and stakeholders and a review of the new 2021 ICC Rules. For foreign counsel and arbitrators with arbitrations in India, this complete and up-to-date analysis provides guidelines for practitioners, corporate counsel, and judges on considerations to be borne in mind with respect to arbitration with an Indian nexus and whilst seeking enforcement and execution of an arbitral award in India. It will prove an effective tool for students and others in understanding and navigating the particularities and peculiarities of India's system of domestic and international commercial arbitration.

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Content

Intro
Half-Title Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Editors
Contributors
Summary of Contents
Table of Contents
Foreword
Preface and Acknowledgements
Chapter 1 General Notes for Practitioners
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Pre-arbitration Preparation
1.2.1 Identify Governing Law and Seat
1.2.2 Ad Hoc or Institutional Arbitration
1.2.3 Document Review and Strategy
1.2.4 Need for Interim Relief from Courts under Section 9
1.2.5 Interim Relief from Emergency Arbitrators
1.2.6 Experts
1.2.7 Choice of Arbitrator
1.2.8 Limitation Period and Pre-arbitration Steps
1.3 Notice of Arbitration
1.4 Constitution of Tribunal
1.5 Preliminary Meeting
1.5.1 Witnesses
1.5.2 Foreign Counsel
1.6 Preparation for Initial Hearing/Pre-hearing Conference
1.6.1 Reaching an Agreement with the Opposing Party
1.6.2 Timelines and Procedure
1.6.3 Logistics for Proceedings
1.7 Drafting Submissions and Collecting Evidence
1.8 Discovery and Rules of Evidence
1.9 Hearing
1.9.1 Opening Statement
1.9.2 Cross-Examination
1.9.2.1 Whether to Cross-Examine?
1.9.2.2 Witness Conduct and Solutions
1.9.2.3 Engaging with the Witness
1.10 Written Submissions
1.10.1 Developing the Case Theory
1.10.2 General Rules for Written Advocacy
1.10.3 Structure and Presentation
1.10.4 Cost Submissions
1.11 Second Chair
1.12 Manoeuvring the Court System
1.13 Conclusion
Chapter 2 The Arbitration Agreement
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Elements of an Arbitration Agreement
2.2.1 Intention to Enter into an Arbitration Agreement
2.3 Requirements for a Valid Arbitration Agreement under the 1996 Arbitration Act
2.4 Forms of Arbitration Agreements: Section 7(2)
2.4.1 Arbitration Clause in a Contract: Section 7(2)
2.4.2 Separate Arbitration Agreement: Section 7(2)
2.4.3 Arbitration Agreement by Incorporation: Section 7(5)
2.5 An Arbitration Agreement Must Be in Writing: Section 7(3)
2.6 Evidence that the Arbitration Agreement Is in Writing: Section 7(4)
2.6.1 Document Signed by the Parties: Section 7(4)(a)
2.6.2 Exchange of Letters and Other Communications: Section 7(4)(b)
2.6.3 Exchange of Statements of Claim and Defence: Section 7(4)(c)
2.7 Specific Types of Arbitration Agreements
2.8 Asymmetrical Arbitration Clauses
2.8.1 Valid Asymmetrical Clauses
2.8.2 Invalid Asymmetrical Clauses
2.9 Pathological Clauses
2.10 Multi-tier Clauses
2.11 Separability
2.12 Arbitrability
2.13 Inoperability of an Arbitration Agreement
2.14 Uncertainty in the Arbitration Agreement
2.15 Capacity of the Parties
2.16 Parties to an Arbitration Agreement
2.17 Natural Persons
2.18 Companies
2.19 Partnership Firms
2.20 States and State Agencies
2.21 Third Parties / Non-signatories to an Arbitration Agreement
2.21.1 Pre-2015 Amendment
2.21.2 Post-2015 Amendment
2.21.3 Assignment
2.21.4 Agency
2.21.5 Subcontracts
2.21.6 Transfer
2.21.7 Multiparty Agreements
2.21.7.1 Several Parties to One Contract
2.21.7.2 Several Parties to Several Contracts
2.22 Laws Applicable to International Arbitrations
2.23 The Law Governing the Substantive Contract
2.24 The Law Governing the Arbitration Procedure
2.25 The Law Governing the Arbitration Agreement
2.26 The Law of the Jurisdiction(s) Where the Award May Be Enforced
2.27 Points to Note When Drafting an Arbitration Agreement
Chapter 3 Multiparty and Multi-contract Arbitrations
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Legal Framework
3.3 Types of Multiparty and Multi-contract Situations
3.3.1 Two Parties Governed by Multiple Contracts
3.3.2 Multiple Parties to a Single contract
3.3.3 Related Parties and Multiple Contracts
3.3.4 Multiple Parties and Multiple Contracts
3.3.4.1 Joinder of Non-signatories
3.3.4.2 Consolidation of Disputes Arising under Different Agreements
3.3.5 Coordination
3.3.5.1 Appointment of a Common Tribunal
3.3.5.2 Stay of Proceedings
3.4 Setting Aside and Enforcement
3.5 Conclusion
Chapter 4 Constitution and Establishment of an Arbitral Tribunal
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Appointment of Arbitrators
4.2.1 Number of Arbitrators
4.2.2 Nationality of Arbitrators
4.2.3 Qualifications of Arbitrators
4.2.4 Procedure for Appointment
4.2.4.1 Appointing Authority
4.2.4.2 Circumstances of Involvement of an Appointing Authority
4.2.4.3 Nature, Scope, and Extent of Involvement
4.2.4.4 Appeal and Review
4.3 Disclosures, Challenges, and Ineligibility
4.3.1 Disclosures by Arbitrators
4.3.1.1 Content of Disclosure
4.3.1.2 Timing of Disclosures
4.3.1.3 Failure to Disclose
4.3.2 Challenges to Arbitrators
4.3.2.1 Grounds of Challenge
4.3.2.2 Challenge Procedure
4.3.3 Ineligibility of Arbitrators
4.4 Termination of Mandate and Substitution
4.5 Conclusion
Chapter 5 Jurisdiction of the Arbitral Tribunal
5.1 Introduction
5.2 An Arbitral Tribunal's Competence-Competence
5.2.1 Competence-Competence and Separability
5.2.2 Allocation of Jurisdictional Competence Between Arbitral Tribunals and National Courts
5.2.2.1 Referral to Arbitration
5.2.2.1.1 Domestic Arbitrations: Section 8
5.2.2.1.2 Foreign-Seated Arbitrations: Section 45
5.2.2.2 Appointment of Arbitrators
5.2.2.3 Anti-arbitration Injunctions
5.2.2.4 Review of an Arbitral Tribunal's Jurisdictional Decision
5.2.2.4.1 Review of Decision Rejecting Jurisdictional Objection(s)
5.2.2.4.2 Review of Decision Accepting Jurisdictional Objection(s)
5.3 Time Limits for the Exercise of a Tribunal's Mandate
5.3.1 Time Limits Stipulated in Contracts
5.3.2 Time Limits under the 1996 Arbitration Act
5.4 Conclusion
Chapter 6 The Laws Applicable to an Arbitration
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Substantive Law of the Contract
6.2.1 Indian Parties and Choice of Foreign Law
6.2.2 International Arbitration and Public Policy Considerations
6.3 Law of the Arbitration Agreement
6.3.1 Separability of the Arbitration Agreement
6.3.2 Closest Connection Test
6.4 Lex Arbitri
6.4.1 Choice of Seat and Lex Arbitri
6.4.2 Choice of Seat and Venue
6.4.3 Indian Parties and Choice of Foreign Seat
6.4.4 Judicial Intervention by Indian Courts
6.5 Conclusion
Chapter 7 The Conduct of Arbitral Proceedings in India
7.1 Introduction
7.1.1 Party Autonomy
7.1.2 Failure to Comply with the Agreement of the Parties
7.2 Fast Track Procedure
7.2.1 Expedited Procedure
7.3 Preliminary Steps
7.4 Written Submissions
7.4.1 Statement of Claim
7.4.2 Statement of Defence
7.4.3 Further Written Pleadings
7.4.4 Extension of Time for Arbitral Proceedings and Making of Arbitral Award
7.5 Collection of Evidence
7.5.1 Admissibility, Relevance, Materiality and Weight of Any Evidence
7.5.2 Forms of Evidence
7.5.2.1 Documentary Evidence
7.5.2.2 Witnesses of Fact
7.5.2.3 Expert Evidence
7.5.2.4 Site Inspections
7.5.3 Court Assistance in Taking Evidence
7.6 Hearings
7.7 Proceedings after the Hearings
7.8 A Warning: Pitfalls When Conducting Arbitration in India
7.8.1 Failure to Comply with the Agreement of the Parties
7.8.2 Failure to File the Statement of Claim
7.8.3 Hearsay Evidence
7.8.4 False Witness Statement
7.8.5 Reopening the Proceedings after Closing
Chapter 8 Interim Measures
8.1 Introduction
8.1.1 Scope of Application of the Arbitration Act
8.1.2 Parliamentary Intervention with Respect to Arbitrations Seated Outside of India
8.2 The Power of an Arbitral Tribunal to Order Interim Measures: Section 17
8.2.1 Scope and Limits
8.2.2 Interim Order under Section 17: Interim or Partial Awards
8.2.3 Distinguishing Between Interim Orders and Interim Awards
8.2.4 Measures Against Third Parties
8.2.5 Appeals and Review
8.2.6 Enforcement of Interim Measures
8.3 The Power of a Court to Order Interim Measures: Section 9
8.3.1 Competent Court
8.3.2 Relevance of General Principles Governing Grant of Injunctions
8.3.2.1 Safeguard of the Interests of the Petitioner
8.3.2.2 The Preservation, Interim Custody or Sale of Goods
8.3.2.3 Securing the Amount in Dispute
8.3.2.4 The Detention, Preservation or Inspection of Any Property
8.3.2.5 Interim Injunction or Appointment of a Receiver
8.3.2.6 Any Other Necessary Interim Measure of Protection
8.3.3 Taking into Account the Conduct of the Disputing Parties
8.3.3.1 Ex Parte Orders
8.3.3.2 Third Parties
8.3.3.3 Limits Imposed by Institutional Rules on Indian Courts' Intervention
8.3.4 Timing of the Application
8.3.4.1 Before the Commencement of Arbitral Proceedings
8.3.4.2 During an Arbitration
8.3.4.3 After the Making of the Arbitral Award
8.3.4.4 Appeal Against a Section 9 Interim Order
8.3.5 Enforcement
Chapter 9 Arbitral Awards in Indian Arbitrations
9.1 Introduction and Definition
9.2 Effects of Arbitral Awards
9.2.1 Finality - Res Judicata
9.2.2 Arbitral Tribunal Becomes Functus Officio
9.2.3 Remedies Granted in Awards
9.3 Type of Awards
9.3.1 Interim Awards
9.3.2 Partial Awards
9.3.3 Fast Track Procedure Awards
9.3.4 Emergency Awards
9.3.5 Consent Award - Award on Agreed Terms
9.3.6 Final Award
9.3.7 Additional Award
9.4 Form Requirements of Arbitral Awards
9.4.1 Introduction
9.4.2 Form and Contents of Arbitral Award
9.4.3 Interest
9.4.4 Time Limits
9.4.5 Stamp Duty and Registration: An Additional Requirement
9.5 Enforceability
9.6 Guidelines for the Drafting of an Arbitral Award
9.6.1 Form of the Arbitral Award
9.6.2 Substance of the Arbitral Award
9.6.3 Dispositive Part of the Arbitral Award
9.6.4 Institutional Support
9.6.5 Due Process and Confidentiality
Chapter 10 Challenge and Enforcement of Awards: The Brooding Omnipresence of Public Policy
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Common Law Arbitration: The 1899 Act
10.3 Public Policy Before 1996
10.3.1 Enforcement of Foreign Awards: Public Policy Rears Its Head
10.3.2 Public Policy under the Domestic 1940 Act: Peripheral Yet Present
10.4 The 1996 Act
10.4.1 Public Policy under the 1996 Act
10.5 Defining Public Policy
10.5.1 The Narrow and the Broad View
10.6 The Effect of Public Policy on Arbitration
10.6.1 Public Policy and Foreign Awards
10.6.2 The Early Years: Narrow View Prevailed for Challenges to Domestic Awards
10.6.3 Saw Pipes: The Broad View Embraced for Part I Awards
10.6.4 Patent Illegality and the Root of the Matter
10.6.5 Saw Pipes Perpetuated
10.6.6 Continuing Restrictions on Review
10.6.7 The Pre-2015 Position under Section 34: Summarised in Associate Builders
10.6.8 Wednesbury Rule as Part of Public Policy Review
10.6.9 Perversity and Irrationality: A Trojan Horse
10.6.10 Fraud, Corruption and Confidentiality
10.7 Foreign Awards: Broad View Gets Extended to Enforcement, Later the Narrow View Is Restored
10.8 2015 Amendment
10.9 Application of the 2015 Amendment
10.10 2019 Amendment
10.11 Conclusion
Chapter 11 Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign and Domestic Arbitral Awards: Role of National Courts
11.1 Preface
11.2 Enforcement of Domestic Awards
11.2.1 Evolution of Law
11.2.1.1 1899 Arbitration Act
11.2.1.2 1940 Arbitration Act
11.2.1.3 1996 Arbitration Act
11.2.1.3.1 Application and Scope
11.2.1.3.2 Scheme and Implementation of the 1996 Arbitration Act
11.2.1.4 2015 Amendment
11.2.1.5 Arbitration and Conciliation (Amendment) Act, 2019 (2019 Amendment)
11.3 Enforcement of Foreign Awards
11.3.1 Evolution of law
11.3.2 The 1937 Arbitration Act
11.3.3 The 1961 Foreign Awards Act
11.3.4 1996 Arbitration Act
11.4 Conclusion
11.4.1 Guidelines for Practitioners
11.4.2 Guidelines for Judges and the Way Forward
Chapter 12 The India Resolutions for the 1958 Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Awards
12.1 Introduction
12.2 A Preface: The Explanatory Note
12.2.1 Sovereignty
12.2.2 The Convention in the National Space: Is 'Globalisation' a Myth?
12.2.3 The Role of the National Courts
12.2.4 The Convention in India
12.2.5 The Background of the India Resolutions
12.3 The India Resolutions
12.3.1 Not to Apply Section 44(b) of the Act in a Formally Restrictive Manner
12.3.2 To Apply the New York Convention (and Implementing Legislation) in Accordance with the Purposes of the Convention, Which Is Promoting the Effectiveness of International Arbitration and International Trade
12.3.3 To Balance the Commercial Need for Valid Contracts with the Recognition That Confidence in Arbitration Requires Judicial Control of Misconduct
12.3.4 To Adopt Good Faith as the Foundation of Interpretation
12.3.5 To Enforce Arbitration Agreements (under Article II) in a Manner Consistent with the Needs and Practice of International Trade
12.3.6 To Establish the Validity of the Arbitration Agreement on the Basis of the Parties' Mutual Intent
12.3.7 To Avoid Excessive Formalism when Enforcing Awards (Article IV)
12.3.8 To Interpret 'Extra Evidence to Prove That the Award Is a Foreign Award' in the Manner of a Charming Betsy Alignment (Article IV)
12.3.9 To Eschew a Review on the Merits (Article V)
12.3.10 To Adopt A Narrow Conception of Public Policy - 'Ordre Public' - in a Manner That Is Consistent with a Near-Universal Treaty Expressed in Five Official Languages (Article V(2))
12.4 How Can Courts Apply the Resolutions?
12.5 Overview of the Convention: Action I: Recognition of the Arbitration Agreement
12.5.1 The Source - Article II: Survival by Court Interpretation
12.5.2 Questions and Issues Raised
12.5.3 The Dialogue
12.5.4 May Courts Rely on Section 7 as an Interpretative Tool for Article II (2)?
12.6 Overview of the Convention: Action II: The Enforcement of the Award
12.6.1 Article I
12.6.2 Article III
12.6.3 Article IV
12.6.4 Article V
12.6.5 Article VI
12.6.6 Article VII
Chapter 13 Investor-State Dispute Settlement and India
13.1 Introduction
13.1.1 The 1990s: The First Decade
13.1.2 The 2000s: The Second Decade
13.1.3 The 2010s: The Third Decade
13.2 Model Bilateral Investment Treaty
13.2.1 Coverage and Scope
13.2.1.1 Definition of 'Investment'
13.2.1.2 Definition of 'Investor'
13.2.1.3 Causation
13.2.2 Substantive Protections
13.2.2.1 Most-Favoured Nation (MFN)
13.2.2.2 Fair and Equitable Treatment (FET)
13.2.2.3 Expropriation
13.2.2.4 Full Protection and Security (FPS)
13.2.3 Dispute Resolution
13.2.4 Reactions to the 2016 Model BIT
13.3 Cases Instituted by Foreign Investors Against India
13.4 Cases instituted by Indian investors
13.5 Recent Developments
13.5.1 Termination of BITs by India
13.5.2 Joint Interpretative Statements / Joint Interpretative Notes
13.5.3 New BITs Signed on the Basis of the 2016 Model BIT
13.5.4 Investment Arbitration and Indian Courts
13.6 Conclusion
Annex A: List of BIT Cases Brought by Foreign Investors Against India
Annex B: List of BIT Cases Brought by Indian Investors Against Foreign States
Chapter 14 Drafting Arbitration Clauses for India-Centric Agreements
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Importance of Drafting an Arbitration Agreement and Indian Perspective
14.3 Requirements of an Arbitration Agreement
14.3.1 Definition of Arbitration Agreement
14.3.2 The Arbitration Agreement May Be in the Form of a Clause in a Contract or Separate Agreement
14.3.3 The Agreement Must Be in Writing
14.3.4 Incorporation of Arbitration Clause in Another Document
14.4 Essential Elements
14.4.1 Scope of the Arbitration Clause
14.4.2 Ad Hoc or Institutional Arbitration
14.4.3 Seat of Arbitration
14.4.4 Applicable Law
14.4.5 Composition of an Arbitral Tribunal
14.4.5.1 Appointment of Presiding Arbitrator by the Court in International Commercial Arbitration
14.4.5.2 Appointment of Arbitrator under Contracts with Government Entities or Public Sector Undertakings
14.4.5.3 Choice of Arbitrators
14.4.6 Multi-tier Dispute Resolution Clauses
14.4.7 Language of Arbitration
14.5 Arbitrability
14.6 Award of Interest
14.7 Conclusion
Chapter 15 Ongoing Efforts Towards Reforming the ISDS System: An Aide-Memoire of the System's Need Amidst Calls for Iconoclasm
15.1 Introduction
15.2 The Pushback: Recent State Conduct
15.2.1 Trade and Investment Agreements
15.2.2 Efforts to Improve the System: The Example of Transparency
15.3 Ongoing initiative at UNCITRAL Working Group-III
15.3.1 Background
15.4 Concerns
15.4.1 Structural Reforms
15.4.1.1 The MIC
15.4.1.2 The AB
15.4.2 Incremental Reforms
15.4.2.1 Rosters
15.4.2.2 Multilateral Advisory Centre
15.4.2.3 Code of Conduct
15.4.2.4 Third-Party Funding
15.4.2.5 Prior Scrutiny of Awards
15.4.2.6 Improving Arbitrator Selection
15.4.2.7 Alternative Dispute Mechanisms
15.4.2.8 Expedited Procedures
15.4.2.9 Additional Case Management Tools
15.4.2.10 Tracking the Discussion
15.5 Conclusion
Chapter 16 Managing Costs and Time in Arbitration
16.1 Managing Costs and Time Prior to an Arbitration
16.1.1 Using Bespoke Terms to Streamline the Arbitration Process
16.1.2 Language
16.2 After the Initiation of Arbitration
16.2.1 Time Limits and Constitution of the Arbitral Tribunal
16.2.2 Internal Cost
16.2.3 Calderbank Offer
16.3 Evidence and Arguments
16.3.1 Taking of Evidence
16.3.2 Oral Arguments
16.3.3 Videoconferencing
16.3.3.1 Advantages of Videoconferencing
16.3.3.2 Prerequisites to Conducting Videoconferencing
16.3.3.3 Disadvantages of Videoconferencing
16.3.4 Transcript
16.3.5 Hot-Tubbing
16.3.5.1 Nature and Scope
16.3.5.2 Advantages of Hot-Tubbing
16.3.5.3 Disadvantages of Hot-Tubbing
16.3.6 Other Technological Tools and Techniques
16.3.7 Reducing Time and Costs Before Indian Courts
16.4 Conclusion
Chapter 17 Arbitral Institutions
17.1 DIS Rules
17.1.1 Brief Introduction
17.1.2 Key Rules Changes and Key Reasons for Choosing the DIS
17.1.3 Drafting the (Institutional) Arbitration Agreement
17.1.4 Institutional Supervision
17.1.5 Arbitral Appointments: Procedure and Issues
17.1.6 Conduct of Proceedings
17.1.7 Costs Calculation
17.1.8 Flowchart: For Quick Reference
17.1.9 Mandatory Checklist
17.1.9.1 Claimant
17.1.9.2 Respondent
17.1.9.3 Arbitral Tribunal
17.1.9.4 Arbitration Proceedings
17.1.9.5 Costs and Fees
17.2 ICC Rules
17.2.1 Introduction
17.2.2 Key Changes and Key Reasons
17.2.2.1 Emergency Arbitrator Rules
17.2.2.2 Expedited Procedure Rules
17.2.2.3 Other Changes
17.2.2.3.1 Providing Reasons for Certain ICC Court Decisions
17.2.2.3.2 Publication of the Awards, Names of Arbitrators, Counsels and Sector of Industry Involved
17.2.2.3.3 Guidance Note on Conflict Disclosure
17.2.2.3.4 Measures Aimed at Increasing Time- and Cost-Efficiency
17.2.2.3.5 Expeditious Determination of Manifestly Unmeritorious Claims or Defences
17.2.3 Drafting (Institution) Arbitration Agreement
17.2.4 Arbitral Appointments Procedure and Issues
17.2.5 Conduct of Proceedings/Institutional Supervision
17.2.6 Award Scrutiny Process
17.2.7 Costs Calculation
17.2.8 Flowchart: For Quick Reference
17.2.9 Conclusion
17.3 LCIA Rules
17.3.1 Brief Introduction
17.3.2 Key Changes Introduced by the 2014 and 2020 LCIA Rules
17.3.3 Drafting an Institution Arbitration Agreement
17.3.4 Institutional Supervision
17.3.5 Arbitral Appointments, Procedure and Issues
17.3.6 Conduct of Proceedings
17.3.7 Costs Calculation
17.3.8 Flowchart
17.3.9 Mandatory Checklist
17.3.9.1 Arbitration Clause
17.3.9.2 Time-Bar
17.3.9.3 Interim Measures
17.3.9.4 Evidence
17.3.9.5 ADR/Settlement
17.4 MCIA Rules
17.4.1 Introduction
17.4.2 Key Changes, Reasons and Features
17.4.3 The Arbitration Agreement
17.4.4 Arbitral Appointment Procedure and Issues
17.4.4.1 Appointment of Arbitrators
17.4.4.2 Challenge, Replacement and Appointment of Substitute Arbitrators
17.4.4.3 Seat and Venue
17.4.4.4 Applicable Law
17.4.4.5 Consolidation Mechanism
17.4.5 Conduct of Proceedings
17.4.5.1 Commencement of Arbitration: Request and Response
17.4.5.2 Jurisdiction
17.4.5.3 Emergency Arbitrator
17.4.5.4 Interim Relief
17.4.5.5 Hearings and Proceedings
17.4.5.6 Expedited Proceedings
17.4.5.7 Orders and Awards
17.4.5.8 Confidentiality
17.4.6 Institutional Supervision
17.4.7 Fees and Costs of Proceedings
17.4.8 Flowchart: For Quick Reference
17.5 PCA Rules
17.5.1 Brief Introduction
17.5.2 Key Changes and Key Reasons
17.5.3 Drafting an Arbitration Agreement
17.5.4 Institutional Supervision
17.5.5 Arbitral Appointments Procedure and Issues
17.5.6 Conduct of Proceedings
17.5.7 Cost Calculation
17.5.8 Flowchart
17.5.9 Mandatory Checklist
17.6 SIAC Rules
17.6.1 Introduction
17.6.2 Key Changes in the 2016 SIAC Rules
17.6.2.1 Multi-contract Arbitration
17.6.2.2 Joinder of Additional Parties
17.6.2.3 Consolidation
17.6.2.4 Early Dismissal of Claims and Defences
17.6.2.5 Removal of Default Seat
17.6.2.6 Reasoned Decision on Challenge to Arbitrators
17.6.2.7 Order for Reimbursement of Costs by Non-paying Party
17.6.3 Drafting SIAC Arbitration Agreements
17.6.4 Institutional Supervision
17.6.4.1 Commencement of Arbitration
17.6.4.2 Appointment of Arbitrators
17.6.4.3 Scrutiny of Awards
17.6.4.4 Financial Management of the Arbitral Process
17.6.5 Arbitral Appointments and Procedure
17.6.5.1 Nomination of Arbitrators
17.6.5.2 Appointment of a Sole Arbitrator
17.6.5.3 Appointment of Three Arbitrators
17.6.5.4 Emergency Arbitrator
17.6.5.5 SIAC's Panel of Arbitrators
17.6.5.6 Qualification of Arbitrators
17.6.5.7 Hurdles in Making Arbitral Appointments
17.6.6 Conduct of the Proceedings
17.6.7 Calculation of Costs
17.6.8 Chronology of an SIAC Arbitration
17.6.9 SIAC Checklist
Chapter 18 Arbitration of Claims Relating to Environmental Damage in India
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Threshold Questions
18.2.1 Scope of the Arbitration Clause
18.2.2 Parties to the Arbitration Agreement
18.2.2.1 The State
18.2.2.2 Company/Firm
18.3 Substantive Law
18.4 Investment Treaty Disputes
18.5 Enforcing the Award
18.6 Conclusion
Chapter 19 A Comparative Analysis of Arbitral Legislations: India, Singapore and England
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Appointment of Arbitrators
19.3 Joinder and Consolidation
19.4 Interim Measures
19.5 Emergency Arbitrator
19.6 Independence and Impartiality of Arbitrators
19.7 Fast Track Procedure
19.8 Costs
19.9 Third-Party Funding
19.10 Interest
19.11 Time Limit for Making Awards
19.12 Enforcement of Award/Recourse Against Arbitration Award
19.12.1 Enforcement of Awards
19.13 Recourse Against Award
19.13.1 Setting Aside Awards/Resisting Enforcement of Foreign Awards
19.13.2 Appeal Against Award
19.14 Confidentiality
19.15 Conclusion
Appendices
Appendix I: The Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 (as amended by Amending Act No. 3 of 2016 (with effect from 23 October 2015) and Amending Act No. 33 of 2019 (with effect from 9 August 2019)
Appendix II: The Arbitration and Conciliation (Amendment) Ordinance 2015, No. 9 of 2015
Appendix III: The Arbitration and Conciliation (Amendment) Act 2019, No. 33 of 2019
Table of Cases
Table of Awards
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