Microweighing in Vacuum and Controlled Environments

PrefaceChapter 1. Introduction and Microbalance Review I. Introduction II. History III. Definitions IV. Classifications of Various Types of Microbalance A. Introduction: The Ideal Microbalance B. Types of Instruments C. Methods of Monitoring Mass Changes D. Methods for Automatic Sensing of Movement from the Null Point E. Materials for Microbalance Fabrication F. Conclusion: The Ultimate Microbalance V. Calibration Techniques VI. Auxiliary Equipment for Operation of a Vacuum Microbalance A. Introduction B. Vacuum Operation C. Vibrational Mounts D. Thermostatic Operation E. Automatic Operation F. Manual Operation G. High Temperature Operation H. Low Temperature Operation VII. Undesirable Disturbances or Forces A. Adsorption and Desorption Effects B. Temperature Fluctuations C. Static Charge Forces D. Convection Currents E. Buoyancy Forces F. Radiometric Forces that Result from the Thermomolecular Flow of Gases G. Water Vapor Effects VIII. Applications A. Classic Operation B. Simultaneous Measurement of Mass and Other Physical Parameters C. Future D. Thermogravimetry Acknowledgments ReferencesChapter 2. Beam Microbalance Design, Construction and Operation I. Introduction II. Some General Theoretical Considerations in Beam Microbalance Design III. Microbalance Selection Considerations A. Environmental and Experimental Considerations B. Advantages and Disadvantages of Various Beam Microbalances IV. Microbalance Construction A. Materials Considerations B. Beam and Suspension Construction V. Microbalance Operation A. Deflection Detectors B. Compensation and Null Techniques C. Automatic Damping and Nulling Systems D. System Sensibility or Resolution E. Microbalance Calibration VI. Summary ReferencesChapter 3. Sources of Error in Micro Weighing in Controlled Environments I. Introduction II. Brownian Motion A. The Undamped Balance Without Feedback B. The Critically Damped Balance without Feedback C. The Automated Balance III. Knudsen Forces IV. Cavity Forces V. Armlength Effect VI. Radiation Pressure VII. Gravitational Forces VIII. Electrostatic Forces IX. Magnetostatic Forces X. Building Vibrations ReferencesChapter 4. Physical Adsorption Studies with the Vacuum Microbalance I. Introduction II. Instrumentation A. Sorption Balances B. Instruments for Pressure Measurement and Control C. Instruments for Temperature Measurement and Control D. Determination of the Saturation Vapor Pressure E. Gravimetric Sorption Measuring Instruments III. Measuring Techniques A. Measuring Procedure B. Pretreatment of the Materials C. Pretreatment of the Instrument D. Special Recommendations for the Measurements E. Reducing the Measuring Time IV. Examples of Physisorption Measurements and their Evaluation A. Evaluation of Adsorption Isotherms B. Determination of Specific Surface Area, Particle Size and Roughness C. Isotherms of Porous Materials D. Mesopore Analysis E. Micropore Analysis F. Determination of the Isosteric Heat ReferencesChapter 5. Chemisorption Studies with the Vacuum Microbalance I. Introduction II. Probing the Surface Phase III. Quantitative Information from Adsorption and Desorption A. Adsorption Parameters B. Isosteric Heat of Adsorption C. Activation Energy of Adsorption D. Desorption Kinetics IV. Experimental A. Overview B. Apparatus C. Technique V.