
JavaScript
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JavaScript is a rapidly changing language and it can be challenging to keep up with all the new toys being added. JavaScript: The New Toys explores the newest features of the world's most popular programming language while also showing readers how to track what's coming next. After setting the stage by covering who manages the process of improving JavaScript, how new features get introduced, terminology, and a high-level overview of new features, it details each new or updated item in depth, with example uses, possible pitfalls, and expert recommendations for updating old habits in light of new features. JavaScript: The New Toys:
* Covers all the additions to JavaScript in ES2015-ES2020 plus a preview of what's coming next
* Explores the latest syntax: nullish coalescing, optional chaining, let and const, class syntax, private methods, private fields, new.target, numeric separators, BigInt, destructuring, default parameters, arrow functions, async functions, await, generator functions, ... (rest and spread), template literals, binary and octal literals, ** (exponentiation), computed property/method names, for-of, for-await-of, shorthand properties, and others
* Details the new features and patterns including modules, promises, iteration, generators, Symbol, Proxy, reflection, typed arrays, Atomics, shared memory, WeakMap, WeakSet, and more
* Highlights common pitfalls and explains how to avoid them
* Shows how to follow the improvements process and even participate in the process yourself
* Explains how to use new features even before they're widely supported
With its comprehensive coverage and friendly, accessible style, JavaScript: The New Toys provides an invaluable resource for programmers everywhere, whether they work in web development, Node.js, Electron, Windows Universal Apps, or another JavaScript environment.
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T.J. Crowder is a software engineer with 30 years of experience, including over 15 years of professional work in JavaScript. He runs Farsight Software, a software contracting and product company. He's often found helping people on Stack Overflow, where he's a top 10 all-time contributor and the top JavaScript contributor. When not working or writing, he...no, sorry, he's always working or writing - or spending time with his wonderful, supportive wife and fantastic son.
Visit us at www.wiley.com for free code samples.
Content
- Cover
- Title Page
- Copyright Page
- About the Author
- About the Technical Editor
- About the Technical Proofreader
- Acknowledgments
- Contents
- Introduction
- What Does This Book Cover?
- Who Should Read This Book
- How to Use This Book
- How to Contact the Author
- Chapter 1: The New Toys in ES2015-ES2020, and Beyond
- Definitions, Who's Who, and Terminology
- Ecma? ECMAScript? TC39?
- ES6? ES7? ES2015? ES2020?
- JavaScript "Engines," Browsers, and Others
- What Are the "New Toys"?
- How Do New Toys Get Created?
- Who's in Charge
- The Process
- Getting Involved
- Keeping Up with the New Toys
- Using Today's Toys in Yesterday's Environments, and Tomorrow's Toys Today
- Transpiling an Example with Babel
- Review
- Chapter 2: Block-Scoped Declarations: let and const
- An Introduction to let and const
- True Block Scope
- Repeated Declarations Are an Error
- Hoisting and the Temporal Dead Zone
- A New Kind of Global
- const: Constants for JavaScript
- const Basics
- Objects Referenced by a const Are Still Mutable
- Block Scope in Loops
- The "Closures in Loops" Problem
- Bindings: How Variables, Constants, and Other Identifiers Work
- while and do-while Loops
- Performance Implications
- const in Loop Blocks
- const in for-in Loops
- Old Habits to New
- Use const or let Instead of var
- Keep Variables Narrowly Scoped
- Use Block Scope Instead of Inline Anonymous Functions
- Chapter 3: New Function Features
- Arrow Functions and Lexical this, super, etc.
- Arrow Function Syntax
- Arrow Functions and Lexical this
- Arrow Functions Cannot Be Constructors
- Default Parameter Values
- Defaults Are Expressions
- Defaults Are Evaluated in Their Own Scope
- Defaults Don't Add to the Arity of the Function
- "Rest" Parameters
- Trailing Commas in Parameter Lists and Function Calls
- The Function name Property
- Function Declarations in Blocks
- Function Declarations in Blocks: Standard Semantics
- Function Declarations in Blocks: Legacy Web Semantics
- Old Habits to New
- Use Arrow Functions Instead of Various this Value Workarounds
- Use Arrow Functions for Callbacks When Not Using this or arguments
- Consider Arrow Functions Elsewhere As Well
- Don't Use Arrow Functions When the Caller Needs to Control the Value of this
- Use Default Parameter Values Rather Than Code Providing Defaults
- Use a Rest Parameter Instead of the arguments Keyword
- Consider Trailing Commas if Warranted
- Chapter 4: Classes
- What Is a Class?
- Introducing the New class Syntax
- Adding a Constructor
- Adding Instance Properties
- Adding a Prototype Method
- Adding a Static Method
- Adding an Accessor Property
- Computed Method Names
- Comparing with the Older Syntax
- Creating Subclasses
- The super Keyword
- Writing Subclass Constructors
- Inheriting and Accessing Superclass Prototype Properties and Methods
- Inheriting Static Methods
- super in Static Methods
- Methods Returning New Instances
- Subclassing Built-ins
- Where super Is Available
- Leaving Off Object.prototype
- new.target
- class Declarations vs. class Expressions
- class Declarations
- class Expressions
- More to Come
- Old Habits to New
- Use class When Creating Constructor Functions
- Chapter 5: New Object Features
- Computed Property Names
- Shorthand Properties
- Getting and Setting an Object's Prototype
- Object.setPrototypeOf
- The __proto__ Property on Browsers
- The __proto__ Literal Property Name on Browsers
- Method Syntax, and super Outside Classes
- Symbol
- Why Symbols?
- Creating and Using Symbols
- Symbols Are Not for Privacy
- Global Symbols
- Well-Known Symbols
- New Object Functions
- Object.assign
- Object.is
- Object.values
- Object.entries
- Object.fromEntries
- Object.getOwnPropertySymbols
- Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors
- Symbol.toPrimitive
- Property Order
- Property Spread Syntax
- Old Habits to New
- Use Computed Syntax When Creating Properties with Dynamic Names
- Use Shorthand Syntax When Initializing a Property from a Variable with the Same Name
- Use Object.assign instead of Custom "Extend" Functions or Copying All Properties Explicitly
- Use Spread Syntax When Creating a New Object Based on an Existing Object's Properties
- Use Symbol to Avoid Name Collision
- Use Object.getPrototypeOf/setPrototypeOf Instead of __proto__
- Use Method Syntax for Methods
- Chapter 6: Iterables, Iterators, for-of, Iterable Spread, Generators
- Iterators, Iterables, the for-of Loop, and Iterable Spread Syntax
- Iterators and Iterables
- The for-of Loop: Using an Iterator Implicitly
- Using an Iterator Explicitly
- Stopping Iteration Early
- Iterator Prototype Objects
- Making Something Iterable
- Iterable Iterators
- Iterable Spread Syntax
- Iterators, for-of, and the DOM
- Generator Functions
- A Basic Generator Function Just Producing Values
- Using Generator Functions to Create Iterators
- Generator Functions As Methods
- Using a Generator Directly
- Consuming Values with Generators
- Using return in a Generator Function
- Precedence of the yield Operator
- The return and throw Methods: Terminating a Generator
- Yielding a Generator or Iterable: yield*
- Old Habits to New
- Use Constructs That Consume Iterables
- Use DOM Collection Iteration Features
- Use the Iterable and Iterator Interfaces
- Use Iterable Spread Syntax in Most Places You Used to Use Function.prototype.apply
- Use Generators
- Chapter 7: Destructuring
- Overview
- Basic Object Destructuring
- Basic Array (and Iterable) Destructuring
- Defaults
- Rest Syntax in Destructuring Patterns
- Using Different Names
- Computed Property Names
- Nested Destructuring
- Parameter Destructuring
- Destructuring in Loops
- Old Habits to New
- Use Destructuring When Getting Only Some Properties from an Object
- Use Destructuring for Options Objects
- Chapter 8: Promises
- Why Promises?
- Promise Fundamentals
- Overview
- Example
- Promises and "Thenables"
- Using an Existing Promise
- The then Method
- Chaining Promises
- Comparison with Callbacks
- The catch Method
- The finally Method
- throw in then, catch, and finally Handlers
- The then Method with Two Arguments
- Adding Handlers to Already Settled Promises
- Creating Promises
- The Promise Constructor
- Promise.resolve
- Promise.reject
- Other Promise Utility Methods
- Promise.all
- Promise.race
- Promise.allSettled
- Promise.any
- Promise Patterns
- Handle Errors or Return the Promise
- Promises in Series
- Promises in Parallel
- Promise Anti-Patterns
- Unnecessary new Promise(/*...*/)
- Not Handling Errors (or Not Properly)
- Letting Errors Go Unnoticed When Converting a Callback API
- Implicitly Converting Rejection to Fulfillment
- Trying to Use Results Outside the Chain
- Using Do-Nothing Handlers
- Branching the Chain Incorrectly
- Promise Subclasses
- Old Habits to New
- Use Promises Instead of Success/Failure Callbacks
- Chapter 9: Asynchronous Functions, Iterators, and Generators
- async Functions
- async Functions Create Promises
- await Consumes Promises
- Standard Logic Is Asynchronous When await Is Used
- Rejections Are Exceptions, Exceptions Are Rejections
- Fulfillments Are Results, Returns Are Resolutions
- Parallel Operations in async Functions
- You Don't Need return await
- Pitfall: Using an async Function in an Unexpected Place
- async Iterators, Iterables, and Generators
- Asynchronous Iterators
- Asynchronous Generators
- for-await-of
- Old Habits to New
- Use async Functions and await Instead of Explicit Promises and then/catch
- Chapter 10: Templates, Tag Functions, and New String Features
- Template Literals
- Basic Functionality (Untagged Template Literals)
- Template Tag Functions (Tagged Template Literals)
- String.raw
- Reusing Template Literals
- Template Literals and Automatic Semicolon Insertion
- Improved Unicode Support
- Unicode, and What Is a JavaScript String?
- Code Point Escape Sequence
- String.fromCodePoint
- String.prototype.codePointAt
- String.prototype.normalize
- Iteration
- New String Methods
- String.prototype.repeat
- String.prototype.startsWith, endsWith
- String.prototype.includes
- String.prototype.padStart, padEnd
- String.prototype.trimStart, trimEnd
- Updates to the match, split, search, and replace Methods
- Old Habits to New
- Use Template Literals Instead of String Concatenation (Where Appropriate)
- Use Tag Functions and Template Literals for DSLs Instead of Custom Placeholder Mechanisms
- Use String Iterators
- Chapter 11: New Array Features, Typed Arrays
- New Array Methods
- Array.of
- Array.from
- Array.prototype.keys
- Array.prototype.values
- Array.prototype.entries
- Array.prototype.copyWithin
- Array.prototype.find
- Array.prototype.findIndex
- Array.prototype.fill
- Common Pitfall: Using an Object As the Fill Value
- Array.prototype.includes
- Array.prototype.flat
- Array.prototype.flatMap
- Iteration, Spread, Destructuring
- Stable Array Sort
- Typed Arrays
- Overview
- Basic Use
- Value Conversion Details
- ArrayBuffer: The Storage Used by Typed Arrays
- Endianness (Byte Order)
- DataView: Raw Access to the Buffer
- Sharing an ArrayBuffer Between Arrays
- Sharing Without Overlap
- Sharing with Overlap
- Subclassing Typed Arrays
- Typed Array Methods
- Standard Array Methods
- %TypedArray%.prototype.set
- %TypedArray%.prototype.subarray
- Old Habits to New
- Use find and findIndex to Search Arrays Instead of Loops (Where Appropriate)
- Use Array.fill to Fill Arrays Rather Than Loops
- Use readAsArrayBuffer Instead of readAsBinaryString
- Chapter 12: Maps and Sets
- Maps
- Basic Map Operations
- Key Equality
- Creating Maps from Iterables
- Iterating the Map Contents
- Subclassing Map
- Performance
- Sets
- Basic Set Operations
- Creating Sets from Iterables
- Iterating the Set Contents
- Subclassing Set
- Performance
- WeakMaps
- WeakMaps Are Not Iterable
- Use Cases and Examples
- Use Case: Private Information
- Use Case: Storing Information for Objects Outside Your Control
- Values Referring Back to the Key
- WeakSets
- Use Case: Tracking
- Use Case: Branding
- Old Habits to New
- Use Maps Instead of Objects for General-Purpose Maps
- Use Sets Instead of Objects for Sets
- Use WeakMaps for Storing Private Data Instead of Public Properties
- Chapter 13: Modules
- Introduction to Modules
- Module Fundamentals
- The Module Specifier
- Basic Named Exports
- Default Export
- Using Modules in Browsers
- Module Scripts Don't Delay Parsing
- The nomodule Attribute
- Module Specifiers on the Web
- Using Modules in Node.js
- Module Specifiers in Node.js
- Node.js is Adding More Module Features
- Renaming Exports
- Re-Exporting Exports from Another Module
- Renaming Imports
- Importing a Module's Namespace Object
- Exporting Another Module's Namespace Object
- Importing a Module Just for Side Effects
- Import and Export Entries
- Import Entries
- Export Entries
- Imports Are Live and Read-Only
- Module Instances Are Realm-Specific
- How Modules Are Loaded
- Fetching and Parsing
- Instantiation
- Evaluation
- Temporal Dead Zone (TDZ) Review
- Cyclic Dependencies and the TDZ
- Import/Export Syntax Review
- Export Varieties
- Import Varieties
- Dynamic Import
- Importing a Module Dynamically
- Dynamic Module Example
- Dynamic Import in Non-Module Scripts
- Tree Shaking
- Bundling
- Import Metadata
- Worker Modules
- Loading a Web Worker as a Module
- Loading a Node.js Worker as a Module
- A Worker Is in Its Own Realm
- Old Habits to New
- Use Modules Instead of Pseudo-Namespaces
- Use Modules Instead of Wrapping Code in Scoping Functions
- Use Modules to Avoid Creating Megalithic Code Files
- Convert CJS , AMD , and Other Modules to ESM
- Use a Well-Maintained Bundler Rather Than Going Homebrew
- Chapter 14: Reflection-Reflect and Proxy
- Reflect
- Reflect.apply
- Reflect.construct
- Reflect.ownKeys
- Reflect.get, Reflect.set
- Other Reflect Functions
- Proxy
- Example: Logging Proxy
- Proxy Traps
- Common Features
- The apply Trap
- The construct Trap
- The defineProperty Trap
- The deleteProperty Trap
- The get Trap
- The getOwnPropertyDescriptor Trap
- The has Trap
- The isExtensible Trap
- The ownKeys Trap
- The preventExtensions Trap
- The set Trap
- The setPrototypeOf Trap
- Example: Hiding Properties
- Revocable Proxies
- Old Habits to New
- Use Proxies Rather Than Relying on Consumer Code Not to Modify API Objects
- Use Proxies to Separate Implementation Code from Instrumenting Code
- Chapter 15: Regular Expression Updates
- The flags Property
- New Flags
- The Sticky Flag (y)
- The Unicode Flag (u)
- The "Dot All" Flag (s)
- Named Capture Groups
- Basic Functionality
- Backreferences
- Replacement Tokens
- Lookbehind Assertions
- Positive Lookbehind
- Negative Lookbehind
- Greediness Is Right-to-Left in Lookbehinds
- Capture Group Numbering and References
- Unicode Features
- Code Point Escapes
- Unicode Property Escapes
- Old Habits to New
- Use the Sticky Flag (y) Instead of Creating Substrings and Using ^ When Parsing
- Use the Dot All Flag (s) Instead of Using Workarounds to Match All Characters (Including Line Breaks)
- Use Named Capture Groups Instead of Anonymous Ones
- Use Lookbehinds Instead of Various Workarounds
- Use Code Point Escapes Instead of Surrogate Pairs in Regular Expressions
- Use Unicode Patterns Instead of Workarounds
- Chapter 16: Shared Memory
- Introduction
- Here There Be Dragons!
- Browser Support
- Shared Memory Basics
- Critical Sections, Locks, and Condition Variables
- Creating Shared Memory
- Memory Is Shared, Not Objects
- Race Conditions, Out-of-Order Stores, Stale Values, Tearing, and More
- The Atomics Object
- Low-Level Atomics Features
- Using Atomics to Suspend and Resume Threads
- Shared Memory Example
- Here There Be Dragons! (Again)
- Old Habits to New
- Use Shared Blocks Rather Than Exchanging Large Data Blocks Repeatedly
- Use Atomics.wait and Atomics.notify Instead of Breaking Up Worker Jobs to Support the Event Loop (Where Appropriate)
- Chapter 17: Miscellany
- BigInt
- Creating a BigInt
- Explicit and Implicit Conversion
- Performance
- BigInt64Array and BigUint64Array
- Utility Functions
- New Integer Literals
- Binary Integer Literals
- Octal Integer Literals, Take II
- New Math Methods
- General Math Functions
- Low-Level Math Support Functions
- Exponentiation Operator (**)
- Date.prototype.toString Change
- Function.prototype.toString Change
- Number Additions
- "Safe" Integers
- Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER, Number.MIN_SAFE_INTEGER
- Number.isSafeInteger
- Symbol.isConcatSpreadable
- Various Syntax Tweaks
- Nullish Coalescing
- Optional Chaining
- Optional catch Bindings
- Unicode Line Breaks in JSON
- Well-Formed JSON from JSON.stringify
- Various Standard Library / Global Additions
- Symbol.hasInstance
- Symbol.unscopables
- globalThis
- Symbol description Property
- String.prototype.matchAll
- Annex B: Browser-Only Features
- HTML-Like Comments
- Regular Expression Tweaks
- Control Character Escape (\cX) Extension
- Tolerating Invalid Sequences
- RegExp.prototype.compile
- Additional Built-In Properties
- Additional Object Properties
- Additional String Methods
- Various Bits of Loosened or Obscure Syntax
- When document.all Isn't There . . . or Is It?
- Tail Call Optimization
- Old Habits to New
- Use Binary Literals
- Use New Math Functions Instead of Various Math Workarounds
- Use Nullish Coalescing for Defaults
- Use Optional Chaining Instead of && Checks
- Leave the Error Binding (e) Off of "catch (e)" When Not Using It
- Use the Exponentiation Operator (**) Rather Than Math.pow
- Chapter 18: Upcoming Class Features
- Public and Private Class Fields, Methods, and Accessors
- Public Field (Property) Definitions
- Private Fields
- Private Instance Methods and Accessors
- Private Methods
- Private Accessors
- Public Static Fields, Private Static Fields, and Private Static Methods
- Public Static Fields
- Private Static Fields
- Private Static Methods
- Old Habits to New
- Use Property Definitions Instead of Creating Properties in the Constructor (Where Appropriate)
- Use Private Fields Instead of Prefixes (Where Appropriate)
- Use Private Methods Instead of Functions Outside the Class for Private Operations
- Chapter 19: A Look Ahead . . .
- Top-Level await
- Overview and Use Cases
- Example
- Error Handling
- WeakRefs and Cleanup Callbacks
- WeakRefs
- Cleanup Callbacks
- RegExp Match Indices
- String.prototype.replaceAll
- Atomics asyncWait
- Various Syntax Tweaks
- Numeric Separators
- Hashbang Support
- Legacy Deprecated REGEXP Features
- Thank You for Reading!
- Appendix A: AppendixFantastic Features and Where to Find Them
- Features in Alphabetical Order
- New Fundamentals
- New Syntax, Keywords, Operators, Loops, and Similar
- New Literal Forms
- Standard Library Additions and Changes
- Miscellaneous
- Index
- EULA
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