An Introduction to 5G
Description
A comprehensive and approachable introduction to 5G and 5G-Advanced
Written by a noted expert on the subject, this Second Edition of An Introduction to 5G delivers a comprehensive, system-level guide to 5G and 5G-Advanced.
Building on the foundations laid in the First Edition, the topics explored include the market and use cases for 5G-Advanced; the architectures of the next generation radio access network, open radio access networks and the 5G core; the principles of radio transmission, millimeter waves and MIMO antennas; the architecture and operation of the 5G New Radio; the implementation of network function services by means of HTTP/2; and the signaling procedures that govern the end-to-end operation of the system.
This Second Edition has been thoroughly expanded and updated for 3GPP Release 18, to cover the new capabilities introduced under the name of 5G-Advanced. There are new chapters on:
- The foundations of 5G-Advanced, including non-terrestrial networks, multicast/broadcast services, wireless backhauling, unlicensed spectrum, and artificial intelligence and machine learning
- The Internet of Things, including time-sensitive communications, non-public networks, edge computing, and massive machine-type communications
- Device-to-device communications on the 5G sidelink, in support of vehicle, aircraft and proximity-based services
- The new features being introduced in 3GPP Release 19, and the expected applications, technologies and performance capabilities of 6G
An Introduction to 5G is written for engineering professionals in mobile telecommunications, for those in non-technical roles such as management, marketing and intellectual property, and for students. It requires no more than a basic understanding of mobile communications, and includes detailed references to the underlying 3GPP specifications for 5G. The book's approach provides a comprehensive, end-to-end overview of the 5G standard, which enables readers to move on with confidence to the more specialized texts and to the specifications themselves.
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Person
Christopher Cox, PhD, is Director of Chris Cox Communications Ltd, UK. He is a professional technical trainer and consultant in mobile telecommunications, and an expert in 5G, 4G and 3G communication technologies. He draws on this expertise in delivering technical training and intellectual property consultancy for clients drawn from network operators and equipment manufacturers worldwide.
Content
Preface xxiii
Acknowledgements xxv
List of Abbreviations xxvii
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Architecture of a Mobile Telecommunication System 1
1.2 History of Mobile Telecommunications 5
1.3 Technologies for 5G 9
1.4 The 3GPP 5G System 13
1.5 Enhanced Mobile Broadband 19
1.6 Massive Machine-type Communications 21
1.7 Ultra-reliable Low-latency Communication 23
References 24
2 Architecture of the Core Network 29
2.1 The Evolved Packet Core 29
2.2 The 5G Core Network 31
2.3 Network Areas and Identities 36
2.4 State Diagrams 38
2.5 Network Slicing 39
2.6 Non-3GPP Access to the 5G Core 42
2.7 Signalling Protocols 43
2.8 The Hypertext Transfer Protocol 45
2.9 Example Network Function Services 48
References 52
3 Architecture of the Radio Access Network 57
3.1 The Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network 57
3.2 The Next-generation Node B 60
3.3 Architectural Options 62
3.4 Network Areas and Identities 66
3.5 RRC State Diagram 67
3.6 Signalling Protocols 69
3.7 Open Radio Access Networks 71
References 73
4 Spectrum, Antennas and Propagation 77
4.1 Radio Spectrum 77
4.2 Antennas and Propagation 79
4.3 Radio Propagation Issues for Millimetre Waves 82
4.4 Multipath, Fading and Coherence 86
References 90
5 Digital Signal Processing 93
5.1 Modulation and Demodulation 93
5.2 Radio Transmission in a Mobile Cellular Network 99
5.3 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access 100
5.4 Other Features of OFDMA 107
5.5 Signal-processing Issues for 5G 111
5.6 Error Management 112
References 116
6 Multiple-antenna Techniques 117
6.1 Beamforming 117
6.2 Beamforming at the gNB 120
6.3 Beamforming at the Mobile 126
6.4 Beam Management 127
6.5 Spatial Multiplexing 130
6.6 Multiple-user MIMO 133
6.7 Massive MIMO 137
6.8 Single-user MIMO 139
6.9 Multipoint Transmission and Reception 143
References 144
7 Architecture of the 5G New Radio 145
7.1 Air Interface Protocol Stack 145
7.2 Frequency Bands and Combinations 152
7.3 Frequency Domain Structure 156
7.4 Time Domain Structure 161
7.5 Multiple Antennas 166
7.6 Data Transmission 167
References 171
8 Cell Acquisition 175
8.1 Acquisition Procedure 175
8.2 Resource Mapping 177
8.3 Acquisition of the SS/PBCH Block 180
8.4 System Information 181
References 184
9 Random Access 187
9.1 Physical Random Access Channel 187
9.2 Random Access Procedure 190
9.3 Variations on the Random Access Procedure 193
References 194
10 Link Adaptation 197
10.1 CSI Reference Signals 197
10.2 Channel State Information 201
10.3 Physical Uplink Control Channel 205
10.4 Sounding 208
References 210
11 Data Transmission and Reception 213
11.1 Introduction 213
11.2 Transmission and Reception of the PDCCH 216
11.3 Scheduling Messages 219
11.4 Transmission and Reception of the PUSCH and PDSCH 223
11.5 Reference Signals 226
11.6 Hybrid ARQ Acknowledgements 228
11.7 Related Procedures 230
11.8 Performance of 5G 234
References 238
12 Air Interface Layer 2 241
12.1 Medium Access Control 241
12.2 Radio Link Control 245
12.3 Packet Data Convergence Protocol 249
12.4 Service Data Adaptation Protocol 251
References 252
13 Registration Procedures 253
13.1 Power-on Sequence 253
13.2 Network and Cell Selection 254
13.3 RRC Connection Establishment 256
13.4 Registration Procedure 258
13.5 Deregistration Procedure 263
References 264
14 Security 267
14.1 Security Principles 267
14.2 Network Access Security 268
14.3 Network Access Security Procedures 270
14.4 Network Domain Security 276
14.5 Service-based Architecture Domain Security 278
References 280
15 Session Management, Policy and Charging 283
15.1 Types of PDU Session 283
15.2 Quality of Service 285
15.3 Implementation of PDU Sessions 290
15.4 Policy and Charging Control Architecture 295
15.5 PDU Session Management Procedures 298
References 305
16 Mobility Management in RRC_CONNECTED 309
16.1 Introduction to RRC_CONNECTED 309
16.2 Measurement Configuration and Reporting 310
16.3 Handover Procedures 315
16.4 Dual Connectivity Procedures 320
16.5 State Transitions out of RRC_CONNECTED 323
References 326
17 Mobility Management in RRC_IDLE 329
17.1 Introduction to RRC_IDLE 329
17.2 Cell Reselection Procedures 330
17.3 Registration Updating 333
17.4 State Transitions out of RRC_IDLE 335
References 338
18 Mobility Management in RRC_INACTIVE 339
18.1 Introduction to RRC_INACTIVE 339
18.2 Mobility Management 341
18.3 State Transitions 343
18.4 Small Data Transmission in RRC_INACTIVE 347
References 347
19 Inter-operation with the Evolved Packet Core 349
19.1 Inter-operation Architectures 349
19.2 Registration Modes 353
19.3 Use of the Migration Architecture 353
19.4 Interworking Without N 26 356
19.5 Interworking with N 26 357
References 361
20 Foundations of 5G-Advanced 363
20.1 Location Services 363
20.2 Integrated Access and Backhaul 366
20.3 Use of Unlicensed Spectrum 371
20.4 Multicast and Broadcast Services 376
20.5 Non-terrestrial Networks 380
20.6 Network Automation, Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning 385
20.7 Service Enabler Architecture Layer 388
References 389
21 The Internet of Things 395
21.1 Time-sensitive Communications 395
21.2 Non-public Networks 400
21.3 5G Virtual Networks 402
21.4 Edge Computing 404
21.5 Massive Machine-type Communications 410
21.6 Messaging Services 412
References 414
22 Vehicle Communications and the Sidelink 417
22.1 Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) Communications 417
22.2 Uncrewed Aerial Vehicles 423
22.3 Proximity-based Services 425
22.4 Architecture of the Sidelink 430
22.5 Sidelink Timing Synchronization 435
22.6 Sidelink Transmission and Reception 437
22.7 Access Stratum Procedures for the Sidelink 442
22.8 Operation of Sidelink Communication 444
22.9 Operation of ProSe Direct Discovery 447
References 448
23 From 5G-Advanced to 6G 453
23.1 Release 19 453
23.2 6g 456
References 461
Further Reading 465
Index 469
List of Abbreviations
1G First generation 2G Second generation 3G Third generation 3GPP Third Generation Partnership Project 3GPP2 Third Generation Partnership Project 2 4G Fourth generation 5G Fifth generation 5G AKA 5G authentication and key agreement 5G-AN 5G access network 5GC 5G core network 5G-EIR 5G equipment identity register 5G-GUTI 5G globally unique temporary identity 5GMM 5G mobility management 5GS 5G system 5GSM 5G session management 5G-S-TMSI 5G S temporary mobile subscriber identity 5G-TMSI 5G temporary mobile subscriber identity 5QI 5G QoS identifier 6G Sixth generation A/D Analogue to digital A2X Aircraft to everything AAA Authentication, authorization and accounting AAS Active antenna system ABMF Account balance management function ADRF Analytics data repository function AES Advanced Encryption Standard AF Application function AGC Automatic gain control AI Artificial intelligence AI/ML Artificial intelligence and machine learning A-IoT Ambient internet of things AKA Authentication and key agreement AM Acknowledged mode AMBR Aggregate maximum bit rate AMF Access and mobility management function AMFI AMF identifier AMPS Advanced Mobile Phone System AN Access network AnLF Analytics logical function AoA Angle of arrival AoD Angle of departure API Application programming interface APN Access point name AR Augmented reality ARIB Association of Radio Industries and Businesses ARP Allocation and retention priority ARPF Authentication credential repository and processing function ARQ Automatic repeat request AS Access stratum ATIS Alliance for Telecommunications Industry Solutions ATSSS Access traffic steering, switch and splitting AuC Authentication centre AUSF Authentication server function AUTN Authentication token BAP Backhaul adaptation protocol BCCH Broadcast control channel BCH Broadcast channel BD Billing domain BLER Block error ratio BM-SC Broadcast/multicast service centre BPSK Binary phase shift keying BSF Binding support function BSR Buffer status report BTS Base transceiver station BWP Bandwidth part C2 Command and control CA Carrier aggregation CAA Civil Aviation Administration CAG Closed access group CAPC Channel access priority class CBG Code block group CCCH Common control channel CCE Control channel element CCSA China Communications Standards Association CDM Code division multiplexing CDMA Code division multiple access CDR Charging data record CE Control element CGF Charging gateway function CHF Charging function CHO Conditional handover CIoT Cellular internet of things cIPX Consumer's IPX CI-RNTI Cancellation indication RNTI CJT Coherent joint transmission CLI Cross-link interference CLI-RSSI CLI received signal strength indicator CM Connection management CMAS Commercial mobile alert system CN Core network CNC Centralized network configuration cNF Consumer's network function CoMP Coordinated multi-point CORESET Control resource set CP Control plane or Cyclic prefix CPRI Common Public Radio Interface CQI Channel quality indicator C-RAN Centralized RAN or Cloud RAN CRB Common resource block CRC Cyclic redundancy check CRI CSI-RS resource indicator CriC Critical communication C-RNTI Cell RNTI CRUD Create, read, update and delete CS Circuit switched cSEPP Consumer's SEPP CSFB Circuit-switched fallback CSI Channel state information CSI-IM CSI interference measurement CSI-RS CSI reference signal CS-RNTI Configured scheduling RNTI CTF Charging trigger function CU Central unit D/A Digital to analogue D2D Device-to-device DAPS Dual active protocol stack dB Decibel dBi Decibels relative to an isotropic antenna dBm Decibels relative to 1 milliwatt DC Dual connectivity DCCF Data collection coordination function DCCH Dedicated control channel DCI Downlink control information DDNMF Direct discovery name management function DFT Discrete Fourier transform DFT-s-OFDMA Discrete Fourier transform spread OFDMA DFS Dynamic frequency sharing DHCP Dynamic host configuration protocol DiffServ Differentiated services DL Downlink DL-SCH Downlink shared channel DM-RS Demodulation reference signal DN Data network DNAI Data network access identifier DNN Data network name DNS Domain name system D-RAN Distributed...
