
The Handbook of Crisis Communication
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The revised and updated new edition of the comprehensive guide to crisis communication research and practice
The Handbook of Crisis Communication provides students, researchers, and practitioners with a timely and authoritative overview of the dynamic field. Contributions by an international team of 50 leading scholars and practitioners demonstrate various methodological approaches, examine how crisis communication is applied in a range of specific contexts, discuss the role of culture and technology in crisis communication, and present original research of relevance to the development and evaluation of crisis communication theory.
Now in its second edition, the Handbook covers the latest advances in global crisis communication technology, current trends in research and practice, social media in crisis communication, and more. Each of the 38 chapters incorporate new material offering fresh insights into existing areas of crisis communication and explore new and emerging lines of research. A wealth of new case studies, practical scenarios, and in-depth analyses of recent crises are integrated throughout.
- Examines traditional applications, recent advances, and emerging areas in crisis communication
- Discusses communication approaches for organizational crises, disasters, political crises, and public health crises
- Provides up-to-date coverage of the latest terminology, methods, and research trends in the field
- Highlights how crisis communication theory and research can inform real-world practice
- Features detailed analyses of crisis communication in major events such as terrorist attacks, natural disasters, industrial accidents, and global pandemics
The Handbook of Crisis Communication, Second Edition is an excellent textbook for advanced students in public relations and strategic communication programs, and a valuable reference for researchers and practitioners in fields such as crisis communication, public relations, and corporate communication.
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Content
- Cover
- Title Page
- Copyright Page
- Contents
- Acknowledgments
- Notes on Contributors
- Orientation to the Second Edition
- PART I Explication of Methods
- Chapter 1 Crisis Communication and Computational Methods
- Introduction
- The Basis of Computational Communication Science
- Deductive Methods
- Inductive Methods
- Advanced Techniques
- Distributed Word Embeddings
- Deep Learning Based Text Classification
- Machine Vision
- Advanced Techniques and Crisis Communication
- Misinformation
- Concluding Remarks
- Note
- References
- Chapter 2 Extending Experimental Crisis Communication Research: Reflections and Recommendations
- Introduction
- Theoretical Approaches to Experimental Crisis Research
- Manipulating Independent Variables in Crisis Work
- Measuring Dependent Variables in Experimental Crisis Research
- Recommendations for Enhancing Experimental Crisis Research
- References
- Chapter 3 Crisis Response Effectiveness: Methodological Considerations for Advancement of Empirical Research about Response Impact
- Background on the Study of Crisis Management
- Situational Crisis Communication Theory
- Implications of the Unidimensionality of Crisis Communication Responses in SCCT
- Enhancing Experimental Research Using SCCT
- Identification of Dependent Variables
- Crisis Response Messages as Unique Categorical Strategies
- Crisis Communication Messages
- Better Data Reporting
- Continuing to Move Forward While Looking Back
- Conclusion
- References
- Chapter 4 Tackling the Information Overload: Using Automated Content Analysis for Crisis Communication Research
- Introduction
- Applied Methods
- Fields of Application
- Organizational Crises
- Public Health Crises
- Political Crises
- Disasters
- Limitations of Automated Content Analysis
- Missing Validity
- Missing Analytical Depth
- Complementing Computational Methods with Manual Content Analysis
- Conclusion
- References
- PART II Theory Refinement and Development
- Chapter 5 A Meta-Theoretical Orientation to Crisis Communication
- Introduction
- Meta-Theory
- Meta-Analysis
- Method
- Results
- A Meta-Theory of Crisis
- Limitations
- Conclusion
- References
- Chapter 6 Corporate Apologia as Crisis Communication
- Introduction
- Definitional Matters
- Order, Guilt, and Restoration
- Definition
- Social Legitimation Crisis
- Kategoria
- Contexts
- Response
- Substantive and Stylistic Matters
- Definitional Message Strategies
- Atonement
- Narrative Theory
- Secular Remediation Rituals
- Liability
- Research Matters
- An Expansive Approach to Message Strategies
- Increasing Appreciation of the Role of Narratives
- More International Cases
- Role of Social Media
- Performative Dimensions
- Time as Structural Rather than Temporal
- Ethical Considerations
- Conclusion
- References
- Chapter 7 The Benefits and Pitfalls of Stealing Thunder
- Introduction
- The Effectiveness of Self-Disclosure
- Contributions to Crisis Communication Theory
- Stealing Thunder as an Easy Fix?
- The Way Ahead
- Crisis Disclosure Strategies
- Timing and Frequency of Crisis Communication
- Lifting Restraints
- Conclusion
- References
- Chapter 8 Contingent Organization-Public Relationships and their Application in Organizational Crises
- Introduction
- COPR: A Contingent Perspective of Relationships Theoretical Origins of COPR
- Assumptions of COPR
- Operationalization of COPR
- Implementing COPR in Crisis Management
- An AI Solution for COPR
- Input Data in Crises
- Supervised Machine Learning
- Output Decision
- Concerns of Using an AI Solution
- Conclusion
- References
- Chapter 9 Revisiting the Discourse of Renewal Theory: Clarifications, Extensions, Interdisciplinary Opportunities
- Introduction
- Foundational Framework
- Learning from Failure
- Ethical Communication
- Prospective Versus Retrospective Vision
- Effective Rhetoric
- Renewal as a Process
- The Interaction of Renewal and Resilience
- Renewal and Resilience
- Future Directions
- Conclusion
- References
- Chapter 10 Title IX in the Age of #MeToo: The Limits of Discourse of Renewal on Crisis Communication
- Introduction
- Organizational Structures in Academe Sustaining Sexual Harassment
- Task and Organizational Structure
- Isolation of Targets
- Organizational Power Relationships
- Discourse of Renewal
- Case Study: Baylor University
- Act I: The Cover-Up
- Act II: Where Was Title IX?
- Act III: Discourse of Renewal
- Rethinking Discourse of Renewal
- Conclusion
- References
- Chapter 11 Social-Mediated Crisis Communication Research: How Information Generation, Consumption, and Transmission Influence Communication Processes and Outcomes
- A Decade of Social-Mediated Crisis Communication Research
- Crisis Information Generation
- Publics' Perspectives
- Organizations' Perspectives
- Crisis Information Consumption
- Publics' Perspectives
- Organizations' Perspectives
- Crisis Information Transmission
- Publics' Perspectives
- Organizations' Perspectives
- Discussion
- Establishing Influence
- Content Transmission by Followers and Inactives
- Dark Side of Social Media and Crisis Communication
- Message Testing
- Deeper Dive into Social Media Channels
- Conclusion
- References
- Chapter 12 Rhetorical Arena Theory: Revisited and Expanded
- Introduction
- Introducing Rhetorical Arena Theory
- RAT Applies to All Types of Crises
- Rhetorical Arena and its Sub-Arenas
- The Concept of Sub-Arena
- Sub-Arena Studies
- Revisiting the Concept of Sub-Arena
- Arena and Sub-Arenas in the Telenor Complaints Crisis on Facebook in 2012
- A Look to the Future: Theory Building and Methodological Challenges of RAT
- References
- Chapter 13 Antifragile Paracrisis Communication: Managing Paracrises as Crisis Risks and Potential Opportunities
- Introduction
- Managing Paracrises to Mitigate Crisis Risks
- An Antifragility Approach to Paracrisis Communication Management
- Discourse of Renewal
- Antifragility and Strategies to Attain Antifragility
- Toward Antifragile Paracrisis Communication Practices
- Future Research Suggestions
- Conclusion
- References
- Chapter 14 Situational Crisis Communication Theory (SCCT): Refining and Clarifying a Cognitive-Based Theory of Crisis Communication
- Introduction
- Overview of SCCT Basics
- Crisis Types
- Contextual Modifiers
- Crisis Interventions
- SCCT and Researchers: Common Errors when Applying SCCT
- Denial and Crises Do Not Mix
- Begin with the Ethical Base Response
- Crisis Responsibility Is more Akin to Accountability than Blame
- Measure Account Acceptance
- Why Theoretical Misrepresentation Is Problematic
- SCCT and Professionals: Evidence-Based Crisis Communication
- Future Research Directions
- Crisis Interventions
- Crisis Outcomes
- Assessing Crisis Situations
- Conclusion
- References
- PART III New Directions
- PART III A Political Crises
- 15 Crisis Communication in Authoritarian Systems and Digital Innovation: How Do Autocracies Resolve the Dictator's Dilemma in Crisis Situations?
- Introduction
- The Politics of Disasters in Democratic and Authoritarian Systems: The Impact on Crisis Communication
- Crisis Communication in a Digital Environment: The Dictator's Dilemma
- Conceptual Framework: Crisis Communication Through Mediational Lenses
- Crisis Communication and Digital Innovation in Russia: From the Wildfires of 2010 to COVID-19
- Conclusion
- References
- 16 Political Crisis or Political Cartoon: Which Comes First?
- COVID-19 in the United States
- Political Corruption and the Presidency in Brazil, 2010-2016
- Charlie Hebdo, Paris, France, 2015
- Conclusion
- References
- 17 US Presidents and Crisis Communication
- Introduction
- Presidents and Crisis
- Persuasive Constraints and Advantages of the Presidential Office
- The Tangible and Symbolic Resources of the Presidency
- The Advantages and Challenges of a Changing Media Environment
- Greater Presidential Power and Resources with Respect to Foreign, as Opposed to Domestic Crises
- Americans' Dwindling Levels of Knowledge about Civics and History
- Essential Elements of Wise Presidential Crisis Promotion and/or Management
- Notes
- References
- PART III B Public Health Crises
- 18 Integrating Strategy and Dosage: A New Conceptual Formula for Overcoming Unintended Effects in Public Health Crisis Communication (PHCC)
- Introduction
- Public Health Crisis and Public Health Crisis Communication
- Public Health Crises
- Public Health Crisis Communication: Opportunities and Challenges
- Public Health Crisis Communication as a Neutralization Process: A Chemical Analogy
- PHC and PHC Strength
- Intended and Unintended Effects of PHCC
- PHCC Strategy and Dosage: Strategizing the Concentration of "Base Solution"
- PHCC "Solute": Message Strategy
- Emotional Appeal
- Rational Appeal
- PHCC "Solvent": Source and Channel
- Source
- Channel
- PHCC Dosage: Volume of "Base Solution"
- Key Elements of Dosage: Mere Exposure and Perceived Engagement
- Mere Exposure
- Perceived Engagement
- Conclusion
- Note
- References
- PART III C Natural Disasters
- 19 Mitigating Crises: Analyzing, Planning, Organizing, Mobilizing, and Communicating to Address Natural Disasters
- Introduction
- Strategic Processes of Natural Disaster Mitigation
- Mitigation Challenges as Foresight
- Theoretical Foundations
- Narrative
- Efficacy
- Behavioral Intention as Reasoned Action
- Contexts, Protocols, and Conclusions
- References
- 20 Rescue Communication: Official and Volunteer Groups' Use of Mobile and Social Media During Disasters that Become Crises
- Introduction
- The Rise in Public Participation in Disaster/Crisis Helping
- Role of Mobile and Social Media in Rescue Communication
- Method
- Official Emergency Response
- The Unofficial Response and Communication Practices
- Findings and Discussion
- Conceptualizing Rescue Communication Across Groups
- Structural Communication Differences
- Linking Crisis Disaster Communication Theories to Rescue Communication
- Future Directions for Research
- References
- 21 Communicating Disaster Preparedness: Combining Individual- and Community-Level Perspectives to Achieve more Lasting Resilience
- Introduction
- Natural Disasters: Where Does Preparedness Fit?
- Conceptualizing Preparedness
- Communicative Approaches to Disaster Preparedness
- Individual Approaches
- Organizational Approaches
- Future Frameworks to Study Communicative Disaster Preparations
- Resilience
- Invoking Resilience Before Natural Disasters
- Approaches Working Together: Model Development
- Conclusion
- References
- 22 A Community Engagement Approach to Natural Hazard Communication
- Introduction
- Preparedness Phase in Emergency Management
- Preparedness Conceptualized
- Community Engagement in Emergency Management
- Evidence-Based Community Engagement Frameworks
- Mapping Community Engagement for Preparedness in Australia
- A Framework for Community Engagement in Emergency Management
- Applying the Principles to Create Shared Responsibility
- Conclusions
- References
- PART III D Organizational Crises
- 23 Odwalla: The "Golden Standard" of Crisis Management?
- Introduction
- Literature Review
- Discourse of Renewal
- Criteria and Strategies of Effective Discourse of Renewal
- Crisis Type
- Stakeholder Relationships
- Corrective Action and Change
- Public vs. Private Organizations
- Provisional Narrative
- Focus on Rebuilding
- Communicate Optimism
- Ability of Leadership to Frame Crisis
- Discourse of Renewal: Implications from Odwalla
- Brand Communities
- Brand Revival and the Blue Bell Case
- Origins Story
- Transparency as Strategy
- Commitment to Brand Community
- Ethical Use of Corrective Action
- Future Directions
- References
- 24 The Impact of Language Abstraction on the Effectiveness of Information Strategies During a Product-Harm Crisis
- Introduction
- Literature Review
- The Importance of Crisis Information
- Language Abstraction in Crisis Communication
- The Influence of the Type of Crisis Information
- Method
- Design and Stimuli
- Participants and Procedure
- Measures
- Results
- Manipulation Checks
- Tests of Hypotheses
- Discussion
- Limitations and Suggestions for Further Research
- References
- 25 From Managing Emotion to Trauma-Informed Management: A New Direction in Crisis Communication
- Introduction
- Crisis Communication and Emotion
- SCCT and Emotion
- ICM and Emotion
- Emotion-Cognition Dual-Factor Model
- Limitations of Current Research
- Employees and Internal Crisis Communication
- Understanding Trauma
- What Is Being Trauma-Informed?
- Trauma-Informed Management for Crisis Communication: A Way Forward
- Physical and Emotional Safety
- Physical Safety
- Emotional Safety
- Cultural Responsivity, Empowerment, Peer Support, and Trust
- Cultural Responsivity
- Voice, Choice, Empowerment
- Peer Support and Relationships
- Trust and Transparency
- Collaboration
- Future Research Directions for Trauma-Informed Management for Crisis Communication
- Emotional Well-Being
- Historical Trauma and Cultural Responsivity
- Employee-Employee Peer Support
- Empowerment
- Conclusion
- References
- 26 "Say It Like You Mean It": An Exploration of How Members of the Public Perceive Audiovisual Crisis Responses
- Introduction
- Literature Review
- What Elements Shape the Public Perception of a Crisis Response?
- Mechanisms Underlying the Impact of Crisis Communication
- Method
- Participants
- Procedure
- Data Analysis
- Findings
- Situational Factors
- The Content of Crisis Communication
- Discussion
- Limitations and Further Research
- Note
- References
- 27 Strategic Improvisation in Crisis Communication
- The Need for Innovative Thinking
- Crisis as an Opportunity
- Crises Threaten the Normal Order
- The Paradox of Crises
- Centralization, Decentralization, and Trust
- Chaos
- Loosely Coupled Systems
- The Art of Improvisation
- Say Yes to the Mess
- Requisite Variety
- Here Comes the Coworkers
- Strategic Improvisation in Crisis Communication
- References
- 28 Visual Media in Crisis Response: How Crisis Responders and Influencers Use Visual Media in the Digital Age in Crisis Response
- Introduction
- Evolving Social Media and Visual Media
- Visual Framing
- Organizational Visual Framing in Crisis Communication
- Case Studies: Visual Media in Crisis
- Visual Media as Crisis Mediator: Orlando City Soccer Club as Crisis Buffer
- Visual Media as Crisis Victim: Blue Bell Ice Cream Licking
- Visual Media as Crisis Instigation: United Airlines Passenger Dragging
- Discussion: Visual Media in Crisis
- Conclusion and Future Direction
- References
- 29 Scansis: Changing the Landscape of Crisis Communication Research and Practice
- Introduction
- Defining Scandals
- Understanding Moral Outrage
- Scansis: When a Crisis Is Also a Scandal
- SCCT and Scansis
- The Future of Scandalogy in Crisis Communication
- References
- 30 Improving Crisis Communication Through Instructional Design
- Introduction
- Background
- Learning at the Core
- Instructional Design Theory
- Design
- Development
- Implementation
- Evaluation
- Case Application of ID
- Background of COVID-19
- Applying ID Principles
- Considerations
- References
- 31 Prepare and Manage anEnvironmental Crisis
- Introduction
- The Different Types of Crises and Their Consequences
- An Inventory of Potential Environmental Crises
- Simulation of Consequences
- The Crisis Unit
- Opinion and the Media: the Process at Work
- Media: Emotion, Image, and Storytelling
- The Emotive Phase
- The Image
- Telling the Story
- Mechanisms at Play
- The Company Is Guilty
- The Company Is Suspected of Concealment
- Public Authorities are Not Trusted
- A Changing Landscape of Intermediaries
- Preparing Communications
- Methods of Effective Environmental Crisis Communication
- React
- Assume
- Choose the Right Spokesperson
- Select Allies
- Provable Statements
- Be Understood
- Note
- References
- 32 Exploring Crisis History's Impacts: How Organizations' Previous Crises Impact Current Crisis Perceptions
- Introduction
- Crisis History's Origin
- Extant Crisis History Literature
- The Crisis History Framework
- Proximity
- Valence
- Stability
- Crisis Type
- Visibility
- Influential Perspectives
- Crisis History and Organizational Learning
- Crisis History Case Illustration: Johnson & Johnson
- Johnson & Johnson's 1982 Tylenol Tampering Crisis
- Crisis History Learning for J&J
- Conclusion
- References
- 33 Three Decades of Sport-Related Crisis Communication: A Trends Study of the Emergence and Growth of a Crisis Communication Subfield
- Introduction
- What is Crisis, Crisis Communication, and Paracrisis?
- Sports, Crisis, and the Rhetorical Arena
- The Emergence of the Subfield of Sport Crisis Communication
- Trends in Sport-Related Crisis Communication Research over the Past 30 Years
- Who
- Researchers
- What
- Transgressions
- Artifacts Researched
- Remediation Strategies
- Where
- When
- How
- Methods
- Theory
- Why
- Purpose
- Field/Subfield
- Funding
- Discussion
- Operational Crisis or Paracrisis?
- Levels of Sport and Crisis Attribution
- Stakeholder Perceptions, Reputation, and the Rhetorical Arena
- Limitations of This Research
- Conclusion
- Data|Descriptive Tables
- References
- 34 Climate Crisis Communication in Global News Videos: A Multimodal Discourse Approach to Multifaceted Knowledge and Reaction Management
- Introduction
- Conceptual Framework
- A Multimodal Turn in Crisis Communication Research
- Sensemaking and Sensegiving from a Multimodal Perspective
- Research Design
- Data Collection
- Analytical Steps
- Results
- Content Enrichment and Appeal Bolstering Through Visual Detailing
- Content Enrichment and Appeal Bolstering Through Visual Contrasting
- Content Enrichment and Appeal Bolstering Through Visual Extending
- Content Anchoring Through Visual Association
- Discussion and Conclusion
- References
- PART IV Application to Practice
- Chapter 35 Advancing Crisis Communication Effectiveness: Integrating Crisis Scholarship with Practice
- Introduction
- Research on Collaboration
- The Value of Collaboration
- Ways to Collaborate
- University Research Groups
- Think Tanks and Conferences
- Best Practices, Gap Studies, and Collaboratively Produced Resources
- Conclusion and Summary
- References
- Appendix A
- Chapter 36 How Crisis Communication Can Become an Evidence-Based Practice
- Introduction
- Evidence-Based Management
- Crisis Communication's Scientific Body of Knowledge
- Emerging Fields of Inquiry
- Adjacent Fields of Study
- Putting Evidence into Practice
- References
- Chapter 37 Improving Crisis Communication: When Good Advice Becomes Impractical
- Introduction
- A Definition of Crisis
- How Organizations are Advised: An Overview of Recommendations for Crisis Decision-Making and Crisis Communication
- Suggested Guideline 1: Make Balanced Crisis Decisions
- Suggested Guideline 2: Address the Information Shortage Quickly
- Suggested Guideline 3: Reduce Negative Public Opinion
- The Science of Public Apology: The Power of Internal and Controllable Attribution
- What if a Crisis Is External and Uncontrollable?
- The Gap Between Theory and Practice: The Neuroscience Behind the Reasons Why Decision-Makers Do Not Implement Sound Advice
- What We Can and Cannot Do: Best Practices for Crisis Communication That Actually Work in Practice
- Evolving Organizational Systems and Regular Employee Training
- The Michigan Model
- Requirement for and Implementation of Regular Trainings
- Leadership Culture: One That Takes Crisis Communication Seriously and Does It Right
- Michael McCain's Crisis Leadership
- A Leader's Self-Reflection
- Conclusion
- References
- Chapter 38 Building a Career from Crisis Responder to Crisis Communicator: A Journey of Learning and Growth Through Canada's Costliest Natural Disasters and Largest Peacetime Evacuations
- Introduction
- #YYCFlood 2013
- #YMMFire 2016
- Crisis and Risk Communication Theories
- References
- Postscript
- Index
- EULA
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