
The History of Medical Informatics in the United States
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This is a meticulously detailed chronological record of significant events in the history of medical informatics and their impact on direct patient care and clinical research, offering a representative sampling of published contributions to the field.
The History of Medical Informatics in the United States has been restructured within this new edition, reflecting the transformation medical informatics has undergone in the years since 1990. The systems that were once exclusively institutionally driven - hospital, multihospital, and outpatient information systems - are today joined by systems that are driven by clinical subspecialties, nursing, pathology, clinical laboratory, pharmacy, imaging, and more. At the core is the person - not the clinician, not the institution - whose health all these systems are designed to serve.
A group of world-renowned authors have joined forces with Dr Marion Ball to bring Dr Collen's incredible work to press. These recognized leaders in medical informatics, many of whom are recipients of the Morris F. Collen Award in Medical Informatics and were friends of or mentored by Dr Collen, carefully reviewed, editing and updating his draft chapters. This has resulted in the most thorough history of the subject imaginable, and also provides readers with a roadmap for the subject well into later in the century.
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Content
- Intro
- Foreword I
- Foreword II
- Preface
- A Brief Overview of Concepts and Topics
- Chapter 1 The Development of Digital Computers
- Chapter 2 The Creation of a New Discipline
- Chapter 3 Development of Medical Information Systems (MISs)
- Chapter 4 Medical Databases and Patient Record Systems
- Chapter 5 Outpatient Information Systems (OISs) for Ambulatory Care
- Chapter 6 The Early History of Hospital Information Systems
- Chapter 7 Nursing Informatics: Past, Present, and Future
- Chapter 8 Specialized High-Intensity Clinical Settings: A Brief Review
- Chapter 9 Information Systems for Clinical Subspecialties
- Chapter 10 Multi-Hospital Information Systems (MHISs)
- Chapter 11 Clinical Support Information Systems (CSISs)
- Chapter 12 Clinical Laboratory (LAB) Information Systems
- Chapter 13 Anatomic Pathology Information Laboratory Information Systems and Natural Language Processing: Early History
- Chapter 14 Pharmacy Information (PHARM) Systems
- Chapter 15 Imaging Information Systems
- Chapter 16 Public and Personal Health Testing Systems
- Chapter 17 Decision Support Systems
- Chapter 18 Medical Informatics: Past and Future
- Acknowledgments
- Contents
- Contributors
- Part I: Prologue
- Chapter 1: The Development of Digital Computers
- 1.1 Electro-Mechanical Digital Computers
- 1.2 Early Electronic Digital Computers
- 1.3 Minicomputers, Microcomputers, and Multiprocessors
- 1.4 Computer Operating Systems
- 1.5 Computer Programming Languages
- 1.5.1 Higher-Level Programming Languages
- 1.6 Computer Data Storage and Database Design
- 1.7 Computer Terminals, Data Input, and Data Output Devices
- 1.7.1 Display Terminals and Clinical Workstations
- 1.7.2 Mobile Terminals
- 1.7.3 User Computer Interfacing
- 1.8 Computer Communications
- 1.8.1 Computer Communication Networks
- 1.8.2 The Internet and the World Wide Web
- 1.9 Summary and Commentary
- References
- Chapter 2: The Creation of a New Discipline
- 2.1 Naming the New Discipline
- 2.2 The Diffusion and Integration of Informatics in Medicine
- 2.2.1 The Role of Publications
- 2.2.2 The Role of Bioengineering Organizations
- 2.2.3 The Role of Medical Informatics Organizations
- 2.2.3.1 Medical Organizations
- 2.2.3.2 IMIA and MEDINFO
- 2.2.3.3 IHEA and IHEPA
- 2.2.3.4 SCM, SAMS, and AAMSI
- 2.2.3.5 ACMI: Creation of an Elected College
- 2.2.3.6 AMIA and Its Conferences
- 2.2.4 The Role of Nursing Organizations
- 2.2.5 The Role of Commercial Organizations
- 2.2.6 The Role of Federal Agencies and Academia
- 2.3 Summary and Commentary
- References
- Part II : Direct Patient Care
- Chapter 3: Development of Medical Information Systems (MISs)
- 3.1 MIS Diffusion in the United States
- 3.2 Functional and Technical Requirements of a MIS
- 3.3 Approaches to Developing MISs
- 3.4 Natural Language Processing (NLP)
- 3.4.1 Standards for Medical Data, Data Exchange, Terms, and Terminologies
- 3.4.2 Encoding Medical Text
- 3.4.3 Querying Medical Text
- 3.5 Summary and Commentary
- References
- Chapter 4: Medical Databases and Patient Record Systems
- 4.1 Medical Database Requirements and Structural Designs
- 4.2 Classification of Medical Databases
- 4.2.1 Clinical Databases
- 4.2.2 Genetics Databases
- 4.3 Internet Medical Databases
- 4.4 Medical Database Management Systems
- 4.5 Patient Data Security, Privacy, and Confidentiality
- 4.6 Development of Paper-Based Patients Records
- 4.7 Development of the Electronic Patient Record (EPR)
- 4.8 Diffusion of Electronic Health Records
- 4.9 Evaluation of Patient Record Systems
- 4.10 Summary and Commentary
- References
- Chapter 5: Outpatient Information Systems (OISs) for Ambulatory Care
- 5.1 OIS Functional Requirements and Technical Designs
- 5.2 OIS Administrative Subsystems
- 5.3 Patient Identification and Record Linkage
- 5.4 Patient's History and Physician's Examination Data
- 5.5 Examples of Early Office Information Systems (OISs) for General Care
- 5.6 Telemedicine and Mobile Health Care
- 5.7 Summary and Commentary
- References
- Chapter 6: The Early History of Hospital Information Systems for Inpatient Care in the United States
- 6.1 Overview of Early HIS Development
- 6.2 External Forces Influencing HIS Development
- 6.3 Examples of Early HIS Development, 1959-1980
- 6.3.1 Texas Institute for Rehabilitation and Research (TIRR)
- 6.3.2 Fairfax Hospital in Falls Church, Virginia
- 6.3.3 Children's Hospital in Akron, Ohio
- 6.3.4 LDS Hospital in Salt Lake City, Utah
- 6.3.5 University of Missouri in Columbia, Missouri
- 6.3.6 National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland
- 6.3.7 El Camino Hospital in Mountain View, California
- 6.3.8 Henry Ford Hospital in Detroit, Michigan
- 6.3.9 Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
- 6.3.10 Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston, Massachusetts
- 6.3.11 Roswell Park Memorial Institute in Buffalo, New York
- 6.3.12 Monmouth Medical Center Hospital in Long Branch, New Jersey
- 6.3.13 University of Vermont Medical Center in Burlington, Vermont
- 6.3.14 New York-Downstate Medical Center in Brooklyn, New York
- 6.3.15 University of California Hospitals in Los Angeles, California
- 6.3.16 University of Southern California School of Medicine in Los Angeles, California
- 6.3.17 Beth Israel Hospital in Boston, Massachusetts
- 6.3.18 Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore, Maryland
- 6.3.19 Shands Hospital in Gainesville, Florida
- 6.3.20 Regenstrief Institute for Health Care and the Indiana University School of Medicine in Indianapolis, Indiana
- 6.3.21 Duke University Medical Center in Durham, North Carolina
- 6.3.22 Commercial (Vendor) Hospital Information Systems
- 6.4 Evolution of ADT Systems: Concept Sharing During HIS Development
- 6.4.1 Overview of ADT System Functions
- 6.4.2 History of Early ADT System Development
- 6.5 HIS Functional Requirements and Technical Designs
- 6.6 Summary and Commentary
- References
- Chapter 7: Nursing Informatics: Past, Present, and Future
- 7.1 Nursing Informatics: A Historical Overview
- 7.1.1 The 1960s
- 7.1.2 The 1970s
- 7.1.3 The 1980s
- 7.1.4 The 1990s
- 7.2 The New Millennium: 2000-2014
- References
- Chapter 8: Specialized High-Intensity Clinical Settings: A Brief Review
- 8.1 Key Decades in the Development of Specialized Systems
- 8.1.1 Intensive Care Unit Information Systems
- 8.1.2 Emergency Department Information Systems
- 8.2 Current Status and Challenges
- 8.2.1 Intensive Care Information Systems
- 8.2.2 Emergency Department Information Systems
- 8.2.3 Concluding Comments
- References
- Chapter 9: Information Systems for Clinical Subspecialties
- 9.1 Functional and Technical Requirements
- 9.2 Internal Medicine
- 9.2.1 Cardiology
- 9.2.2 Pulmonology
- 9.2.3 Nephrology
- 9.2.4 Metabolic
- 9.2.5 Endocrine
- 9.2.6 Rheumatology
- 9.2.7 Neuromuscular
- 9.2.8 Oncology
- 9.2.9 Gastroenterology
- 9.2.10 Geriatrics
- 9.3 Surgery, Obstetrics, and Gynecology
- 9.3.1 Operating Rooms and Surgicenters
- 9.3.2 Anesthesiology
- 9.3.3 Oral Surgery and Dentistry
- 9.3.4 Obstetrics and Gynecology
- 9.4 Pediatrics
- 9.5 Mental and Behavioral Health
- 9.6 Other Clinical Specialties
- 9.6.1 Ophthalmology
- 9.6.2 Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
- 9.7 Summary and Commentary
- References
- Chapter 10: Multi-Hospital Information Systems (MHISs)
- 10.1 MHIS Added Requirements
- 10.1.1 Translational Databases
- 10.2 Examples of Early Multi-Hospital Information Systems (MHISs)
- 10.2.1 Federal MHISs
- 10.2.2 Veterans Administration Decentralized Hospital Computer Program (DHCP)
- 10.2.3 Department of Defense Composite Health Care System (CHCS)
- 10.3 Mental Health Information Systems
- 10.4 Commercial Vendors' MHIS
- 10.5 Summary and Commentary
- References
- Part III : Support Systems
- Chapter 11: Clinical Support Information Systems (CSISs)
- 11.1 Requirements of a CSIS
- 11.2 Examples of Early CSIS and Integration with MIS
- 11.3 Dietary Services
- 11.4 Summary and Commentary
- References
- Chapter 12: Clinical Laboratory (LAB) Information Systems
- 12.1 Introduction
- 12.2 Requirements for the LAB System
- 12.3 Laboratory Specimen Identification
- 12.4 LAB Test Results and Interpretive Reporting
- 12.5 LAB Subsystems
- 12.5.1 Chemistry
- 12.5.2 Hematology
- 12.5.3 Microbiology
- 12.5.4 Other LAB Subsystems
- 12.6 Examples of Early LAB Systems
- 12.7 Evaluations of Early LAB Systems
- 12.8 Summary
- 12.9 Closing Comments
- References
- Chapter 13: Anatomic Pathology Information Laboratory Information Systems and Natural Language Processing: Early History
- 13.1 Requirements of an APLIS System
- 13.2 Encoding and Retrieval of Anatomic Pathology Text
- 13.3 Summary and Commentary
- References
- Chapter 14: Pharmacy Information (PHARM) Systems
- 14.1 Requirements of a PHARM System
- 14.2 Examples of Early PHARM Systems
- 14.3 Identification, Surveillance, and Prevention of Adverse Drug Events
- 14.4 Polypharmacy
- 14.5 Pharmacotherapy Systems
- 14.6 Summary and Commentary
- References
- Chapter 15: Imaging Information Systems
- 15.1 Radiology Information Systems
- 15.2 Picture Archival and Communications Systems
- 15.3 Teleradiology
- 15.4 ACR/NEMA and DICOM
- 15.5 Three-Dimensional and Computer-Aided Diagnosis
- 15.6 Conclusion
- References
- Chapter 16: Public and Personal Health Testing Systems
- 16.1 Public Health Biosurveillance Systems
- 16.2 Evolution of Personal Health Testing Systems (HTS)
- 16.3 Development of Multiphasic Health Testing Systems (MHTS)
- 16.4 Diffusion of Automated Multiphasic Health Testing Systems (AMHTS)
- 16.5 Summary and Commentary
- References
- Chapter 17: Decision Support Systems (DSS)
- 17.1 Administration Decision Support
- 17.2 Clinical Decision Support Systems (CDSS)
- 17.3 Computer-Based Provider Order Entry/Results Reporting (CPOE/RR)
- 17.4 Online Monitoring for Adverse Clinical Events (ACEs)
- 17.5 Data Mining, Data Analytics, and Knowledge Discovery
- 17.6 National Library of Medicine (NLM)
- 17.7 Summary and Commentary
- References
- Part IV : Epilogue
- Chapter 18: Medical Informatics: Past and Future
- 18.1 The First Six Decades: Review and Commentary
- 18.1.1 Evolution of Electronic Health Records, Clinical Support Systems, and the Field of Medical Informatics
- 18.1.2 Financial and Other Drivers for Progress
- 18.1.3 Perspectives on Health Information Technology Advances to Date
- 18.2 Some Projections for the Next Decade
- 18.2.1 Precision Medicine
- 18.2.2 Telehealth and Connected Care (m-Health)
- 18.2.3 Cloud Computing Services and Big Data
- 18.2.4 Elderly Care and Adverse Drug Events
- 18.2.5 Clinical Decision Support
- 18.2.6 Patient Data Security and Privacy
- 18.2.7 Communications in Catastrophic Disasters
- 18.2.8 Health Information Systems Architecture
- 18.3 Conclusion: Looking Back, Looking Forward
- References
- Proceedings of Major Professional Meetings
- Index
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