
CWNA Certified Wireless Network Administrator Study Guide
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The CWNA: Certified Wireless Network Administrator Study Guide is the ultimate preparation resource for the CWNA exam. Fully updated to align with the latest version of the exam, this book features expert coverage of all exam objectives to help you pass the exam. But passing the exam is just a first step. For over 16 years, the CWNA Study Guide has helped individuals jump-start their wireless networking careers. Wireless networking professionals across the globe use this book as their workplace reference guide for enterprise Wi-Fi technology.
Owning this book provides you with a foundation of knowledge for important Wi-Fi networking topics, including:
* Radio frequency (RF) fundamentals
* 802.11 MAC and medium access
* Wireless LAN topologies and architecture
* WLAN design, troubleshooting and validation
* Wi-Fi networking security
The book authors have over 40 years of combined Wi-Fi networking expertise and provide real-world insights that you can leverage in your wireless networking career. Each of the book's 20 chapters breaks down complex topics into easy to understand nuggets of useful information. Each chapter has review questions that help you gauge your progress along the way. Additionally, hands-on exercises allow you to practice applying CWNA concepts to real-world scenarios. You also get a year of free access to the Sybex online interactive learning environment, which features additional resources and study aids, including bonus practice exam questions.
The CWNA certification is a de facto standard for anyone working with wireless technology. It shows employers that you have demonstrated competence in critical areas, and have the knowledge and skills to perform essential duties that keep their wireless networks functioning and safe. The CWNA: Certified Wireless Network Administrator Study Guide gives you everything you need to pass the exam with flying colors.
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Content
- Cover
- Title Page
- Copyright Page
- Acknowledgments
- About the Authors
- About the Technical Editor
- Contents at a Glance
- Contents
- Table of Exercises
- Foreword
- Introduction
- CWNA Exam (CWNA-108) Objectives
- Assessment Test
- Answers to the Assessment Test
- Chapter 1 Overview of Wireless Standards, Organizations, and Fundamentals
- History of Wireless Local Area Networks
- Standards Organizations
- Federal Communications Commission
- International Telecommunication Union Radiocommunication Sector
- Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
- Internet Engineering Task Force
- Wi-Fi Alliance
- International Organization for Standardization
- Core, Distribution, and Access
- Communications Fundamentals
- Communication Terminology
- Understanding Carrier Signals
- Understanding Keying Methods
- Summary
- Exam Essentials
- Review Questions
- Chapter 2 IEEE 802.11 Standard and Amendments
- Original IEEE 802.11 Standard
- IEEE 802.11-2020 Ratified Amendments
- 802.11a-1999
- 802.11b-1999
- 802.11d-2001
- 802.11e-2005
- 802.11g-2003
- 802.11h-2003
- 802.11i-2004
- 802.11j-2004
- 802.11k-2008
- 802.11n-2009
- 802.11p-2010
- 802.11r-2008
- 802.11s-2011
- 802.11u-2011
- 802.11v-2011
- 802.11w-2009
- 802.11y-2008
- 802.11z-2010
- 802.11aa-2012
- 802.11ac-2013
- 802.11ad-2012
- 802.11ae-2012
- 802.11af-2014
- 802.11ah-2016
- 802.11ai-2016
- 802.11aj-2018
- 802.11ak-2018
- 802.11aq-2018
- IEEE 802.11 Draft Amendments
- 802.11ax (High Efficiency)
- 802.11ay (Next-Generation 60 GHz)
- 802.11az (Next-Generation Positioning)
- 802.11ba (Wake-Up Radio)
- 802.11bb (Light Communications)
- 802.11bc (Enhanced Broadcast Service)
- 802.11bd (Enhancements for Next-Generation V2X)
- 802.11be (Extremely High Throughput)
- Defunct Amendments
- 802.11F
- 802.11T
- IEEE Task Group m
- Summary
- Exam Essentials
- Review Questions
- Chapter 3 Radio Frequency Fundamentals
- What Is a Radio Frequency Signal?
- Radio Frequency Characteristics
- Wavelength
- Frequency
- Amplitude
- Phase
- Radio Frequency Behaviors
- Wave Propagation
- Absorption
- Reflection
- Scattering
- Refraction
- Diffraction
- Loss (Attenuation)
- Free Space Path Loss
- Multipath
- Gain (Amplification)
- RF Analysis Tools
- Summary
- Exam Essentials
- Review Questions
- Chapter 4 Radio Frequency Components, Measurements, and Mathematics
- Components of RF Communications
- Transmitter
- Antenna
- Receiver
- Intentional Radiator
- Equivalent Isotropically Radiated Power
- Units of Power and Comparison
- Watt
- Milliwatt
- Decibel
- Decibels Relative to an Isotropic Radiator (dBi)
- Decibels Relative to a Half-Wave Dipole Antenna (dBd)
- Decibels Relative to 1 Milliwatt (dBm)
- Inverse Square Law
- RF Mathematics
- Rule of 10s and 3s
- RF Math Summary
- Noise Floor
- Signal-to-Noise Ratio
- Signal-to-Interference-Plus-Noise Ratio
- Received Signal Strength Indicator
- Link Budget
- Fade Margin/System Operating Margin
- Summary
- Exam Essentials
- Review Questions
- Chapter 5 Radio Frequency Signal and Antenna Concepts
- Azimuth and Elevation Charts (Antenna Radiation Envelopes)
- Interpreting Polar Charts
- Beamwidth
- Antenna Types
- Omnidirectional Antennas
- Downtilt Omnidirectional Antennas
- Semidirectional Antennas
- Highly Directional Antennas
- Sector Antennas
- Antenna Arrays
- Visual Line of Sight
- RF Line of Sight
- Fresnel Zone
- Earth Bulge
- Antenna Polarization
- Antenna Diversity
- Multiple-Input, Multiple-Output
- MIMO Antennas
- Antenna Connection and Installation
- Voltage Standing Wave Ratio
- Signal Loss
- Antenna Mounting
- Antenna Accessories
- Cables
- Connectors
- Splitters
- Amplifiers
- Attenuators
- Lightning Arrestors
- Grounding Rods and Wires
- Regulatory Compliance
- Summary
- Exam Essentials
- Review Questions
- Chapter 6 Wireless Networks and Spread Spectrum Technologies
- Throughput vs. Bandwidth
- Narrowband and Spread Spectrum
- Multipath Interference
- Frequency-Hopping Spread Spectrum
- Hopping Sequence
- Dwell Time
- Hop Time
- Modulation
- Direct-Sequence Spread Spectrum
- DSSS Data Encoding
- Modulation
- Transmit Spectrum Mask
- Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing
- Convolutional Coding
- Modulation
- Transmit Spectrum Mask
- Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiple Access
- Industrial, Scientific, and Medical Bands
- 900 MHz ISM Band
- 2.4 GHz ISM Band
- 5.8 GHz ISM Band
- 5 GHz Unlicensed National Information Infrastructure Bands
- U-NII-1
- U-NII-2A
- U-NII-2C
- U-NII-3
- U-NII-4
- 60 GHz for Wi-Fi
- Below 1 GHz
- 2.4 GHz Channels
- 5 GHz Channels
- Long-Term Evolution in 5 GHz
- 6 GHz Channels
- 6 GHz Incumbents
- Automated Frequency Coordination
- 6 GHz Worldwide
- 6 GHz Wi-Fi Considerations
- Summary
- Exam Essentials
- Review Questions
- Chapter 7 Wireless LAN Topologies
- Wireless Networking Topologies
- Wireless Wide Area Network
- Wireless Metropolitan Area Network
- Wireless Personal Area Network
- Wireless Local Area Network
- 802.11 Stations
- Client Station
- Access Point Station
- Integration Service
- Distribution System
- Wireless Distribution System
- 802.11 Service Sets
- Service Set Identifier
- Basic Service Set
- Basic Service Area
- Basic Service Set Identifier
- Multiple Basic Service Set Identifiers
- Extended Service Set
- Independent Basic Service Set
- Personal Basic Service Set
- Mesh Basic Service Set
- QoS Basic Service Set
- 802.11 Configuration Modes
- Access Point Modes
- Client Station Modes
- Summary
- Exam Essentials
- Review Questions
- Chapter 8 802.11 Medium Access
- CSMA/CA vs. CSMA/CD
- Collision Detection
- Distributed Coordination Function
- Physical Carrier Sense
- Virtual Carrier Sense
- Pseudo-Random Backoff Timer
- Interframe Space
- Hybrid Coordination Function
- Enhanced Distributed Channel Access
- HCF Controlled Channel Access
- Wi-Fi Multimedia
- Airtime Fairness
- Summary
- Exam Essentials
- Review Questions
- Chapter 9 802.11 MAC
- Packets, Frames, and Bits
- Data-Link Layer
- MAC Service Data Unit
- MAC Protocol Data Unit
- Physical Layer
- PLCP Service Data Unit
- PLCP Protocol Data Unit
- 802.11 and 802.3 Interoperability
- 802.11 MAC Header
- Frame Control Field
- Duration/ID Field
- MAC Layer Addressing
- Sequence Control Field
- QoS Control Field
- HT Control Field
- 802.11 Frame Body
- 802.11 Trailer
- 802.11 State Machine
- Management Frames
- Beacon
- Authentication
- Association
- Reassociation
- Disassociation
- Deauthentication
- Action Frame
- Control Frames
- ACK Frame
- Block Acknowledgment
- PS-Poll
- RTS/CTS
- CTS-to-Self
- Protection Mechanisms
- Data Frames
- QoS and Non-QoS Data Frames
- Non-Data Carrying Frames
- Power Management
- Legacy Power Management
- WMM-Power Save and U-APSD
- MIMO Power Management
- 802.11ax Power Management
- Summary
- Exam Essentials
- Review Questions
- Chapter 10 MIMO Technology: HT and VHT
- MIMO
- Radio Chains
- Spatial Multiplexing
- MIMO versus SISO diversity
- Space-Time Block Coding
- Cyclic Shift Diversity
- Transmit Beamforming
- Explicit Beamforming
- Multi-User MIMO
- Multi-User Beamforming
- Channels
- 20 MHz Channels
- 40 MHz Channels
- Forty MHz Intolerant
- 80 MHz and 160 MHz Channels
- Guard Interval
- 256-QAM Modulation
- 802.11n/ac PPDUs
- Non-HT
- HT Mixed
- VHT
- 802.11n/ac MAC
- A-MSDU
- A-MPDU
- Block Acknowledgment
- Power Management
- Modulation and Coding Scheme
- 802.11ac Data Rates
- HT/VHT Protection Mechanisms
- HT Protection Modes (0-3)
- Wi-Fi Alliance Certification
- Summary
- Exam Essentials
- Review Questions
- Chapter 11 WLAN Architecture
- WLAN Client Devices
- 802.11 Radio Form Factors
- 802.11 Radio Chipsets
- Client Utilities
- Management, Control, and Data Planes
- Management Plane
- Control Plane
- Data Plane
- WLAN Architecture
- Autonomous WLAN Architecture
- Centralized Network Management Systems
- Centralized WLAN Architecture
- Distributed WLAN Architecture
- Hybrid WLAN Architecture
- Specialty WLAN Infrastructure
- Enterprise WLAN Branch Routers
- WLAN Mesh Access Points
- WLAN Bridges
- Real-Time Location Systems
- VoWiFi
- Cloud Networking
- Application Programming Interface
- Transport and Data Formats
- WLAN APIs
- Common Applications
- Infrastructure Management
- Protocols for Management
- Summary
- Exam Essentials
- Review Questions
- Chapter 12 Power over Ethernet (PoE)
- History of PoE
- Nonstandard PoE
- IEEE 802.3af
- IEEE Std 802.3-2005, Clause 33
- IEEE 802.3at-2009
- IEEE Std 802.3-2018, Clause 33
- IEEE 802.3bt-2018
- PoE Devices
- Powered Device
- Power-Sourcing Equipment
- Endpoint PSE
- Midspan PSE
- Planning and Deploying PoE
- Power Planning
- Redundancy
- Downgrade PoE Capabilities
- 802.3bt Power Considerations
- Summary
- Exam Essentials
- Review Questions
- Chapter 13 WLAN Design Concepts
- WLAN Coverage Design
- Received Signal
- Signal-to-Noise Ratio
- Dynamic Rate Switching
- Transmit Power
- Roaming Design
- Client-Side Support of 802.11k, 802.11r, and 802.11v Mechanisms
- Primary and Secondary Coverage
- Fast Secure Roaming
- Layer 3 Roaming
- Channel Design
- Adjacent Channel Interference
- 2.4 GHz Channel Reuse
- Co-Channel Interference
- 5 GHz Channel Reuse
- DFS Channels
- 40 MHz Channel Design
- Static Channels and Transmit Power vs. Adaptive RF
- Single-Channel Architecture
- Capacity Design
- High-Density
- Band Steering
- Load Balancing
- Airtime Consumption
- Voice vs. Data
- How Many Simultaneous VoWiFi Calls Can an Access Point Support?
- Dual 5 GHz and Software-Defined Radios
- 6 GHz WLAN Design
- Client Considerations
- Coverage Considerations
- 6 GHz Channel Reuse
- 6 GHz AP Discovery
- 6 GHz Wi-Fi Security
- Physical Environment
- Antennas
- Outdoor Design
- Summary
- Exam Essentials
- Review Questions
- Chapter 14 Site Survey and Validation
- WLAN Site Survey and Design Interview
- Customer Briefing
- Business Requirements
- Capacity and Coverage Requirements
- Existing Wireless Network
- Upgrading an Existing WLAN
- Infrastructure Connectivity
- Security Expectations
- Guest Access
- Aesthetics
- Outdoor Surveys
- Vertical Market Considerations
- Government
- Education
- Healthcare
- Retail
- Warehouses and Manufacturing
- Multi-Tenant Buildings
- Legacy AP-on-a-Stick Survey
- Spectrum Analysis
- Coverage Analysis
- Hybrid Survey
- Initial Site Visit
- Predictive Design
- Validation Survey
- Capacity and Throughput
- Roaming
- Delay and Jitter
- Connectivity
- Aesthetics
- Site Survey Tools
- Indoor Site Survey Tools
- Outdoor Site Survey Tools
- Documents and Reports
- Forms and Customer Documentation
- Deliverables
- Additional Reports
- Summary
- Exam Essentials
- Review Questions
- Chapter 15 WLAN Troubleshooting
- Five Tenets of WLAN Troubleshooting
- Troubleshooting Best Practices
- Troubleshoot the OSI Model
- Most Wi-Fi Problems Are Client Issues
- Proper WLAN Design Reduces Problems
- WLAN Always Gets the Blame
- Layer 1 Troubleshooting
- WLAN Design
- Transmit Power
- RF Interference
- Drivers
- PoE
- Firmware Bugs
- Layer 2 Troubleshooting
- Layer 2 Retransmissions
- RF Interference
- Low SNR
- Adjacent Channel Interference
- Hidden Node
- Mismatched Power
- Multipath
- Security Troubleshooting
- PSK Troubleshooting
- 802.1X/EAP Troubleshooting
- VPN Troubleshooting
- Roaming Troubleshooting
- Channel Utilization
- Layers 3-7 Troubleshooting
- WLAN Troubleshooting Tools
- WLAN Discovery Applications
- Spectrum Analyzers
- Protocol Analyzers
- Throughput Test Tools
- Standard IP Network Test Commands
- Secure Shell
- Summary
- Exam Essentials
- Review Questions
- Chapter 16 Wireless Attacks, Intrusion Monitoring, and Policy
- Wireless Attacks
- Rogue Wireless Devices
- Peer-to-Peer Attacks
- Eavesdropping
- Encryption Cracking
- KRACK Attack
- Kr00k Vulnerability
- Authentication Attacks
- MAC Spoofing
- Management Interface Exploits
- Wireless Hijacking
- Denial-of-Service Attacks
- Vendor-Specific Attacks
- Social Engineering
- Intrusion Monitoring
- Wireless Intrusion Prevention System
- Rogue Detection and Mitigation
- Spectrum Analyzers
- Wireless Security Policies
- General Security Policies
- Functional Security Policies
- Legislative Compliance
- 802.11 Wireless Policy Recommendations
- Summary
- Exam Essentials
- Review Questions
- Chapter 17 802.11 Network Security Architecture
- 802.11 Security Basics
- Data Privacy and Integrity
- Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting
- Segmentation
- Monitoring and Policy
- Legacy 802.11 Security
- Legacy Authentication
- Static WEP Encryption
- MAC Filters
- SSID Cloaking
- Robust Security
- Robust Security Network
- Authentication and Authorization
- PSK Authentication
- Proprietary PSK Authentication
- Simultaneous Authentication of Equals
- 802.1X/EAP Framework
- EAP Types
- Dynamic Encryption-Key Generation
- 4-Way Handshake
- WLAN Encryption
- TKIP Encryption
- CCMP Encryption
- GCMP Encryption
- Management Frame Protection
- WPA2
- WPA3
- WPA3-Personal
- WPA3-Enterprise
- Enhanced Open
- 6 GHz Wi-Fi Security
- Traffic Segmentation
- VLANs
- RBAC
- VPN Wireless Security
- VPN 101
- Layer 3 VPNs
- SSL VPNs
- VPN Deployment
- Summary
- Exam Essentials
- Review Questions
- Chapter 18 Bring Your Own Device (BYOD) and Guest Access
- Mobile Device Management
- Company-Issued Devices vs. Personal Devices
- MDM Architecture
- MDM Enrollment
- MDM Profiles
- MDM Agent Software
- Over-the-Air Management
- Application Management
- Self-Service Device Onboarding for Employees
- Dual-SSID Onboarding
- Single-SSID Onboarding
- MDM vs. Self-Service Onboarding
- Guest WLAN Access
- Guest SSID
- Guest VLAN
- Guest Firewall Policy
- Captive Web Portals
- Client Isolation, Rate Limiting, and Web Content Filtering
- Guest Management
- Guest Self-Registration
- Employee Sponsorship
- Social Login
- Encrypted Guest Access
- Hotspot 2.0 and Passpoint
- Access Network Query Protocol
- Hotspot 2.0 Architecture
- 802.1X/EAP and Hotspot 2.0
- Online Sign-Up
- Roaming Agreements
- Network Access Control
- Posture
- OS Fingerprinting
- AAA
- RADIUS Change of Authorization
- Single Sign-On
- Summary
- Exam Essentials
- Review Questions
- Chapter 19 802.11ax: High Efficiency (HE)
- 802.11ax = Wi-Fi 6
- Wi-Fi Traffic Congestion
- HE Overview
- Multi-User
- OFDMA
- Subcarriers
- Resource Units
- Trigger Frames
- Downlink OFDMA
- Uplink OFDMA
- Buffer Status Reports
- Operating Mode Indication
- MU-MIMO
- BSS Color and Spatial Reuse
- OBSS
- BSS Color
- Spatial Reuse Operation
- Target Wake Time
- Additional 802.11ax PHY and MAC Capabilities
- 1024-QAM
- Long Symbol Time and Guard Intervals
- 802.11ax PHY headers
- 20 MHz-Only
- Multi-TID AMPDU
- Wi-Fi 6 Key Questions
- Clients
- Multi-Gig Ethernet
- Power over Ethernet
- 4×4:4 vs. 8×8:8
- 80 MHz and 160 MHz Channels
- Wi-Fi CERTIFIED 6
- Summary
- Review Questions
- Chapter 20 WLAN Deployment and Vertical Markets
- Deployment Considerations for Commonly Supported WLAN Applications and Devices
- Data
- Voice
- Video
- Real-Time Location Services
- iBeacon Proximity
- Mobile Devices
- Corporate Data Access and End-User Mobility
- Network Extension to Remote Areas
- Bridging: Building-to-Building Connectivity
- Wireless ISP: Last-Mile Data Delivery
- Small Office/Home Office
- Temporary Office Networking
- Branch Offices
- Teleworker Wi-Fi
- Educational/Classroom Use
- Industrial: Warehousing and Manufacturing
- Retail
- Healthcare
- Municipal Networks
- Hotspots: Public Network Access
- Stadium Networks
- Transportation Networks
- Law Enforcement Networks
- First-Responder Networks
- Managed Service Providers
- Fixed Mobile Convergence
- WLAN and Health
- Internet of Things
- WLAN Vendors
- Summary
- Exam Essentials
- Review Questions
- Appendix A Answers to Review Questions
- Chapter 1: Overview of Wireless Standards, Organizations, and Fundamentals
- Chapter 2: IEEE 802.11 Standard and Amendments
- Chapter 3: Radio Frequency Fundamentals
- Chapter 4: Radio Frequency Components, Measurements, and Mathematics
- Chapter 5: Radio Frequency Signal and Antenna Concepts
- Chapter 6: Wireless Networks and Spread Spectrum Technologies
- Chapter 7: Wireless LAN Topologies
- Chapter 8: 802.11 Medium Access
- Chapter 9: 802.11 MAC
- Chapter 10: MIMO Technology: HT and VHT
- Chapter 11: WLAN Architecture
- Chapter 12: Power over Ethernet (PoE)
- Chapter 13: WLAN Design Concepts
- Chapter 14: Site Survey and Validation
- Chapter 15: WLAN Troubleshooting
- Chapter 16: Wireless Attacks, Intrusion Monitoring, and Policy
- Chapter 17: 802.11 Network Security Architecture
- Chapter 18: Bring Your Own Device (BYOD) and Guest Access
- Chapter 19: 802.11ax: High Efficiency (HE)
- Chapter 20: WLAN Deployment and Vertical Markets
- Appendix B Abbreviations and Acronyms
- Certifications
- Organizations and Regulations
- Measurements
- Technical Terms
- Index
- EULA
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