
Designing Wireless Sensor Network Solutions for Tactical ISR
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Content
- Intro
- Designing Wireless Sensor Network Solutions for Tactical ISR
- Contents
- Preface
- References
- 1 T-ISR Sensor Systems: Background and Overview
- 1.1 T-ISR Challenge: Sensor System Data Volume
- 1.2 T-ISR Network Sensor Predecessor: Unattended Ground Sensor
- 1.3 T-ISR System Data Processing Flow
- 1.4 ISR Overview: The Strategic, Operational, and Tactical ISR Levels
- 1.5 Confluence of Enabling Technologies for WSN
- 1.5.1 Packet-Switched Digital Networks
- 1.5.2 MEMS
- 1.5.3 The Worldwide Grid and DoDIN
- 1.5.4 VLSI
- 1.5.5 Embedded Real-Time Coding (Middleware)
- 1.5.6 Portable Power Source and Generation
- 1.5.7 Technology Confluence: WSN Research and Development
- References
- 2 Designing a T-ISR System
- 2.1 ISR Definitions
- 2.2 T-ISR Objectives
- 2.3 ISR Reach: Worldwide Versus Localized
- 2.4 Leveraging Target Characterization: Signature Extraction
- 2.5 Target Identification Against Operational Backgrounds
- 2.6 T-ISR System Data Product Formation
- 2.7 T-ISR Data Product Dissemination
- 2.8 T-ISR System Engineering
- 2.9 Monitoring Development and Testing Progress
- 2.10 Downstream Use of ISR Data
- References
- 3 The WSN as a T-ISR System
- 3.1 WSN Node
- 3.2 WSN Node (Mote) Functions
- 3.3 WSN Mote Subsystems and Examples
- 3.3.1 WSN Microcontroller
- 3.3.2 Mote-Based Data Acquisition
- 3.3.3 RF Transceivers
- 3.3.4 Mote-Based Sensor Modalities
- 3.4 Adapting WSN Functionality to Address T-ISR Missions
- 3.4.1 Predeployment Considerations
- 3.4.2 Network Management System
- 3.4.3 Sensor Signal Processing
- 3.4.4 Data/Status Communications
- 3.4.5 Power Management
- 3.4.6 Standardization and Legacy
- 3.4.7 Physical Attributes
- 3.5 Cooperative (Tiered) Architecture
- References
- Selected Bibliography
- 4 Ad Hoc Network Technology
- 4.1 Overview: Packet Switching
- 4.1.1 Flow Control
- 4.1.2 Congestion Control
- 4.1.3 Error Control
- 4.2 Basic Network Modeling Using the Poisson Distribution
- 4.3 Standards: The OSI Reference Model
- 4.4 Implementation Standards: TCP/IP Packet Model
- 4.5 Ad Hoc Wireless Networks Standards: Cross-Layer Model
- 4.6 Ad Hoc Network Architectures
- 4.7 MANET Background
- 4.8 MANET Overview
- 4.9 Routing Protocol Classification
- 4.10 WSN and MANET Comparison
- 4.10.1 WSN-MANET Commonalities
- 4.10.2 WSN-MANET Differences
- 4.10.3 WSN-MANET Convergence
- 4.11 MANET Challenges: Issues and Vulnerabilities
- 4.12 MANET Susceptibility and Attack Schema
- 4.12.1 Black Hole Attack
- 4.12.2 Active Attack
- 4.12.3 Flooding Attack
- 4.12.4 Wormhole Attack
- 4.12.5 Gray-Hole Attack
- 4.12.6 Link Spoofing Attack
- 4.12.7 SYN Flooding Attack
- 4.12.8 Session Hijacking
- References
- 5 Basis of WSN System Performance: Theory and Application
- 5.1 Evaluation of System-Level Development
- 5.2 Developing the Baseline T-ISR System Design
- 5.3 System Engineering and Design Technical Performance
- 5.4 Identifying Technical and Key Performance Parameters
- 5.5 System and Subsystem Objectives
- 5.6 Target/Signal Detection Theory
- 5.6.1 Detection via Conditional Probability Distributions
- 5.6.2 Gaussian Noise Characterization
- 5.6.3 Poisson Noise Characterization
- 5.7 Downstream Sensor Functions
- References
- 6 WSN Wireless Connectivity Design and Performance
- 6.1 WSN Link Performance: Overview of Propagation Models
- 6.2 Propagation Models
- 6.2.1 Basic Propagation Model, Free Space (Friis Equation)
- 6.2.2 Multipath-Induced Signal Fading
- 6.2.3 Near-Ground Consideration: Two-Ray Fading Model
- 6.2.4 Near-Ground + Obstructions: Lognormal Shadowing Model
- 6.2.5 Rayleigh Fading Model
- 6.2.6 Rician Fading Model
- 6.2.7 TWDP Fading Model
- 6.2.8 Selective Frequency Fading
- 6.2.9 Mobility-Induced Selective Frequency Fading
- 6.2.10 Additional RF Path Loss Models
- 6.3 WSN Transceiver Characteristics
- 6.3.1 Transceiver Performance
- 6.3.2 Signal Loss Mechanisms and Noise Sources
- 6.3.3 Quadrature Sampling Advantages
- 6.4 Overall RF Transceiver Performance
- 6.4.1 Minimum Received Power (SNR)
- 6.4.2 RSSI
- 6.4.3 Packet Loss Indication
- 6.4.4 Monitoring of BER
- 6.5 External RF Connectivity
- References
- Selected Bibliography
- 7 Localization
- 7.1 Geolocation (Navigation Satellite Constellations)
- 7.2 GPS Overview
- 7.2.1 GPS Codes
- 7.2.2 GPS (GNSS) Chipsets for WSN
- 7.2.3 GPS Chipset Performance
- 7.3 Range-Based Transference
- 7.3.1 RSSI Approach
- 7.3.2 TOA Approach
- 7.3.3 Angle of Arrival
- 7.3.4 Distance-Vector Hop Count
- 7.4 Special Localization: Walking GPS
- References
- 8 WSN Middleware-Based Functions
- 8.1 WSN Foundation: Middleware, Services, and Resources
- 8.2 WSN Middleware Virtualization
- 8.3 WSN Middleware-Enabled Capabilities
- 8.4 Persistent Monitoring
- 8.5 WSN Functional Requirements
- 8.5.1 Detection Function
- 8.5.2 Tracking Function
- 8.5.3 Discrimination/Classification Functions
- 8.5.4 Identification
- 8.6 Power Management
- 8.6.1 MAC Consideration
- 8.6.2 Low-Power Microcontroller Solutions
- 8.6.3 Power Source: Battery Source
- 8.6.4 Power Source: Energy-Harvesting
- 8.7 Reliability
- 8.7.1 Reliable Transport Design
- 8.7.2 Reliable Code Propagation
- 8.8 Security
- 8.8.1 Cryptographic Key Management
- 8.8.2 Cryptocoprocessor
- 8.8.3 LPI and LPD
- 8.8.4 Command Authenticity
- References
- 9 WSN Sensor Modalities
- 9.1 Sensor Operational Considerations
- 9.2 Passive Optical Sensor Modalities
- 9.2.1 PIR
- 9.2.2 Passive Imaging Sensors
- 9.2.3 Thermal Imaging for WSN
- 9.2.4 Visible Imaging (Camera) for WSN
- 9.3 Active Optical Sensor: MLR
- 9.4 Seismic Sensors
- 9.5 Acoustic Sensors
- 9.6 Magnetometers
- 9.7 Chemical-Biological Sensors
- References
- 10 WSN System Deployment and Integration
- 10.1 Deployment Considerations
- 10.1.1 Mission Objectives
- 10.1.2 Proximity to Human Activities
- 10.1.3 Terrain Considerations
- 10.1.4 Weather/Climate
- 10.2 Deployment Planning Approach and Tools
- 10.3 Deployment Configuration (AOI Coverage)
- 10.4 Deployment Mechanisms
- 10.5 WSN System Integration
- 10.5.1 Open Geospatial Consortium
- 10.5.2 IEEE 1451: Smart Transducer Interface Standards
- 10.6 User Integration
- 10.6.1 Legacy Integration
- 10.6.2 C2PC Common Operating Picture
- 10.6.3 FalconView
- 10.6.4 Cursor-on-Target
- References
- 11 WSN Application to T-ISR
- 11.1 Conceptualizing the Use of WSN for Military Applications
- 11.2 I&T of WSN Systems
- 11.2.1 DARPA Smart Dust: The 29-Palms Demonstrations
- 11.2.2 DARPA: A Line in the Sand Demonstrations
- 11.3 Integration of WSN with Sensor Web Services
- 11.3.1 Semantic Sensor Web
- 11.3.2 DHS (Customs and Border Patrol) Cueing Demonstration
- 11.4 WSN as IoBT
- 11.5 Examples of Ongoing DoD Activities
- References
- About the Author
- Index
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