The Syntax of Neo-Aramaic: The Jewish Dialect of Zakho

- Table of Contents (page 5)
- Preface (page 11)
- Introduction (page 13)
- History of Research (page 13)
- Method (page 15)
- The Corpus (page 17)
- Structure (page 20)
- General Practices (page 21)
- Abbreviations (page 22)
- A Short Glossary of Terms (page 23)
- Part I. Microsyntax: Intraclausal Syntactic Relationships (page 27)
- 1. The Predicative Relationship (page 29)
- 1.1 Verbal Forms (page 29)
- 1.2 Thematic Nominal Groups (page 32)
- 1.2.1 Nouns and Determination (page 32)
- 1.2.2 Pronouns (page 39)
- 1.2.3 Clauses and Infinitives (page 40)
- 1.2.4 Adjectives and Adjective Clauses (page 41)
- 1.3 Copular Expressions (page 42)
- 1.3.1 The Present Copula (page 43)
- 1.3.1.1 The Affirmative Copula (3rd pers.) (page 44)
- 1.3.1.2 The Affirmative Copula (1st and 2nd pers.) (page 52)
- 1.3.1.3 The Negative Copula (3rd person) (page 58)
- 1.3.2 The Verb Hwaya (page 60)
- 1.3.2.1 R-wele (page 61)
- 1.3.2.2 Present kawe (page 66)
- 1.3.2.3 Future/modal pawe (page 69)
- 1.3.2.4 Subjunctive hawe (page 70)
- 1.3.3 The Presentative Copula (page 75)
- 1.3.4 Other Copular Expressions: ps?le (page 77)
- 1.4 Dependent Nexus (page 81)
- 1.4.1 Object nexus (page 82)
- 1.4.2 Adjunct nexus (page 84)
- 1.4.3 Subjunct nexus (page 86)
- 1.5 Complex Rhematic Groups (page 89)
- 1.5.1 Existential expressions (page 89)
- 1.5.1.1 Existential proper (page 89)
- 1.5.1.2 Other existential and existential-like expressions (page 91)
- 1.5.2 Presentative function (page 97)
- 1.5.2.1 Abstract presentative (page 97)
- 1.5.2.2 Concrete presentative (page 99)
- 1.5.3 Other thetic expressions (page 100)
- 2. The Attributive Relationship (page 103)
- 2.1 Nucleus Marking and Nucleus Groups (page 104)
- 2.1.1 Pronominal nuclei (page 105)
- 2.1.2 Substantival nuclei (page 109)
- 2.1.3 The infinitive as nucleus (page 110)
- 2.1.4 The adjective as nucleus (page 112)
- 2.1.5 Adverbial nuclei (page 114)
- 2.2 Attributive Groups (page 117)
- 2.2.1 Substantival attribute group (page 117)
- 2.2.2 Pronominal attribute group (page 124)
- 2.2.3 Adverbial attribute group (page 128)
- 2.2.4 Predicative attribute group (page 130)
- 2.3 Attributive Complexes (page 135)
- 2.3.1 Substantival complexes (page 135)
- 2.3.2 Adjectival complexes (page 143)
- 2.3.3 Pronominal complexes (page 150)
- 2.3.4 Adverbial complexes (page 150)
- 3. Completive Relationship (page 153)
- 3.1 Object Complements (page 153)
- 3.1.1 Direct object paradigms (page 153)
- 3.1.1.1 The substantive group as direct object (page 154)
- 3.1.1.2 Pronouns as objects (page 159)
- 3.1.1.3 Objects preceding the verbal form (page 162)
- 3.1.1.4 Object nexus: external syntax (page 165)
- 3.1.1.5 Clausal objects: external syntax (page 166)
- 3.1.2 Indirect/prepositional object syntagms (page 171)
- 3.1.3 Representative valency patterns: parameters (page 175)
- 3.1.3.1 Giving (page 175)
- 3.1.3.2 Ability, will, obligation and permission (page 177)
- 3.1.3.3 Fear (page 183)
- 3.1.3.4 Asking vs. not-knowing (page 184)
- 3.1.3.5 Knowing and thinking (page 188)
- 3.1.3.6 Seeing (page 189)
- 3.1.3.7 Saying (page 191)
- 3.1.4 Causative and passive (page 191)
- 3.1.5 Reciprocal and reflexive (page 194)
- 3.2 Adverbial Complements (page 197)
- 3.2.1 Circumstantial adverbials (page 198)
- 3.2.2 Qualifying adverbials (page 203)
- 3.2.3 Adverbials of manner (page 205)
- 3.2.3.1 Purpose clauses (page 205)
- 3.2.3.2 Temporal syntagms (page 207)
- 3.2.3.3 Comparative adverbials (page 211)
- 3.2.3.4 Causal expressions (page 212)
- 3.2.3.5 Concessive expressions (page 216)
- 3.2.3.6 Other adverbial types (page 219)
- 3.2.3.6.1 Presupposed degree or amount (page 219)
- 3.2.3.6.2 Spatial adverbials (page 221)
- 3.2.3.6.3 Without (page 222)
- 3.2.3.6.4 Result adverbials (page 224)
- 4. Apposition (page 225)
- 4.1 Adjectival Syntagms (page 226)
- 4.1.1 Morphological adjectives (page 226)
- 4.1.2 Adnominal prepositional syntagms (page 228)
- 4.1.3 Adjective syntagms and clauses (page 231)
- 4.1.4 mare syntagms (page 236)
- 4.1.5 Non-clausal adjectival nexus (page 237)
- 4.2 Appositive Content Clauses (page 238)
- Part II. Macrosyntax (page 241)
- 5. Narrative Syntax (page 249)
- 5.0 Narravtive Events (page 249)
- 5.1 Narrative FSP Effects OF Focus and Topic (page 251)
- 5.1.1 Focus particles (page 251)
- 5.1.2 Topic (page 254)
- 5.1.2.1 Introduction of a new topic (page 254)
- 5.1.2.2 Contrastive topic (page 256)
- 5.1.2.3 Identification (page 258)
- 5.1.2.4 Topic shift (page 259)
- 5.1.3 Rhematization (page 261)
- 5.1.4 Peak marking signals (page 263)
- 5.1.4.1 The particle hama (page 263)
- 5.1.4.2 oqad gzele (page 264)
- 5.1.4.3 lá modulu (page 265)
- 5.1.4.4 Paronomastic infinitive construction (page 267)
- 5.1.4.5 xa behna (page 268)
- 5.1.5 ?Subordinate' events (page 269)
- 5.2 Point of View (page 270)
- 5.2.1 Character's point of view (page 271)
- 5.2.1.1 Presentative constructions (page 271)
- 5.2.1.2 Free indirect discourse (FID) (page 276)
- 5.2.1.3 ksaqil forms in narrative (page 282)
- 5.2.2 Narrator's point of view (page 282)
- 5.2.2.1 Nominal syntagms: pap(p)uka and -nka/-unta (page 282)
- 5.2.2.2 Narrative particles (page 286)
- 5.2.2.3 Evaluatives (page 289)
- 5.2.2.4 (k)mat-free choice quantification (page 291)
- 5.2.2.5 Address to the listener (page 292)
- 5.2.3 Direct thought representation (page 294)
- 5.3 Cohesion (page 296)
- 5.3.1 Episode markers (page 296)
- 5.3.2 basir hadax (page 299)
- 5.3.3 qsmle (page 302)
- 5.4 Grounding (page 305)
- 5.4.1 sqilwale, qam saqilwale and sqila wele (page 305)
- 5.4.2 Presentative constructions (page 309)
- 5.4.3 Textually marked circumstantials (page 312)
- 5.4.3.1 Circumstantial ?qslle: the setting paradigm (page 313)
- 5.4.3.2 ?qslle summing up (page 319)
- 5.4.4 Negative preterites: la sqille, la qam saqille (page 322)
- 5.4.5 Setting (page 326)
- 5.4.5.1 Temporal setting (page 327)
- 5.4.5.2 Local setting (page 328)
- 5.4.6 Descriptions (page 329)
- 5.4.6.1 Description pertaining to the character (page 329)
- 5.4.6.2 Circumstantial description (page 332)
- 5.4.6.3 Imperfective or generic dependencies (page 334)
- 5.4.7 Passive forms (page 336)
- 5.5 Aspectual Oppositions (page 342)
- 5.5.1 The gerund bisqala vs. simple forms (page 342)
- 5.5.2 pisle bisqala (page 345)
- 5.6 Tense Oppositions in Narrative (page 346)
- 5.6.1 saqil for sqille (page 347)
- 5.6.2 ksaqil in narrative (page 349)
- 5.6.2.1 ksaqil for sqille (page 349)
- 5.6.2.2 ksaqil for ksaqilwa (page 351)
- 5.6.3 psaqil and psaqilwa in narrative (page 355)
- 5.6.4 Tense in narrative: subordinate clauses (page 358)
- 5.6.4.1 Adjective clauses (page 358)
- 5.6.4.2 Substantive clauses (page 360)
- 5.6.4.3 Adverbial clauses (page 361)
- 5.7 Concluding Remarks (page 362)
- 6. Dialogue Syntax (page 365)
- 6.1 Functional Sentence Perspective (page 366)
- 6.1.1 Topic (page 367)
- 6.1.2 Questions and answers (page 372)
- 6.1.3 Focus (page 377)
- 6.1.3.1 Syntactic patterns (page 377)
- 6.1.3.1.1 Subject focus: the post-verbal position (page 377)
- 6.1.3.1.2 Cleft pattern (page 381)
- 6.1.3.1.3 Object focus: the pre-verbal position (page 386)
- 6.1.3.2 Particle-marked focus (page 387)
- 6.1.3.2.1 Simple inclusive focus (page 387)
- 6.1.3.2.2 Scalar inclusive (page 389)
- 6.1.3.2.3 Specifying focus (page 390)
- 6.1.3.2.4 Exclusive focus (page 392)
- 6.1.3.2.5 Contrastive focus (page 393)
- 6.1.3.2.6 Conclusive remarks (page 395)
- 6.2 The Modal System (page 396)
- 6.2.1 Deontic modality (page 397)
- 6.2.1.1 ?ud (page 400)
- 6.2.1.2 Particles (page 403)
- 6.2.2 Epistemic Modality (page 405)
- 6.2.2.1 Epistemic particles and expressions (page 405)
- 6.2.2.2 Verbal forms denoting epistemic modality (page 409)
- 6.2.2.3 Conditional (page 411)
- 6.2.2.3.1 Conditional forms and values (page 412)
- 6.2.2.3.2 Conditional types (page 416)
- 6.2.2.3.3 Paratactic (concessive-)conditional pattern (page 417)
- 6.2.2.3.4 Counter-factual conditional patterns (page 420)
- 6.3 The Tense-Aspect System (page 425)
- 6.3.1 sqil-wa-le, qam saqil-wa-le and sqila we(wa)le (page 426)
- 6.3.2 sqil-le and qam saqil-le (page 431)
- 6.3.3 k-saqil-wa and bi-sqala we(wa)le (page 434)
- 6.3.4 wal sqil-le (or qam saqil-le) and wele~win~k-awe sqila (page 439)
- 6.3.5 k-saqil: generic/aoristic present (page 443)
- 6.3.6 wele bi-sqala and wal k-saqil: actual or specific present (page 447)
- 6.3.7 p-saqil~lak-saqil form (page 450)
- 6.3.8 Conclusions (page 452)
- 6.4 Space (page 455)
- 6.4.1 Vocative (page 455)
- 6.4.2 Concrete presentatives (page 457)
- 6.4.3 Anchored deixis (page 458)
- 7. Appendix: The Morphology of JZ (page 461)
- 7.1 Pronouns (page 461)
- 7.1.1 Personal pronouns (page 462)
- 7.1.2 Demonstrative pronouns (page 464)
- 7.1.3 Interrogative pronouns (page 464)
- 7.1.4 Other pronouns (page 465)
- 7.1.5 Determiners (page 465)
- 7.2 The Noun (page 466)
- 7.3 The Predicative Forms (page 467)
- 7.3.1 Copulas (page 467)
- 7.3.2 Verbs (page 468)
- 7.3.2.1 Verbal inflection: the sound verb (page 469)
- 7.3.2.2 Weak verbs (page 473)
- References (page 479)