Learning SAS by Example

Name: Learning SAS by Example | A Programmer's Guide, Second Edition
Brand: SAS Institute
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A Programmer's Guide, Second Edition

Ron Cody(Author)

SAS Institute (Publisher)

Published on 3. July 2018

536 pages

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978-1-63526-658-0 (ISBN)

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Learn to program SAS by example!

Learning SAS by Example, A Programmer's Guide, Second Edition, teaches SAS programming from very basic concepts to more advanced topics. Because most programmers prefer examples rather than reference-type syntax, this book uses short examples to explain each topic. The second edition has brought this classic book on SAS programming up to the latest SAS version, with new chapters that cover topics such as PROC SGPLOT and Perl regular expressions. This book belongs on the shelf (or e-book reader) of anyone who programs in SAS, from those with little programming experience who want to learn SAS to intermediate and even advanced SAS programmers who want to learn new techniques or identify new ways to accomplish existing tasks.

In an instructive and conversational tone, author Ron Cody clearly explains each programming technique and then illustrates it with one or more real-life examples, followed by a detailed description of how the program works. The text is divided into four major sections: Getting Started, DATA Step Processing, Presenting and Summarizing Your Data, and Advanced Topics. Subjects addressed include

Reading data from external sources
Learning details of DATA step programming
Subsetting and combining SAS data sets
Understanding SAS functions and working with arrays
Creating reports with PROC REPORT and PROC TABULATE
Getting started with the SAS macro language
Leveraging PROC SQL
Generating high-quality graphics
Using advanced features of user-defined formats and informats
Restructuring SAS data sets
Working with multiple observations per subject
Getting started with Perl regular expressions

You can test your knowledge and hone your skills by solving the problems at the end of each chapter.

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Content

Intro
Contents
List of Programs
Preface to the Second Edition
About This Book
What Does This Book Cover?
Is This Book for You?
What Are the Prerequisites for This Book?
What's New in This Edition?
What Should You Know about the Examples?
Where Are the Exercise Solutions?
We Want to Hear from You
About the Author
Acknowledgments
Part 1: Getting Started
Chapter 1: What Is SAS?
Introduction
1.2 Getting Data into SAS
1.3 A Sample SAS Program
1.4 SAS Names
1.5 SAS Data Sets and SAS Data Types
1.6 The SAS Windowing Environment, SAS Enterprise Guide, and the SAS University Edition
1.7 Problems
Chapter 2: Writing Your First SAS Program
2.1 A Simple Program to Read Raw Data and Produce a Report
2.2 Enhancing the Program
2.3 More on Comment Statements
2.4 How SAS Works (a Look inside the "Black Box")
2.5 Problems
Part 2: DATA Step Processing
Chapter 3: Reading Raw Data from External Files
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Reading Data Values Separated by Blanks
3.3 Specifying Missing Values with List Input
3.4 Reading Data Values Separated by Commas (CSV Files)
3.5 Using an Alternative Method to Specify an External File
3.6 Reading Data Values Separated by Delimiters Other Than Blanks or Commas
3.7 Placing Data Lines Directly in Your Program (the DATALINES Statement)
3.8 Specifying INFILE Options with the DATALINES Statement
3.9 Reading Raw Data from Fixed Columns-Method 1: Column Input
3.10 Reading Raw Data from Fixed Columns-Method 2: Formatted Input
3.11 Using a FORMAT Statement in a DATA Step versus in a Procedure
3.12 Using Informats with List Input
3.13 Supplying an INFORMAT Statement with List Input
3.14 Using List Input with Embedded Delimiters
3.15 Problems
Chapter 4: Creating Permanent SAS Data Sets
4.1 Introduction
4.2 SAS Libraries-The LIBNAME Statement
4.3 Why Create Permanent SAS Data Sets?
4.4 Examining the Descriptor Portion of a SAS Data Set Using PROC CONTENTS
4.5 Listing All the SAS Data Sets in a SAS Library Using PROC CONTENTS
4.6 Viewing the Descriptor Portion of a SAS Data Set Using a Point-and- Click Approach
4.7 Viewing the Data Portion of a SAS Data Set Using PROC PRINT
4.8 Using a SAS Data Set as Input to a DATA Step
4.9 DATA _NULL_: A Data Set That Isn't
4.10 Problems
Chapter 5: Creating Labels and Formats
5.1 Adding Labels to Your Variables
5.2 Using Formats to Enhance Your Output
5.3 Regrouping Values Using Formats
5.4 More on Format Ranges
5.5 Storing Your Formats in a Format Library
5.6 Permanent Data Set Attributes
5.7 Accessing a Permanent SAS Data Set with User-Defined Formats
5.8 Displaying Your Format Definitions
5.9 Problems
Chapter 6: Reading and Writing Data from an Excel Spreadsheet
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Using the Import Wizard to Convert a Spreadsheet to a SAS Data Set
6.3 Creating an Excel Spreadsheet from a SAS Data Set
6.4 Using an Engine to Read an Excel Spreadsheet
6.5 Using the SAS Output Delivery System to Convert a SAS Data Set to an Excel Spreadsheet
6.6 A Quick Look at the Import Utility in SAS Studio
6.7 Problems
Chapter 7: Performing Conditional Processing
7.1 Introduction
7.2 The IF and ELSE IF Statements
7.3 The Subsetting IF Statement
7.4 The IN Operator
7.5 Using a SELECT Statement for Logical Tests
7.6 Using Boolean Logic (AND, OR, and NOT Operators)
7.7 A Caution When Using Multiple OR Operators
7.8 The WHERE Statement
7.9 Some Useful WHERE Operators
7.10 Problems
Chapter 8: Performing Iterative Processing: Looping
8.1 Introduction
8.2 DO Groups
8.3 The Sum Statement
8.4 The Iterative DO Loop
8.5 Other Forms of an Iterative DO Loop
8.6 DO WHILE and DO UNTIL Statements
8.7 A Caution When Using DO UNTIL Statements
8.8 LEAVE and CONTINUE Statements
8.9 Problems
Chapter 9: Working with Dates
9.1 Introduction
9.2 How SAS Stores Dates
9.3 Reading Date Values from Text Data
9.4 Computing the Number of Years between Two Dates
9.5 Demonstrating a Date Constant
9.6 Computing the Current Date
9.7 Extracting the Day of the Week, Day of the Month, Month, and Year from a SAS Date
9.8 Creating a SAS Date from Month, Day, and Year Values
9.9 Substituting the 15th of the Month when the Day Value Is Missing
9.10 Using Date Interval Functions
9.11 Problems
Chapter 10: Subsetting and Combining SAS Data Sets
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Subsetting a SAS Data Set
10.3 Creating More Than One Subset Data Set in One DATA Step
10.4 Adding Observations to a SAS Data Set
10.5 Interleaving Data Sets
10.6 Combining Detail and Summary Data
10.7 Merging Two Data Sets
10.8 Omitting the BY Statement in a Merge
10.9 Controlling Observations in a Merged Data Set
10.10 More Uses for IN= Variables
10.11 When Does a DATA Step End?
10.12 Merging Two Data Sets with Different BY Variable Names
10.13 Merging Two Data Sets with Different BY Variable Data Types
10.14 One-to-One, One-to-Many, and Many-to-Many Merges
10.15 Updating a Master File from a Transaction File
10.16 Problems
Chapter 11: Working with Numeric Functions
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Functions That Round and Truncate Numeric Values
11.3 Functions That Work with Missing Values
11.4 Setting Character and Numeric Values to Missing
11.5 Descriptive Statistics Functions
11.6 Computing Sums within an Observation
11.7 Mathematical Functions
11.8 Computing Some Useful Constants
11.9 Generating Random Numbers
11.10 Special Functions
11.11 Functions That Return Values from Previous Observations
11.12 Sorting Within an Observations-a Game Changer
11.12 Problems
Chapter 12: Working with Character Functions
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Determining the Length of a Character Value
12.3 Changing the Case of Characters
12.4 Removing Characters from Strings
12.5 Joining Two or More Strings Together
12.6 Removing Leading or Trailing Blanks
12.7 Using the COMPRESS Function to Remove Characters from a String
12.8 Searching for Characters
12.9 Searching for Individual Characters
12.10 Searching for Words in a String
12.11 Searching for Character Classes
12.12 Using the NOT Functions for Data Cleaning
12.13 Extracting Part of a String
12.14 Dividing Strings into Words
12.15 Performing a Fuzzy Match
12.16 Substituting Strings or Words
12.17 Problems
Chapter 13: Working with Arrays
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Setting Values of 999 to a SAS Missing Value for Several Numeric Variables
13.3 Setting Values of NA and ? to a Missing Character Value
13.4 Converting All Character Values to Propercase
13.5 Using an Array to Create New Variables
13.6 Changing the Array Bounds
13.7 Temporary Arrays
13.8 Loading the Initial Values of a Temporary Array from a Raw Data File
13.9 Using a Multidimensional Array for Table Lookup
13.10 Problems
Part 3: Presenting and Summarizing Your Data
Chapter 14: Displaying Your Data
14.1 Introduction
14.2 The Basics
14.3 Changing the Appearance of Your Listing
14.4 Changing the Appearance of Values
14.5 Controlling the Observations That Appear in Your Listing
14.6 Adding Titles and Footnotes to Your Listing
14.7 Changing the Order of Your Listing
14.8 Sorting by More Than One Variable
14.9 Labeling Your Column Headings
14.10 Adding Subtotals and Totals to Your Listing
14.11 Making Your Listing Easier to Read
14.12 Adding the Number of Observations to Your Listing
14.13 Listing the First
Observations of Your Data Set
14.14 Problems
Chapter 15: Creating Customized Reports
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Using PROC REPORT
15.3 Selecting the Variables to Include in Your Report
15.4 Comparing Detail and Summary Reports
15.5 Producing a Summary Report
15.6 Demonstrating the FLOW Option of PROC REPORT
15.7 Using Two Grouping Variables
15.8 Changing the Order of Variables in the COLUMN Statement
15.9 Changing the Order of Rows in a Report
15.10 Applying the ORDER Usage to Two Variables
15.11 Creating a Multi-Column Report
15.12 Producing Report Breaks
15.13 Using a Nonprinting Variable to Order a Report
15.14 Computing a New Variable with PROC REPORT
15.15 Computing a Character Variable in a COMPUTE Block
15.16 Creating an ACROSS Variable with PROC REPORT
15.17 Using an ACROSS Usage to Display Statistics
15.18 Problems
Chapter 16: Summarizing Your Data
16.1 Introduction
16.2 PROC MEANS-Starting from the Beginning
16.3 Adding a BY Statement to PROC MEANS
16.4 Using a CLASS Statement with PROC MEANS
16.5 Applying a Format to a CLASS Variable
16.6 Deciding between a BY Statement and a CLASS Statement
16.7 Creating Summary Data Sets Using PROC MEANS
16.8 Outputting Other Descriptive Statistics with PROC MEANS
16.9 Asking SAS to Name the Variables in the Output Data Set
16.10 Outputting a Summary Data Set: Including a BY Statement
16.11 Outputting a Summary Data Set: Using a CLASS Statement
16.12 Using Two CLASS Variables with PROC MEANS
16.13 Selecting Different Statistics for Each Variable
16.14 Printing all Possible Combinations of Your Class Variables
16.15 Problems
Chapter 17: Counting Frequencies
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Counting Frequencies
17.3 Selecting Variables for PROC FREQ
17.4 Using Formats to Label the Output
17.5 Using Formats to Group Values
17.6 Problems Grouping Values with PROC FREQ
17.7 Displaying Missing Values in the Frequency Table
17.8 Changing the Order of Values in PROC FREQ
17.9 Producing Two-Way Tables
17.10 Requesting Multiple Two-Way Tables
17.11 Producing Three-Way Tables
17.12 Problems
Chapter 18: Creating Tabular Reports
18.1 Introduction
18.2 A Simple PROC TABULATE Table
18.3 Describing the Three PROC TABULATE Operators
18.4 Using the Keyword ALL
18.5 Producing Descriptive Statistics
18.6 Combining CLASS and Analysis Variables in a Table
18.7 Customizing Your Table
18.8 Demonstrating a More Complex Table
18.9 Computing Row and Column Percentages
18.10 Displaying Percentages in a Two-Dimensional Table
18.11 Computing Column Percentages
18.12 Computing Percentages on Numeric Variables
18.13 Understanding How Missing Values Affect PROC TABULATE Output
18.14 Problems
Chapter 19: Introducing the Output Delivery System
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Sending SAS Output to an HTML File
19.3 Creating a Table of Contents
19.4 Selecting a Different HTML Style
19.5 Choosing Other ODS Destinations
19.6 Selecting or Excluding Portions of SAS Output
19.7 Sending Output to a SAS Data Set
19.8 Problems
Chapter 20: Creating Charts and Graphs
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Creating Bar Charts
20.3 Displaying Statistics for a Response Variable
20.4 Creating Scatter Plots
20.5 Adding a Regression Line and Confidence Limits to the Plot
20.6 Generating Time Series Plots
20.7 Describing Two Methods of Generating Smooth Curves
20.8 Generating Histograms
20.9 Generating a Simple Box Plot
20.10 Producing a Box Plot with a Grouping Variable
20.11 Demonstrating Overlays and Transparency
20.12 Problems
Part 4: Advanced Topics
Chapter 21: Using Advanced INPUT Techniques
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Handling Missing Values at the End of a Line
21.3 Reading Short Data Lines
21.4 Reading External Files with Lines Longer Than 32,767 Characters
21.5 Detecting the End of the File
21.6 Reading a Portion of a Raw Data File
21.7 Reading Data from Multiple Files
21.8 Reading Data from Multiple Files Using a FILENAME Statement
21.9 Reading External Filenames from a Data File
21.10 Reading Multiple Lines of Data to Create One Observation
21.11 Reading Data Conditionally (the Single Trailing @ Sign)
21.12 More Examples of the Single Trailing @ Sign
21.13 Creating Multiple Observations from One Line of Input
21.14 Using Variable and Informat Lists
21.15 Using Relative Column Pointers to Read a Complex Data Structure Efficiently
21.16 Problems
Chapter 22: Using Advanced Features of User- Defined Formats and Informats
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Using Formats to Recode Variables
22.3 Using Formats with a PUT Function to Create New Variables
22.4 Creating User-Defined Informats
22.5 Reading Character and Numeric Data in One Step
22.6 Using Formats (and Informats) to Perform Table Lookup
22.7 Using a SAS Data Set to Create a Format
22.8 Updating and Maintaining Your Formats
22.9 Using Formats within Formats
22.10 Multilabel Formats
22.11 Using the INPUTN Function to Perform a More Complicated Table Lookup
22.12 Problems
Chapter 23: Restructuring SAS Data Sets
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Converting a Data Set with One Observation per Subject to a Data Set with Several Observations per Subject: Using a DATA Step
23.3 Converting a Data Set with Several Observations per Subject to a Data Set with One Observation per Subject: Using a DATA Step
23.4 Converting a Data Set with One Observation per Subject to a Data Set with Several Observations per Subject: Using PROC TRANSPOSE
23.5 Converting a Data Set with Several Observations per Subject to a Data Set with One Observation per Subject: Using PROC TRANSPOSE
23.6 Problems
Chapter 24: Working with Multiple Observations per Subject
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Identifying the First or Last Observation in a Group
24.3 Counting the Number of Visits Using PROC FREQ
24.4 Computing Differences between Observations
24.5 Computing Differences between the First and Last Observation in a BY Group Using the LAG Function
24.6 Computing Differences between the First and Last Observation in a BY Group Using a RETAIN Statement
24.7 Using a Retained Variable to "Remember" a Previous Value
24.8 Problems
Chapter 25: Introducing the SAS Macro Language
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Macro Variables: What Are They?
25.3 Some Built-In Macro Variables
25.4 Assigning Values to Macro Variables with a %LET Statement
25.5 Demonstrating a Simple Macro
25.6 Describing Positional and Keyword Macro Parameters
25.7 A Word about Tokens
25.8 Another Example of Using a Macro Variable as a Prefix
25.9 Using a Macro Variable to Transfer a Value between DATA Steps
25.10 Problems
Chapter 26: Introducing the Structured Query Language
26.1 Introduction
26.2 Some Basics
26.3 Joining Two Tables (Merge)
26.4 Left, Right, and Full Joins
26.5 Concatenating Data Sets
26.6 Using Summary Functions
26.7 Demonstrating the ORDER Clause
26.8 An Example of Fuzzy Matching
26.9 Problems
Chapter 27: Introducing Perl Regular Expressions
27.1 Introduction
27.2 Describing the Syntax of Regular Expressions
27.3 Testing That Social Security Numbers Are in Standard Form
27.4 Checking for Valid ZIP Codes
27.5 Verifying That Phone Numbers Are in a Standard Form
27.6 Describing the PRXPARSE Function
27.7 Problems
Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises
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Learning SAS by Example

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