Human Evolution Source Book

Part I Geological Background to Human Evolution 1
1 Stratigraphy Explained 3
F. H. Brown and J. A. Van Couvering
2 Cyclostratigraphy 6
J. A. Van Couvering
3 Geochronometry: Measurement of Geologic Time 12
F. H. Brown
4 Radiocarbon Dating 14
H. P. Schwarcz
5 Potassium-Argon Dating 16
F. H. Brown
6 Electron Spin Resonance Dating, Fission-Track Dating, Thermoluminescence
Dating, and Uranium-Series Dating 19
H. P. Schwarcz
7 Paleomagnetism and Human Evolution 24
F. H. Brown
8 Taphonomy in Human Evolution 27
A. Hill
Part II The Earliest Hominids: Biomolecular and Morphological Evidence 31
9 African Apes as Time Machines 33
R. Wrangham and D. Pilbeam
10 Molecular Anthropology and the Molecular Clock 38
J. Marks
11 Human and Ape Molecular Clocks and Constraints on Paleontological Hypotheses 41
R. L. Stauffer, A. Walker, O. A. Ryder, M. Lyons-Weiler, and S. Blair Hedges
12 Ardipithecusramidus, a Root Species for Australopithecus 48
T. White, B. Asfaw, and G. Suwa
13 First Hominid from the Miocene (Lukeino Formation, Kenya) 53
B. Senut, M. Pickford, D. Gommery, P. Mein, K. Cheboi, and Y. Coppens
14 Late Miocene Hominids from the Middle Awash, Ethiopia 58
Y. Haile-Selassie
15 A New Hominid from the Upper Miocene of Chad, Central Africa
M. Brunet, F. Guy, D. Pilbeam, H. Taisso Mackaye, A. Likius, D. Ahounta, A. Beauvilain, C. Blondel, H. Bocherens, J.-R. Boisserie, L. De Bonis, Y. Coppens, J. Dejax, C. Denys, P. Duringer, V. Eisenmann, G. Fanone, P. Fronty, D. Geraads, T. Lehmann, F. Lihoreau, A. Louchart, A. Mahamat, G. Merceron, G. Mouchelin, O. Otero, P. Pelaez Campomanes, M. Ponce de Leon, J.-C. Rage, M. Sapanet, M. Schuster, J. Sudre, P. Tassy, X. Valentin, P. Vignaud, L. Viriot, A. Zazzo, and C. Zollikofer
Part III Australopithecus, Paranthropus and Relatives 73
16 The Australopithecines in Review 76
L. C. Aiello and P. Andrews
17 The New Hominid Species Australopithecus anamensis 90
C. Ward, M. Leakey, and A. Walker
18 New Hominin Genus from Eastern Africa Shows Diverse Middle Pliocene Lineages 98
M. G. Leakey, F. Spoor, F. H. Brown, P. Gathogo, C. Kiarie, L. N. Leakey, and I. McDougall
19 Tempo and Mode in Human Evolution 108
H. M. McHenry
20 Inferring Hominoid and Early Hominid Phylogeny Using Craniodental Characters: The Role of Fossil Taxa 115
D. S. Strait and F. E. Grine
21 Evolution of Human Walking 149
C. O. Lovejoy
22 Climbing to the Top: A Personal Memoir of Australopithecus afarensis 157
J. T. Stern, Jr.
23 Early Hominid Brain Evolution: A New Look at Old Endocasts 176
D. Falk, J. C. Redmond, Jr., J. Guyer, G. C. Conroy, W. Recheis, G. W. Weber, and H. Seidler
24 Diet and the Evolution of the Earliest Human Ancestors 189
M. F. Teaford and P. S. Ungar
25 Early Hominid Evolution and Ecological Change through the African Plio-Pleistocene 197
K. E. Reed
Part IV Origin of the Genus Homo and Early Evolution in Africa 219
26 The History of the Genus Homo 222
B. A. Wood
27 Late Pliocene Homo and Oldowan Tools from the Hadar Formation (Kada Hadar Member),
Ethiopia 228
W. H. Kimbel, R. C. Walter, D. C. Johanson, K. E. Reed, J. L. Aronson, Z. Assefa, C. W. Marean, G. G. Eck, R. Bobe, E. Hovers, Y. Rak, C. Vondra, T. Yemane, D. York, Y. Chen, N. M. Evensen, and P. E. Smith
28 Late Pliocene Homo and Hominid Land Use from Western Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania 235
R. J. Blumenschine, C. R. Peters, F. T. Masao, R. J. Clarke, A. L. Deino, R. L. Hay, C. C. Swisher, I. G. Stanistreet, G. M. Ashley, L. J. McHenry, N. E. Sikes, N. J. van der Merwe, J. C. Tactikos, A. E. Cushing, D. M. Deocampo, J. K. Njau, and J. I. Ebert
29 Australopithecus garhi: A New Species of Early Hominid from Ethiopia 243
B. Asfaw, T. White, O. Lovejoy, B. Latimer, S. Simpson, and G. Suwa
30 Environment and Behavior of 2.5-Million-Year-Old Bouri Hominids 251
J. de Heinzelin, J. D. Clark, T. White, W. Hart, P. Renne, G. WoldeGabriel, Y. Beyene, and E. Vrba
31 The World's Oldest Stone Artefacts from Gona, Ethiopia: Their Implications for Understanding
Stone Technology and Patterns of Human Evolution between 2.6-1.5 Million Years Ago 256
S. Semaw
32 Perspectives on the Nariokotome Discovery 271
A. Walker
33 Remains of Homo erectus from Bouri, Middle Awash, Ethiopia 285
B. Asfaw, W. H. Gilbert, Y. Beyene, W. K. Hart, P. R. Renne, G. WoldeGabriel, E. S. Vrba, and T. D. White
Part V Evolution and Dispersal of Homo erectus 293
34 The African Emergence and Early Asian Dispersals of the Genus Homo 293
R. Larick and R. L. Ciochon
35 Dmanisi and Dispersal 310
L. Gabunia, S. C. Anton, D. Lordkipanidze, A. Vekua, A. Justus, and C. Swisher III
36 A New Skull of Early Homo from Dmanisi, Georgia 321
A. Vekua, D. Lordkipanidze, G. P. Rightmire, J. Agusti, R. Ferring, G. Maisuradze, A. Mouskhelishvili, M. Nioradze, M. Ponce de Leon, M. Tappen, M. Tvalchrelidze, and C. Zollikofer
37 Venta Micena, Barranco Leon-5 and Fuentenueva-3: Three Archaeological Sites in the Early
Pleistocene Deposits of Orce, South-East Spain 327
J. Gibert, L. Gibert, C. Ferrandez-Canyadell, A. Iglesias, and F. Gonzalez
38 New Evidence on the Earliest Human Presence at High Northern Latitudes in Northeast Asia
336
R. X. Zhu, R. Potts, F. Xle, K. A. Hoffman, C. L. Deng, C. D. Shi, Y. X. Pan, H. Q. Wang, R. P. Shi, Y. C. Wang, G. H. Shi, and N. Q. Wu
39 Mid-Pleistocene Acheulean-Like Stone Technology of the Bose Basin, South China 340
Y. Hou, R. Potts, B. Yuan, Z. Guo, A. Deino, W. Wang, J. Clark, G. Xie, and W. Huang
40 Evidence for the Use of Fire at Zhoukoudian, China 345
S. Weiner, Q. Xu, P. Goldberg, J. Liu, and O. Bar-Yosef
41 Homo erectus and the Emergence of Sunda in the Tethys Realm: Contributions of Potassium-
Based Chronology in the Sangiran Dome, Central Java 348
R. Larick, R. L. Ciochon, and Y. Zaim
42 Homo erectus Calvarium from the Pleistocene of Java 357
H. Baba, F. Aziz, Y. Kaifu, G. Suwa, R. T. Kono, and T. Jacob
43 Latest Homo erectus of Java: Potential Contemporaneity with Homo sapiens in Southeast Asia
363
C. C. Swisher III, W. J. Rink, S. C. Anton, H. P. Schwarcz, G. H. Curtis, A. Suprijo, and Widiasmoro
44 A New Small-Bodied Hominin from the Late Pleistocene of Flores, Indonesia 368
P. Brown, T. Sutikna, M. J. Morwood, R. P. Soejono, Jatmiko, E. Wayhu Saptomo, and Rokus Awe Due
45 Grandmothering and the Evolution of Homo erectus 376
J. F. O'Connell, K. Hawkes, and N. G. Blurton Jones
Part VI Middle Pleistocene Hominids in Africa, Europe, and Asia 393
46 Human Evolution in the Middle Pleistocene: The Role of Homo heidelbergensis 396
G. P. Rightmire
47. The Atapuerca Sites and Their Contributions to the Knowledge of Human Evolution in Europe
405
J. M. Bermudez de Castro, M. Martinon-Torres, E. Carbonell, S. Sarmiento, A. Rosas, J. van der Made, and M. Lozano
48 A Cranium for the Earliest Europeans: Phylogenetic Position of the Hominid from Ceprano,
Italy 421
G. Manzi, F. Mallegni, and A. Ascenzi
49 The KNM-ER 3884 Hominid and the Emergence of Modern Anatomy in Africa 428
G. Braeuer
50 Dali, a Skull of Archaic Homo sapiens from China 432
X. Wu and F. E. Poirier
51 Body Mass and Encephalization in Pleistocene Homo435
C. B. Ruff, E. Trinkaus, and T. W. Holliday
52 Lower Palaeolithic Hunting Weapons from Schoeningen, Germany-The Oldest Spears in the
World 440
H. Thieme
Part VII The Neandertals 447
53 Climatic Changes, Paleogeography, and the Evolution of the Neandertals
J.-J. Hublin
54 The Accretion Model of Neandertal Evolution
J. D. Hawks and M. H. Wolpoff
55 Neandertal DNA Sequences and the Origin of Modern Humans
M. Krings, A. Stone, R. W. Schmitz, H. Krainitzki, M. Stoneking, and S. Paeaebo
56 Cold Adaptation, Heterochrony, and Neandertals
S. E. Churchill
57 Neandertal Cranial Ontogeny and Its Implications for Late Hominid Diversity
M. S. Ponce de Leon and C. P. E. Zollikofer
58 Neandertal Cannibalism at Moula-Guercy, Ardeche, France
A. Defleur, T. White, P. Valensi, L. Slimak, and E. Cregut-Bonnoure
Part VIII Origin of Modern Humans
59 Modern Human Origins: Progress and Prospects
C. B. Stringer
60 A Reconsideration of the Omo-Kibish Remains and the erectus-sapiens Transition
M. H. Day and C. B. Stringer
61 Pleistocene Homo sapiens from Middle Awash, Ethiopia
T. D. White, B. Asfaw, D. DeGusta, H. Gilbert, G. D. Richards, G. Suwa, and F. C. Howell
62 Multiple Dispersals and Modern Human Origins
M. M. Lahr and R. Foley
63 Models, Predictions, and the Fossil Record of Modern Human Origins
J. H. Relethford
64 Fully Modern Humans
R. G. Klein
65 The Big Deal about Blades: Laminar Technologies and Human Evolution
O. Bar-Yosef and S. L. Kuhn
66 A Middle Stone Age Worked Bone Industry from Katanda, Upper Semliki Valley, Zaire
J. E. Yellen, A. S. Brooks, E. Cornelissen, M. J. Mehlman, and K. Stewart
67 Emergence of Modern Human Behavior: Middle Stone Age Engravings from South Africa
C. S. Henshilwood, F. d'Errico, R. Yates, Z. Jacobs, C. Tribolo, G. A. T. Duller, N. Mercier, J. C. Sealy, H. Valladas, I. Watts, and A. G. Wintle
Part IX Evolution of Homo sapiens
68 Multiregional, Not Multiple Origins
M. H. Wolpoff, J. Hawks, and R. Caspari
69 Modern Human Ancestry at the Peripheries: A Test of the Replacement Theory
M. H. Wolpoff, J. Hawks, D. W. Frayer, and K. Hunley
70 Origins of Modern Humans Still Look Recent
T. R. Disotell
71 Out of Africa Again and Again
A. R. Templeton
72 Genetics and the Making of Homo sapiens
S. B. Carroll
73 Human Colonization of the Americas: Timing, Technology and Process
E. J. Dixon
74 Human Races: A Genetic and Evolutionary Perspective
A. R. Templeton
75 On Stony Ground: Lithic Technology, Human Evolution and the Emergence of Culture
R. Foley and M. M. Lahr