MIMO-OFDM Wireless Communications with MATLAB
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Persons
Yong Soo Cho is a Professor of Electronic Engineering at Chung-Ang University in Seoul, Korea. He has taught OFDM for 10 years and MIMO for 5. His research interests are in the areas of digital communication, digital signal processing, and FPGA Implementation. Cho has held positions at LG Electronics, the ETRI Mobile Communication Group, the WiBro Project Group, and was Chairman of the Wireless Access Working Group in Korea. He holds a BS from Chung-Ang University, an MS from Yonsei University, and a PhD from the University of Texas at Austin, all in electronic engineering.
Jaekwon Kim is an Assistant Professor of Computer and Telecommunications Engineering at Yonsei University. Prior to that he worked at Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology with the 4G System Team. He holds a BS and MS from Chung-Ang University and a PhD from the University of Texas at Austin, all in electronic engineering.
Won Y. Yang is a Professor of Electronic Engineering at Chung-Ang University. He has written two books on MATLAB in English, and two in Korean. Yang holds a BS and MS in Electrical Engineering from Seoul National University, an MS in Applied Math and a PhD in Electrical Engineering from the University of Southern California.
Chung Gu Kang is a Professor of Radio Communication and Engineering at Korea University. Previous work experience inlcudes time in the US spent at the Aerospace Corporation and Rockwell International, where he worked on telecommunications systems development. He was also a Visiting Associate Professor at the UC San Diego. His research interests are focesed on the cross layer design issues for MIMO/multiple access schemes for mobile broadband wireless access systems and MAC/routing protocols for mobile ad hoc networks. Kang holds a BS from UC San Diego and an MS and PhD in Electrical Engineering and Computer Engineering from UC Irvine.
Content
Preface xiii
Limits of Liability and Disclaimer of Warranty of Software xv
1 The Wireless Channel: Propagation and Fading 1
1.1 Large-Scale Fading 4
1.1.1 General Path Loss Model 4
1.1.2 Okumura/Hata Model 8
1.1.3 IEEE 802.16d Model 10
1.2 Small-Scale Fading 15
1.2.1 Parameters for Small-Scale Fading 15
1.2.2 Time-Dispersive vs. Frequency-Dispersive Fading 16
1.2.3 Statistical Characterization and Generation of Fading Channel 19
2 SISO Channel Models 25
2.1 Indoor Channel Models 25
2.1.1 General Indoor Channel Models 26
2.1.2 IEEE 802.11 Channel Model 28
2.1.3 Saleh-Valenzuela (S-V) Channel Model 30
2.1.4 UWB Channel Model 35
2.2 Outdoor Channel Models 40
2.2.1 FWGN Model 41
2.2.2 Jakes Model 50
2.2.3 Ray-Based Channel Model 54
2.2.4 Frequency-Selective Fading Channel Model 61
2.2.5 SUI Channel Model 65
3 MIMO Channel Models 71
3.1 Statistical MIMO Model 71
3.1.1 Spatial Correlation 73
3.1.2 PAS Model 76
3.2 I-METRA MIMO Channel Model 84
3.2.1 Statistical Model of Correlated MIMO Fading Channel 84
3.2.2 Generation of Correlated MIMO Channel Coefficients 88
3.2.3 I-METRA MIMO Channel Model 90
3.2.4 3GPP MIMO Channel Model 94
3.3 SCM MIMO Channel Model 97
3.3.1 SCM Link-Level Channel Parameters 98
3.3.2 SCM Link-Level Channel Modeling 102
3.3.3 Spatial Correlation of Ray-Based Channel Model 105
4 Introduction to OFDM 111
4.1 Single-Carrier vs. Multi-Carrier Transmission 111
4.1.1 Single-Carrier Transmission 111
4.1.2 Multi-Carrier Transmission 115
4.1.3 Single-Carrier vs. Multi-Carrier Transmission 120
4.2 Basic Principle of OFDM 121
4.2.1 OFDM Modulation and Demodulation 121
4.2.2 OFDM Guard Interval 126
4.2.3 OFDM Guard Band 132
4.2.4 BER of OFDM Scheme 136
4.2.5 Water-Filling Algorithm for Frequency-Domain Link Adaptation 139
4.3 Coded OFDM 142
4.4 OFDMA: Multiple Access Extensions of OFDM 143
4.4.1 Resource Allocation - Subchannel Allocation Types 145
4.4.2 Resource Allocation - Subchannelization 146
4.5 Duplexing 150
5 Synchronization for OFDM 153
5.1 Effect of STO 153
5.2 Effect of CFO 156
5.2.1 Effect of Integer Carrier Frequency Offset (IFO) 159
5.2.2 Effect of Fractional Carrier Frequency Offset (FFO) 160
5.3 Estimation Techniques for STO 162
5.3.1 Time-Domain Estimation Techniques for STO 162
5.3.2 Frequency-Domain Estimation Techniques for STO 168
5.4 Estimation Techniques for CFO 170
5.4.1 Time-Domain Estimation Techniques for CFO 170
5.4.2 Frequency-Domain Estimation Techniques for CFO 173
5.5 Effect of Sampling Clock Offset 177
5.5.1 Effect of Phase Offset in Sampling Clocks 177
5.5.2 Effect of Frequency Offset in Sampling Clocks 178
5.6 Compensation for Sampling Clock Offset 178
5.7 Synchronization in Cellular Systems 180
5.7.1 Downlink Synchronization 180
5.7.2 Uplink Synchronization 183
6 Channel Estimation 187
6.1 Pilot Structure 187
6.1.1 Block Type 187
6.1.2 Comb Type 188
6.1.3 Lattice Type 189
6.2 Training Symbol-Based Channel Estimation 190
6.2.1 LS Channel Estimation 190
6.2.2 MMSE Channel Estimation 191
6.3 DFT-Based Channel Estimation 195
6.4 Decision-Directed Channel Estimation 199
6.5 Advanced Channel Estimation Techniques 199
6.5.1 Channel Estimation Using a Superimposed Signal 199
6.5.2 Channel Estimation in Fast Time-Varying Channels 201
6.5.3 EM Algorithm-Based Channel Estimation 204
6.5.4 Blind Channel Estimation 206
7 PAPR Reduction 209
7.1 Introduction to PAPR 209
7.1.1 Definition of PAPR 210
7.1.2 Distribution of OFDM Signal 216
7.1.3 PAPR and Oversampling 218
7.1.4 Clipping and SQNR 222
7.2 PAPR Reduction Techniques 224
7.2.1 Clipping and Filtering 224
7.2.2 PAPR Reduction Code 231
7.2.3 Selective Mapping 233
7.2.4 Partial Transmit Sequence 234
7.2.5 Tone Reservation 238
7.2.6 Tone Injection 239
7.2.7 DFT Spreading 241
8 Inter-Cell Interference Mitigation Techniques 251
8.1 Inter-Cell Interference Coordination Technique 251
8.1.1 Fractional Frequency Reuse 251
8.1.2 Soft Frequency Reuse 254
8.1.3 Flexible Fractional Frequency Reuse 255
8.1.4 Dynamic Channel Allocation 256
8.2 Inter-Cell Interference Randomization Technique 257
8.2.1 Cell-Specific Scrambling 257
8.2.2 Cell-Specific Interleaving 258
8.2.3 Frequency-Hopping OFDMA 258
8.2.4 Random Subcarrier Allocation 260
8.3 Inter-Cell Interference Cancellation Technique 260
8.3.1 Interference Rejection Combining Technique 260
8.3.2 IDMA Multiuser Detection 262
9 MIMO: Channel Capacity 263
9.1 Useful Matrix Theory 263
9.2 Deterministic MIMO Channel Capacity 265
9.2.1 Channel Capacity when CSI is Known to the Transmitter Side 266
9.2.2 Channel Capacity when CSI is Not Available at the Transmitter Side 270
9.2.3 Channel Capacity of SIMO and MISO Channels 271
9.3 Channel Capacity of Random MIMO Channels 272
10 Antenna Diversity and Space-Time Coding Techniques 281
10.1 Antenna Diversity 281
10.1.1 Receive Diversity 283
10.1.2 Transmit Diversity 287
10.2 Space-Time Coding (STC): Overview 287
10.2.1 System Model 287
10.2.2 Pairwise Error Probability 289
10.2.3 Space-Time Code Design 292
10.3 Space-Time Block Code (STBC) 294
10.3.1 Alamouti Space-Time Code 294
10.3.2 Generalization of Space-Time Block Coding 298
10.3.3 Decoding for Space-Time Block Codes 302
10.4 Space-Time Trellis Code 307
10.4.1 Space-Time Trellis Encoder 307
10.4.2 Space-Time Trellis Code: Illustrative Example 310
11 Signal Detection for Spatially Multiplexed MIMO Systems 319
11.1 Linear Signal Detection 319
11.1.1 ZF Signal Detection 320
11.1.2 MMSE Signal Detection 321
11.2 OSIC Signal Detection 322
11.3 ML Signal Detection 327
11.4 Sphere Decoding Method 329
11.5 QRM-MLD Method 339
11.6 Lattice Reduction-Aided Detection 344
11.6.1 Lenstra-Lenstra-Lovasz (LLL) Algorithm 345
11.6.2 Application of Lattice Reduction 349
11.7 Soft Decision for MIMO Systems 352
11.7.1 Log-Likelihood-Ratio (LLR) for SISO Systems 353
11.7.2 LLR for Linear Detector-Based MIMO System 358
11.7.3 LLR for MIMO System with a Candidate Vector Set 361
11.7.4 LLR for MIMO System Using a Limited Candidate Vector Set 364
Appendix 11.A Derivation of Equation (11.23) 370
12 Exploiting Channel State Information at the Transmitter Side 373
12.1 Channel Estimation on the Transmitter Side 373
12.1.1 Using Channel Reciprocity 374
12.1.2 CSI Feedback 374
12.2 Precoded OSTBC 375
12.3 Precoded Spatial-Multiplexing System 381
12.4 Antenna Selection Techniques 383
12.4.1 Optimum Antenna Selection Technique 384
12.4.2 Complexity-Reduced Antenna Selection 386
12.4.3 Antenna Selection for OSTBC 390
13 Multi-User MIMO 395
13.1 Mathematical Model for Multi-User MIMO System 396
13.2 Channel Capacity of Multi-User MIMO System 397
13.2.1 Capacity of MAC 398
13.2.2 Capacity of BC 399
13.3 Transmission Methods for Broadcast Channel 401
13.3.1 Channel Inversion 401
13.3.2 Block Diagonalization 404
13.3.3 Dirty Paper Coding (DPC) 408
13.3.4 Tomlinson-Harashima Precoding 412
References 419
Index 431
