Physics of Solar Energy and Energy Storage
Description
Join the fight for a renewable world with this indispensable introduction
Solar energy is one of the most essential tools in the fight to create a sustainable future. A wholly renewable and cost-effective energy source capable of providing domestic, business, and industrial energy, solar energy is expected to become a $223 billion a year industry by 2026. The future of global energy production demands researchers and engineers who understand the physics of harnessing, storing, and distributing solar energy.
Physics of Solar Energy and Energy Storage begins to meet this demand, with a thorough, accessible overview of the required fundamentals. Now fully updated to reflect the past decade of research amidst a growing understanding of the scale of our collective challenge, it promises to train the next generation of researchers and engineers who will join this vital effort.
Readers of the second edition of Physics of Solar Energy and Energy Storage will find:
- A particular focus on lithium-ion rechargeable batteries
- Detailed discussions of photovoltaic solar systems, concentrating solar systems, passive solar heating, and more
- Homework problems and exercises throughout to reinforce learning
Physics of Solar Energy and Energy Storage is ideal for mechanical, chemical, or electrical engineers working on solar or alternative energy projects, as well as researchers and policymakers in related fields.
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C. Julian Chen is an adjunct professor and Senior Research Scientist in the Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics at Columbia University since 2007. Prior to his time as an academic, he spent fifteen years in IBM's TJ Watson Research Center, where he performed research on scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). To continue STM research, he served as a Professor of Physics at Hamburg University for three years.
Content
List of Figures xiii
List of Tables xix
Preface to the Second Edition xxi
Preface to the First Edition xxiii
Chapter 1: Introduction 1
1.1 Shaping a More Livable World 1
1.2 Solar Energy 9
1.3 Solar Photovoltaics 12
1.4 A Rechargeable Battery Primer 16
1.5 Other Renewable Energy Resources 21
Chapter 2: Nature of Solar Radiation 37
2.1 Light as Electromagnetic Waves 37
2.2 Interface Phenomena 43
2.3 Blackbody Radiation 51
2.4 Photoelectric Effect and Concept of Photons 58
2.5 Einstein's Derivation of Blackbody Formula 63
Chapter 3: Origin of Solar Energy 67
3.1 Basic Parameters of the Sun 68
3.2 Kelvin-Helmholtz Time Scale 70
3.3 Energy Source of the Sun 72
Chapter 4: Tracking Sunlight 77
4.1 Rotation of Earth: Latitude and Longitude 77
4.2 Celestial Sphere 78
4.3 Treatment in Solar Time 84
4.4 Treatment in Standard Time 94
Chapter 5: Interaction of Sunlight with Earth 105
5.1 Interaction of Radiation with Matter 105
5.2 Interaction of Sunlight with Atmosphere 108
5.3 Penetration of Solar Energy into Earth 111
Chapter 6: Thermodynamics of Solar Energy 117
6.1 Definitions 117
6.2 First Law of Thermodynamics 118
6.3 Second Law of Thermodynamics 121
6.4 Thermodynamic Functions 125
6.5 Ideal Gas 127
6.6 Ground Source Heat Pump and Air Conditioning 131
Chapter 7: A Quantum Mechanics Primer 139
7.1 The Static Schrödinger Equation 140
7.2 Many-Electron Systems 163
7.3 The Chemical Bond 169
7.4 The Solid State 174
7.5 The Dynamic Schrödinger Equation 181
Chapter 8: pn-Junctions 189
8.1 Semiconductors 189
8.2 Formation of a pn-Junction 194
8.3 Analysis of pn-Junctions 198
8.4 Light-Emitting Diodes for Illumination 202
Chapter 9: Semiconductor Solar Cells 211
9.1 Basic Concepts 211
9.2 The Shockley-Queisser Limit 217
9.3 Nonradiative Recombination Processes 225
9.4 Antireflection Coatings 228
9.5 Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells 234
9.6 Thin-Film Solar Cells 238
9.7 Tandem Solar Cells 241
Chapter 10: Solar Photochemistry 245
10.1 Physics of Photosynthesis 245
10.2 Artificial Photosynthesis 253
10.3 Genetically Engineered Algae 253
10.4 Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells 253
10.5 Bilayer Organic Solar Cells 256
Chapter 11: Solar Thermal Energy 259
11.1 Early Solar Thermal Applications 259
11.2 Solar Heat Collectors 262
11.3 Solar Water Heaters 271
11.4 Solar Thermal Power Systems 272
Chapter 12: Physical Energy Storage 278
12.1 Pumped Hydro Storage 278
12.2 Sensible Heat Energy Storage 279
12.3 Phase Transition Thermal Storage 283
Chapter 13: Rechargeable Batteries 288
13.1 An Electrochemistry Primer 288
13.2 Lithium-Ion Batteries 292
13.3 Sodium-Ion Batteries 306
13.4 Traditional Rechargeable Batteries 310
Chapter 14: Building with Sunshine 313
14.1 Early Solar Architecture 314
14.2 Building Materials 315
14.3 Example of Holistic Design 320
Appendix A: Energy Unit Conversion 325
Appendix B: Spherical Trigonometry 327
B.1 Spherical Triangle 327
B.2 Cosine Formula 328
B.3 Sine Formula 329
B.4 Formula C 331
Appendix C: Vector Analysis and Determinants 333
C.1 Vector Analysis 333
C.2 Determinants 334
Appendix D: Real Spherical Harmonics 336
D.1 The Spherical Coordinate System 336
D.2 Spherical Harmonics 337
Appendix E: Complex Numbers 341
E.1 Definition of Complex Numbers 341
E.2 The Euler Formula 342
Appendix F: Statistics of Particles 343
F.1 Maxwell-Boltzmann Statistics 344
F.2 Fermi-Dirac Statistics 345
F.3 Bose-Einstein Statistics 346
Appendix G: Measurement in Quantum Mechanics 347
G.1 The Measurement Postulate 347
G.2 Experiments in Position Detection 349
G.3 Tomographic Imaging of Wavefunctions 351
G.4 Einstein's Opinion on Quantum Mechanics 353
G.5 A Modern View of Schrödinger's Cat 353
G.6 A Natural Presentation of Quantum Mechanics 354
Bibliography 357
Index 365
List of Figures
1.1 Energy consumption by sectors.
1.2 History of fossil-fuels consumption
1.3 Deepwater Horizon oil rig explosion.
1.4 Volume and percentage of coal-generated electricity.
1.5 Phasing out coal electricity in the United States.
1.6 Cost decline of installed solar PV systems.
1.7 Cost of various energy resources.
1.8 Annual solar energy arriving at surface of Earth.
1.9 World marketed energy consumption.
1.10 Sources of electricity: history and forecast.
1.11 Selenium solar cell and silicon solar cell.
1.12 Inventors of silicon solar cells.
1.13 Average price of solar panels: 1975-2021.
1.14 Maximum power and fill factor.
1.15 Volume and types of solar cells: 2011-2021.
1.16 Winners of the 2019 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
1.17 The first lithium-ion rechargeable battery of Stanley Whittingham.
1.18 Improved Li-ion battery cathode materials of John Goodenough.
1.19 Improved Li-ion battery anode materials of Akira Yoshino.
1.20 The expansion of Li-ion rechargeable battery market.
1.21 Percentage of electricity generation from hydropower in various countries.
1.22 Itaipu hydropower station at border of Brazil and Paraguay.
1.23 Derivation of Betz theorem of wind turbine.
1.24 Efficiency of wind turbine.
1.25 Wind turbines in Copenhagen.
1.26 Costa Pinto Production Plant of sugar ethanol.
1.27 Annual production of ethanol in Brazil.
1.28 Production process of biodiesel.
1.29 Oil palm fruit.
1.30 Wild oil palms in Africa
1.31 Shallow geothermal energy.
1.32 Deep geothermal energy.
1.33 Regions for deep geothermal energy extraction.
1.34 Nesjavellir geothermal power station, Iceland.
1.35 The Rance Tidal Power Station, France.
2.1 James Clerk Maxwell.
2.2 Electromagnetic wave.
2.3 Derivation of Fresnel formulas.
2.4 Blackbody radiation.
2.5 Blackbody spectral irradiance.
2.6 Lenard's apparatus for studying photoelectric effect.
2.7 Louis de Broglie.
2.8 Einstein's derivation of blackbody radiation formula.
2.9 Wavelengths of visible lights.
3.1 Luminosity of the Sun.
3.2 Sir William Thomson.
3.3 The Kelvin-Helmholtz model.
3.4 Hans Albrecht Bethe.
3.5 Internal structure of the Sun.
4.1 The night sky.
4.2 Latitude and longitude.
4.3 Celestial sphere and coordinate transformation.
4.4 Coordinate transformation in Cartesian coordinates.
4.5 Obliquity and the seasons.
4.6 Apparent motion of the Sun.
4.7 Daily solar radiation energy on a vertical surface facing south.
4.8 Daily solar radiation energy on a horizontal surface.
4.9 Daily solar radiation energy on a latitude-tilt surface.
4.10 Daily solar radiation energy on a surface with tracking.
4.11 Sidereal time and solar time.
4.12 Obliquity and equation of time.
4.13 Eccentricity of Earth's orbit: Kepler's laws.
4.14 Equation of time.
4.15 The analemma: the apparent motion of the Sun.
5.1 Absorptivity, reflectivity, and transmittivity.
5.2 Emissivity and absorptivity.
5.3 Bouguer-Lambert-Beer's law.
5.4 Attenuation of sunlight at azimuth.
5.5 Interaction of sunlight with atmosphere.
5.6 AM0 and AM1.
5.7 Insolation map of the worlda.
5.8 Derivation of the heat-conduction equation.
5.9 Penetration of solar energy into Earth.
6.1 Joule's experiment.
6.2 Carnot cycle.
6.3 Reverse Carnot cycle.
6.4 Carnot cycle with ideal gas as the system.
6.5 Ground source heat pump.
6.6 Ground-source heat pump: cooling mode.
6.7 Ground source heat pump: heating mode.
6.8 Heat-exchange configurations for ground-source heat pumps.
6.9 Vertical well in a heat pump system.
7.1 Austrian banknote with a portrait of Schrödinger.
7.2 Wavefunctions in a one-dimensional potential well.
7.3 Energy levels in a one-dimensional potential well.
7.4 Energy levels and wavefunctions of a harmonic oscillator.
7.5 Hydrogen atom in spherical polar coordinates.
7.6 Wavefunction of ground-state hydrogen atom.
7.7 Wavefunctions of excited-states of hydrogen atom.
7.8 Hydrogen wavefunctions.
7.9 Schematics of Stern-Gerlach experiment.
7.10 Hybridwavefunctions.
7.11 Hybridwavefunctions.
7.12 Hybridwavefunctions.
7.13 Scanning tunneling microscope.
7.14 HOMO of pentacene imaged by STM.
7.15 LUMO of pentacene imaged by STM.
7.16 Concept of chemical bond.
7.17 Accuracy of the perturbation treatment of hydrogen molecular ion.
7.18 Wavefunctions outside the atomic core.
7.19 Molecular orbitals built from two-type AOs.
7.20 Theand MOs.
7.21 TheandMOs.
7.22 Chemical bonds of seven first-row elements.
7.23 Bloch wavefunctions.
7.24 Reciprocal space and the first Brillouin zone.
7.25 Conductor, semiconductor, and insulator.
7.26 Direct semiconductors and indirect semiconductors.
7.27 Band gaps of a number of semiconductors.
7.28 Formation of energy bands in crystalline silicon.
7.29 Condition of energy conservation.
8.1 Intrinsic semiconductors: Free electrons and holes.
8.2 The-type semiconductor.
8.3 The -type semiconductor.
8.4 Unit cell in crystalline silicon.
8.5 Roles of doners and acceptors in silicon.
8.6 Formation of a -junction.
8.7 The depletion model of -junction.
8.8 Effect of bias in a -junction.
8.9 Current-voltage behavior of a -junction.
8.10 Evolution of the efficiency of light sources.
8.11 Nobelists for the invention of blue-light LED.
8.12 The relation between driving voltage and bandgap.
8.13 Two main methods to produce white light from LEDs.
8.14 Generating white light by blue luminescence and yellow phosphorescence.
8.15 Wavelength and lattice constant for InGa N. .
8.16 Blue-light LED fabricated on a GaN substrate.
8.17 The first blue-light LED built in 1972.
9.1 Interaction of radiation with semiconductors.
9.2 Direct and indirect semiconductors.
9.3 Absorption spectra of semiconductors commonly used for solar cells.
9.4 Generating voltage and current by the electron-hole pair.
9.5 Equivalent circuit of solar cell.
9.6 Generation of an electron-hole pair.
9.7 Ultimate efficiency of solar cells.
9.8 A simplified optical model of semiconductors.
9.9 Efficiency limit of solar cells.
9.10 Efficiency limit of solar cells for AM1.
9.11 The Auger recombination process.
9.12 Two-step recombination processes.
9.13 Antireflection coatings (a) At the interface of two dielectric media, the reflection coefficient is determined by the Fresnel formula.
9.14 Matrix method for antireflection coatings.
9.15 Choice of materials for SLAR coatings.
9.16 Wavelength range of antireflection coatings.
9.17 Typical high-efficiency silicon solar cell.
9.18 Cross section of typical solar module.
9.19 Monocrystalline solar module and polycrystalline solar module.
9.20 Typical structure of CdTe thin film solar cell.
9.21 Typical structure of CIGS thin-film solar cell.
9.22 CIGS solar cell integrated circuit.
9.23 Multijunction tandem solar cell.
9.24 Working principle of multijunction tandem solar cells.
10.1 Chlorophyll.
10.2 Absorption spectra of chlorophyll.
10.3 ATP and ADP.
10.4 NADPH and NADP.
10.5 Key steps in the Calvin cycle.
10.6 Chloroplast.
10.7 Efficiency of photosynthesis.
10.8 Structure of dye-sensitized solar cell.
10.9 The N3 ruthenium dye and photocurrent spectrum.
10.10 Bilayer organic solar cell.
10.11 CuPc and its absorption spectrum.
11.1 A 3000-years-old solar igniter.
11.2 Hot box of Horace de Saussure.
11.3 Adams solar oven.
11.4 Cast-iron solar oven.
11.5 Spectral power density of solar radiation...
