Chemical Bioavailability in Terrestrial Environments

Name: Chemical Bioavailability in Terrestrial Environments
Brand: Elsevier
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Published on 31. August 2011

828 pages

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978-0-08-055775-5 (ISBN)

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Cover
Contents
List of contributors
Preface
Chapter 1. Chemical bioavailability in terrestrial environments
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Conclusion
References
A: Bioavailability - new concepts and definitions
Chapter 2. Contaminant chemistry in soils: key concepts and bioavailability
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Nature and sources of contaminants
2.3 Contaminant interactions in soil
2.4 Key soil properties influencing chemical bioavailability in soils
2.5 Accessibility to contaminants bound to soil determines biodegradation of contaminants
2.6 Concluding remarks
References
Chapter 3. Bioavailability: definition, assessment and implications for risk assessment
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Definition of bioavailability
3.3 Methods for the assessment of contaminant bioavailability
3.4 Bioavailability implications to risk assessment
References
Chapter 4. Bioavailability: the underlying basis for risk-based land management
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Risk-based land management
4.3 Bioavailability and risk management
4.4 Risk management - policy
4.5 Sources and definition of contamination
4.6 Contaminant interaction
4.7 Key contaminants
4.8 Contaminant interaction varies with soil type
4.9 Historical approach to remediation
4.10 Risk assessment
4.11 Case study: As contaminated soil - application of risk-based land management
4.12 Conclusion
References
Chapter 5. Bioavailability of sorbed pesticides to bacteria: an overview
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Sorption influences bioavailability
5.3 Desorption-limited degradation
5.4 Role of surfactant molecules
5.5 Species-specific interactions and bioavailability
5.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 6. Mechanistic Approach for Bioavailability of Chemicals in Soil
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Soil and rhizosphere system
6.3 Rhizosphere, a competitive environment
6.4 Food web complications
6.5 Spatiotemporal variability of exposure
6.6 Conceptual simplifications
Acknowledgement
References
B: The role of chemical speciation in bioavailability
Chapter 7. Frontiers in assessing the role of chemical speciation and natural attenuation on the Bioavailability of Contaminants in the Terrestrial Environment
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Isotopic dilution techniques
7.3 Microbeam synchrotron X-ray fluorescence of human teeth
7.4 XANES and XRF studies of Cr speciation in particulate matter
7.5 XANES and EXAFS analyses of As in soils
7.6 Complementary spectroscopic analyses of lacustrine sediments
7.7 Summary
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 8. Process-based approach in the study of bioavailability of ions in soils
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Donnan membrane technique
8.3 Multisurface models
8.4 Competition between ions for uptake
8.5 Ion transport and bioavailability
8.6 Outlook for future research
Acknowledgement
Reference
Chapter 9. DGT measurements to predict metal bioavailability in soils
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Theoretical background
9.3 Experimental procedures
9.4 Example case studies of DGT application
9.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 10. Organic contaminant speciation and bioavailability in the terrestrial environment
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Speciation, toxicity and abundance in soils
10.3 Bioavailability of organic compounds in soil - definitions and measurement
10.4 Factors influencing compound bioavailability
10.5 Bioavailability and uptake in organisms
10.6 Implications for risk based corrective action
References
C: Bioavailability and ecotoxicity of contaminants
Chapter 11. Bioavailability and toxicity of contaminant mixtures to soil biota
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Impact on microbiological processes
11.3 Pollutant tolerance and adaptation of microorganisms
11.4 Degradation products may be more toxic than parent chemicals
11.5 Toxicity at long-term total petroleum hydrocarbon contaminated site - No single bioassay is adequate to assess the impact of several contaminants
11.6 Toxicity of organic (atrazine) and inorganic (copper) combination to soil biota
11.7 Approaches for bioremediation of co-contaminated soils
11.8 Conclusion
Acknowledgement
References
Chapter 12. Bioavailability in soil: the role of invertebrate behaviour
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Invertebrates as active players in the context of soil contamination
12.3 Practical use of soil invertebrate behaviour: the earthworm avoidance test
12.4 Avoidance tests in environmental risk assessment
12.5 Outlook
References
Chapter 13. Relationship between biochemical activity and metal concentration in soil amended with sewage sludge
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Acute effects of sewage sludge on soil biochemical properties
13.3 Chronic effects of sewage sludge on soil biochemical properties
13.4 What is the relationship between metal concentration and soil biochemical activity?
References
D: Bioavailability of nutrients and agrichemicals
Chapter 14. Techniques for assessing nutrient bioavailability in soils: Current and future issues
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Conceptual models of nutrient availability in soil
14.3 Applied tools for assessing and removing soil mineral constraints to crop production
14.4 Applied tools for assessing soil management threats to water quality
14.5 Research tools for building a fundamental understanding of the quantity, form and dynamics of plant-available nutrients in soils
14.6 Future directions
References
Chapter 15. The role of inhibitors in the bioavailability and mitigation of nitrogen losses in grassland ecosystems
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Issues
15.3 Sources of nitrogen input in grazed pastures
15.4 Nitrogen dynamics in pasture soils
15.5 Environmental impact of N losses
15.6 Inhibitors in nitrogen cycle
15.7 Bioavailability of N with inhibitors
15.8 Effect of inhibitors on N losses
15.9 Conclusions
References
Chapter 16. Assessment of phosphorus bioavailability from organic wastes in soil
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Phosphorus compounds in soil environment
16.3 Soil factors influencing phosphorus bioavailability
16.4 Fractionation of soil phosphorus
16.5 Phosphorus in organic residues
16.6 Phosphorus compounds recovered from sludges
16.7 Conclusions
Acknowledgement
References
Chapter 17. Biological transformation and bioavailability of nutrient elements in acid soils as affected by liming
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Processes of acid generation in soils
17.3 Biological transformation of nutrients in soils
17.4 Soil acidity and bioavailability of nutrients
17.5 Liming and bioavailability of nutrients
17.6 Conclusions and future research needs
References
E: Tools to assess bioavailability
Chapter 18. Contaminant concentrations in organisms as indicators of bioavailability: a review of kinetic theory and the use of target species in biomonitoring
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Toxicokinetic interpretation of residues
18.3 Target species for residue analysis
18.4 Confounding factors
18.5 Contaminants in food-webs
18.6 Conclusions
References
Chapter 19. Biological tools to assess contaminant bioavailability in soils
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Bioavailability
19.3 Factors affecting bioavailability of contaminants in soil
19.4 Assessment of contaminant bioavailability in soil
19.5 Biological tools for assessment of contaminant bioavailability
19.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 20 Chemical Methods for Assessing Contaminant Bioavailability in Soils
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Solid-phase chemical fractionation
20.3 Concluding remarks
References
Chapter 21. Microbial activities, monitoring and application as part of a management strategy for heavy metal-contaminated soil and ground water
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Heavy metal resistance in bacteria
21.3 Methods for studying microbial community composition and activity
21.4 Bioremediation processes based on microbial heavy metal detoxification mechanisms
21.5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 22. DNA adduct analysis of environmental DNA: a potential method to assess the in situ bioavailability of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Materials and methods
22.3 Results and discussion
22.4 Conclusions and future work
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 23. Can bioavailability assays predict the efficacy of PAH bioremediation?
23.1 Introduction
23.2 PAH sequestration and ageing
23.3 Determination of contaminant bioavailability
23.4 Non-exhaustive extractants
23.5 Predicting PAH biodegradation using bioavailability assays
23.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgement
References
Chapter 24. The application of fibre optic chemical sensors for heavy metal monitoring in contaminated environments
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Fibre optic chemical sensors: general characteristics
24.3 Development of heavy metal sensors
24.4 Challenges for application to real-life monitoring
24.5 Conclusions
References
F: The role of bioavailability in risk assessment and remediation
Chapter 25. Concept for risk assessment of soil contaminants based on total and bioavailable concentration - implementation in Switzerland
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Soil, soil fertility and soil quality
25.3 Characterisation of soil contamination
25.4 Concept for setting up three levels of standard values
25.5 Methodological foundations
25.6 Accuracy and limitations in the derivation of standard values
25.7 Conclusions
References
Chapter 26. Contaminants in the rootzone: bioavailability, uptake and transport, and their implications for remediation
26.1 Introduction
26.2 Clonal variation in the bioavailability of cadmium
26.3 Boron uptake from contaminated sawdust by a poplar
26.4 Consequences of chelation for enhancing copper extraction by plants
26.5 Distributed uptake across the root system
26.6 Modelling and parameterising biophysical transport mechanisms
26.7 Prognosis
Acknowledgement
References
Chapter 27. Manipulating bioavailability to manage remediation of metal-contaminated soils
27.1 Introduction
27.2 Sources of heavy metals
27.3 Dynamics of heavy metals in soils
27.4 Definition and indicators of bioavailability
27.5 Indicators of bioavailability
27.6 Soil amendments for metal (im)mobilization
27.7 Conclusions
References
Chapter 28. The value of nitrilotriacetate in chelate-assisted phytoremediation
28.1 Introduction
28.2 Effect of NTA on metal solubility in clay suspension solutions and in soils
28.3 Influence of NTA on metal uptake by tobacco in hydroponic culture
28.4 Influence of NTA on metal uptake from nutrient solution with montmorillonite
28.5 Pot and field Experiments
28.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 29. EDTA-assisted phytostabilization by barley roots contaminated with heavy metals
29.1 Introduction
29.2 Materials and methods
29.3 Results and discussion
29.4 Future research dealing with chelate-assisted phytoremediation
29.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgement
References
Chapter 30. Land reclamation using earthworms in metal contaminated soils
30.1 Introduction
30.2 The use of earthworms for land reclamation
30.3 The role of earthworms in reclaiming heavy metal contaminated soils
30.4 Trials of earthworm inoculation for the reclamation of Pb/Zn mine tailings from Lechang (China)
30.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References

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Chemical Bioavailability in Terrestrial Environments

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