Testing and Experimentation in Civil Engineering

Name: Testing and Experimentation in Civil Engineering | From Current to Smart Technologies
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From Current to Smart Technologies

Carlos Chastre José Neves Diogo Ribeiro Fernando F. S. Pinho Hugo Biscaia Maria Graça Neves Paulina Faria Rui Micaelo(Editor)

Springer (Publisher)

1st Edition

Published on 5. June 2023

XXVII, 497 pages

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978-3-031-29191-3 (ISBN)

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Content

Intro
Preface
Acknowledgments
Contents
RILEM Publications
3D Modelling and Printing
Use of Automated Control Machining Tools for Design, Construction, and Testing with Hydraulic Physical Models
1 Introduction
2 'Traditional' Constructive Methods
3 'Novel' Constructive Technologies
3.1 Framework
3.2 CNC Cutting-Subtracting Manufacturing
3.3 3D Modeling and Printing-Additive Manufacturing
3.4 Automation for Experimental Measurements and Control
4 Examples of Application of 'Novel' Constructive Technologies
4.1 3D Printing of a Complex-Shaped Flip Bucket
4.2 3D Printing of a Failed Dam with PLC Material
4.3 CNC Machining of a Mid-Bottom Spillway
4.4 Producing an Entire Physical Model Based on 'Novel' Technologies
5 Conclusions
References
3D Modelling and Printing for the Design of the Wooden Structure of the Church of San Martín de Plasencia, Spain
1 Introduction
1.1 The Wooden Structure of the San Martíns' Church
1.2 Modifications in the '60 s of the Twentieth Century and Fire in 2020
1.3 Objective
2 Use of the 3D Model for Checking the Structural Design
2.1 Digital Model of the Supporting Structure
2.2 Detection of Previous Structural Anomalies
2.3 Digital and Physical Models to Justify the Optimal Structural Form
2.4 Structural Basis
2.5 Dimensioning and Checking of Timber Transversal Sections
2.6 Structural-Legal Justification
3 Method Carried Out for 3D Modelling and 3D Printing
4 Conclusions
References
Biomaterials, Nanomaterials, and New Materials
Thermal Properties of Polymer Adhesive Modified with TiO2 Used for Structural Strengthening
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Methods
2.1 Epoxy Resin and Granite Powder
2.2 Thermal Analysis
3 Results and Discussion
4 Conclusions
References
Production and Characterization of Polymeric Capsules Containing Rejuvenators for Asphalt Mixtures Self-healing Purposes
1 Introduction
2 Experiments
2.1 Materials
2.2 Preparation of Microcapsules
2.3 Testing Methods
3 Results and Discussions
3.1 Characterization of Microcapsules
3.2 Self-healing of Bituminous Mastic
4 Conclusions
References
A Review of Laboratory Tests to Evaluate Agro-Industrial Wastes Properties as Building Materials
1 Introduction
2 Testing Agro-Industrial Wastes and Composites
2.1 Agro-Industrial Wastes
2.2 Composites
2.3 Bio-Susceptibility
3 Discussion
4 Conclusions
References
Geotechnical Characterization of Vegetal Biomass Ashes Based Materials for Liner Production
1 Introduction
2 Methodology
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Geotechnical Characterization
3.2 Mechanical Performance
3.3 Hydraulic Conductivity
3.4 Chemical and Mineralogical Composition
4 Conclusion
References
An Input in the Asian Wasp Nest (AWN) Study
1 Introduction
2 Context
3 Some Highlights About AWN
4 The AWN Used as the Study Case
5 X-ray Test of the AWN
6 Conclusions
References
Destructive and Non-destructive Testing
Moisture Buffering Value of Plasters: The Influence of Two Different Test Methods
1 Introduction
2 Moisture Buffering Value
2.1 NORDTEST Protocol
2.2 ISO 24353
3 Tested Plasters
4 Results
5 Conclusions
References
Study on the Effect of the Bedding Mortar Composition on the Shear and Compression Behavior of Old Brick Masonry Walls
1 Introduction
2 Mechanical Properties of the Mortars
3 Diagonal Compression Tests
4 Axial Compression Tests
5 Conclusion
References
New Methodology for Rocks' Geomechanical Characterization with Schmidt Sclerometer
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Methods
3 Results and Discussion
4 Conclusions
References
Experimental Analysis of Traditional Stone Masonry Walls Under Blast Loadings
1 Experimental Work
2 Visual Damage Assessment
3 Results
3.1 Comparison of Experimental and Theoretical Shock Wave Profiles
3.2 Comparison of Incident Peak and Reflected Pressures
3.3 Comparison of Incident and Reflected Impulses
4 Conclusions
References
Dynamic Behavior of a Two-Storey Cross Laminated Timber Mockup
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Method
3 Ambient Vibration Test and Modal Identification
4 Numerical Modeling
4.1 Parametric Analyses on Epistemic Uncertainties
4.2 Parametric Analyses on Aleatory Uncertainties
4.3 Calibration
5 Conclusions
References
Shear Capacity Assessment of Steel-To-CLT Connectors
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Method
2.1 Theory
2.2 Description of Specimens and Testing Procedure
3 Results
3.1 Characterization of Shear Strength and Stiffness
3.2 Discussion of Results
4 Conclusions
References
Test Procedures for the Characterization of Earth Plastering Mortars: Necessary Adaptations
1 Introduction
2 Adaptation of Tests to Characterize Earth Mortars
2.1 Specimens and Samples
2.2 Capillary Absorption and Drying
2.3 Water Erosion by Dripping Action
3 Characterization Tests of Earth Plasters that Can be Carried Out on Other Mortars
3.1 Linear Shrinkage
3.2 Dry Abrasion Resistance
3.3 Adsorption and Desorption
3.4 Surface Cohesion
4 Conclusions
References
Large Static Testing Equipment: Design and Testing of a Settlement Facility
1 Introduction
2 Experimental Facility Description
3 Settlement Tests on Masonry Shear Walls
4 Conclusions
References
A Discussion on the Determination of Permeability and Absorption in Concrete
1 Introduction
2 Existing Structures: LCA and Experimental Tests
2.1 LCA for Interventions on Concrete Structures
2.2 Intervention Intervals and Sustainability
3 Past and Present Experimental Methods for Permeability Determination
3.1 Literature Review
3.2 Current Test Standards for Concrete Watertightness
4 Discussion
5 Conclusions
References
Physical Methods and Scanning Electron Microscopy for Evaluation of Bioclogging in Geotextiles
1 Introduction
2 Methods for Bioclogging Evaluation
2.1 Permeability and Permittivity Tests
2.2 Scanning Electron Microscopy
2.3 Weighing Experiments
2.4 Tracer Experiments
3 Preliminary Tests on Biofilm Growing in a Non-woven Geotextiles
4 Analysis and Discussion
5 Conclusions
References
A Comparative Experimental Campaign to Estimate the Normal Interface Stiffness of Dry-Joint Masonry Structures
1 Introduction
2 Experimental Campaign
2.1 Material and Specimens
2.2 Deformation-Based Tests
2.3 Vibration-Based Tests
3 Normal Interface Stiffness
3.1 Deformation-Based Results
3.2 Vibration-Based Results
3.3 Comparison of Deformation- and Vibration-Based Results
4 Conclusions
References
Thermal Properties of Polymer Floor Coating with Alternative Granite Powder Filler
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Methods
2.1 Epoxy Resin and Granite Powder
2.2 Thermal Analysis
3 Results and Discussion
4 Conclusions
References
Absorption Tests of Binary and Ternary Mortar Mixtures and Their Relationship with Compressive Strength
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Methods
2.1 Materials
2.2 Mix Design, Mixing Procedure, and Testing Methods
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Effect of Supplementary Cementitious Materials on the Capillary Absorption
3.2 Relationship Between Absorption and Compressive Strength
4 Conclusions
References
Precision of Test Methods for Hot Mix Asphalt
1 Introduction
2 Methodology
2.1 Materials
2.2 Experimental Procedure
3 Results and Discussion
4 Conclusion
References
Assessment of Mechanical and Physical Behaviour of Sandstones Through Quasi Non-destructive Tests
1 Introduction
2 Experimental Programme
2.1 Open Porosity and Densities
2.2 Compressive Strength
2.3 Drilling Strength
3 Results
4 Conclusions
References
Inspection, Monitoring, and Automatic Damage Identification
Design and Construction of a Test Setup to Investigate Ground Settlement Response of Large-Scale Masonry Building Models
1 Introduction
2 Masonry Building Model and Design of a Settlement Test Setup
2.1 Building Model
2.2 Settlement Scenario
2.3 Design of Settlement Test Apparatus
2.4 Site Validations for Settlement Test Setup Before the Construction of the Building Model
3 Experimental Testing of the Masonry Building
4 Conclusions
References
Metrological Characterization and Traceability of the Strain Column Measurement Standard
1 Introduction
2 Metrological Testing of Compression Machines
3 Experimental Methods
3.1 Dimensional and Geometrical Characterization
3.2 Calibration
3.3 Uniformity
3.4 Conformity Assessment
4 Results
4.1 Dimensional and Geometrical Characterization
4.2 Calibration
4.3 Uniformity
5 Conclusions
References
Experimental Design for Building Retrofit Studies: The Assessment of the Thermal Behaviour of a Solar Passive Retrofit Solution
1 Introduction
2 The Retrofit Solution
3 The Design of the Experimental Setup
4 Results
4.1 Results from the Heating Season
4.2 Results from the Cooling Season
5 Conclusion
References
Condition Assessment of a Metallic Runway Beam Based on Dynamic and Static Testing
1 Introduction
2 The Metallic Runway Beam
3 Ambient Vibration Test
3.1 Experimental Setup
3.2 Modal Identification
4 Static Tests Under Operational Live Loads
4.1 Experimental Setup
4.2 Loading Strategy
4.3 Results and Analysis
5 Conclusions
References
Modelling and Validation of Models
Numerical Simulation of RC Beams Strengthened by Post-tensioning
1 Introduction
2 Description of the Experimental Specimens
2.1 Reference and Strengthened Specimens
2.2 Materials Characterization
2.3 Test Setup and Procedure
2.4 Experimental Results
3 Numerical Simulation of the Strengthened Specimens
3.1 Elements
3.2 Section Discretization
3.3 Numeric Results
4 Conclusions
References
Accident Prediction Model Applied to Motorway A29 in Portugal
1 Introduction
2 Background
2.1 Statistical Modeling
2.2 Design Risk Factors
3 Data Description
4 Methodology
5 Results and Discussion
5.1 Fitted Model
5.2 Model Validation
6 Conclusions
References
Numerical Modeling of Reinforced Concrete T-Beams
1 Introduction
2 The Experimental Campaign
2.1 Specimen CB0
2.2 The Experimental Results
3 Sensitivity Analysis
3.1 Numerical Models of Beam CB0
3.2 Influence of Size and Type of Finite Elements
3.3 Influence of Fracture Energy
4 Conclusions
References
New Sensors and Technologies
Estimation of River Flow Discharges Using Image Processing
1 Introduction
2 Methods
3 Experimental Procedure
4 Results
4.1 Part A
4.2 Part B
4.3 Part C
5 Conclusions and Further Research
References
Damage Evolution in Physical Scale Model Tests of a Stretch of the Breakwater of Peniche Harbour
1 Introduction
2 Physical Model and Test Conditions
3 Materials and Methods
4 Results and Discussion
5 Conclusions
References
SfM Photogrammetry as a Tool to Monitor Slope Erosion and Evaluate Bio-Stabilization Treatment
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Methods
2.1 Materials and Experimental Setup
2.2 Slopes Treatment
2.3 Determination of Calcium Carbonate Content
3 Experimental Results
4 SfM Breach Monitoring
5 Conclusions
References
An Open-Source 2D Digital Image Correlation Software: Case Study on the Hyperelastic Behaviour of Silicone-Based Material
1 Introduction
2 DIC Overview
3 iCorrVision-2D
4 Materials and Methods
4.1 Specimen and Experimental Set-Up
4.2 Isotropic Hyperelastic Models
5 Results and Discussion
6 Conclusions
References
Point Fixed Tempered Laminated Glass Panels Subjected to Wind Load: Data Acquisition Through Electrical Strain Gauges/Displacement Transducers Versus Digital Image Correlation
1 Introduction and Research Considerations
2 Digital Image Correlation Considerations
3 Results
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Test 26 (Glass Panel with EVASAFE Interlayer Film)
3.3 Test 27 (Glass Panel with PVB Interlayer Film)
3.4 Test 28 (Glass Panel with PVB Interlayer Film)
3.5 Comparison Ratios
4 Conclusions
References
Image Analysis Techniques to Characterize Scaled Embankment Failures
1 Introduction
2 Dam Breach Experiment
2.1 Experimental Facility
2.2 Experimental Procedure
2.3 Geotechnical Characterization of the Soils
2.4 Monitored Variables and Equipment's
3 Results of the Application of Image Analysis Techniques to the Acquired Data
3.1 Temporal Evolution of the Lateral Erosion of the Breach
3.2 Water Levels Inside the Downstream Settling Basin
3.3 Surface Velocity Maps in the Breach Proximity
3.4 3D Reconstruction of the Dam Morphology
4 Conclusions
References
Monitoring the Madeira Airport Protection Breakwater Using Visual and Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Observations
1 Introduction
2 The Berm Breakwater
3 Visual Observation Monitoring
4 The Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) System
4.1 Image Acquisition
4.2 Photogrammetric Image Processing
5 Conclusions
References
Management and Monitoring of Civil Works Using Geographic Information Technology
1 Introduction
2 Methodology
2.1 Preliminary Analysis of Works
2.2 GIS Information Integration Process
2.3 Applications for on Site Data Collection
2.4 Evidence Validation Process
2.5 Management and Control of Road Works
3 Conclusions
References
Development of a Cohesive Model for CFRP-To-Steel Bonded Joints for Low and High Temperatures
1 Introduction
2 Experimental Program
2.1 Characterization of the Materials
2.2 Geometry and Manufacturing of the Specimens
2.3 Test Setup and Test Procedure
3 Experimental Program
4 Results and Discussions
4.1 Bond Capacity
4.2 CFRP Strains Caused by Temperature Variations
4.3 Interfacial Bond Stresses
5 Unified and Updated Cohesive Model
5.1 Local Bond Behavior
5.2 Numerical Example
6 Conclusions and Future Work
References
Automatic Classification of Facades Using Image Colour Differences
1 Introduction
2 Method
3 Case Study
4 Results and Discussion
4.1 Anomalies Mapping by Visual Inspection
4.2 Anomalies Mapping by Image Classification
4.3 Comparison of Manual Drawing and Image Classification
5 Conclusions
References
Wireless Sensors for Measuring Main Kinematic Parameters in Dynamic Tests Involving Intense Impacts
1 Introduction
2 Description of the Tests
2.1 Shaking Table Test-Collapse of a Half-Scaled Masonry Building with a Half-Scaled Shelter on Its Top
2.2 Free-Fall Test
3 Sensors and Data Acquisition
4 Calibration Test-Comparison Between the Result of the High-Speed Camera and Wireless Accelerometers with a Reference Accelerometer
5 Conclusion
References

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Testing and Experimentation in Civil Engineering

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