Life Settlements and Longevity Structures
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GEOFF CHAPLIN studied mathematics at Cambridge (MA 1972) and Oxford (MSc 1973, DPhil 1975) and trained as an actuary (FFA 1978) while working in a life insurance company. He moved to the City in 1980 and has worked for major banks (including HSBC, Nomura International, and ABN AMRO). As a partner in Reoch Credit he has consulted to law firms, hedge funds, corporate treasurers, institutional investment funds and risk control departments of major banks in the areas of credit and mortality risk. He has been involved in the credit derivatives market since 1996 and life settlements structures since 2003. Geoff has also maintained strong academic interests - he was a visiting (emeritus) professor at the University of Waterloo, Canada, from 1987 until 1999. He has also published many articles in Risk, the Journal of the Institute and Faculty of Actuaries, and others, speaks regularly at conferences and is the author of "Credit Derivatives: Risk management, Trading and Investing" published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd, 2005.
MARK VENN isManaging Director of Clearlife Limited, and President of ClearLife US affiliate, ClearLife Inc. ClearLife was founded by Mark in November 2007. It supplies trade processing, evaluation and risk analysis services to participants in the life settlements and premium finance markets. These services are provided through ClearLife(TM), data management network, ClariNet(TM), which allows investors in life settlements and synthetic longevity risk to interact in a secure manner with external service providers and other market participants. Prior to founding ClearLife, Mark established Mizuho International plc's Asset Finance Group in 2005 a principal investment team formed to focus on the life settlements market. Mark recruited and managed a team of six front office professionals and worked with Mizuho(TM), support teams to build a dedicated legal, information technology and operations infrastructure for life settlements. Through this process, Mark gained invaluable experience in designing and developing business procedures, information technology and risk management systems, tailored to the specific requirements of longevity and mortality risk. He also initiated and maintained relationships with key service providers and counterparties in the life settlements market. Over two years, Mark grew Mizuho's life settlements portfolio to over US$1.2 billion in face amount. While at Mizuho, Mark also founded the Institutional Life Markets Association (ILMA), which has become the leading trade association for institutional participants in the life settlements and premium finance markets. Mark joined Mizuho in 2000 with two colleagues to co-found Mizuho(TM), Structured Credit Products Group, which completed US$3 billion in synthetic US high yield CDOs. From 1993, Mark worked for Credit Suisse First Boston and Credit Suisse Financial Products and was based in Hong Kong, London, New York and Tokyo over this period, specialising latterly in credit derivatives and synthetic CDOs.
Mark holds a master's degree in law from Cambridge University and qualified as a barrister in 1990.
Content
1 Life Insurance: Primary and Secondary Markets.
Introduction.
1.1 History, application and termination of life insurance policies.
1.1.1 History: Early life insurance.
1.1.2 Modern insurance.
1.1.3 Insurance moves to America.
1.1.4 Summary.
1.1.5 Applications of life insurance.
1.1.6 The parties involved in a life insurance policy.
1.1.7 Life insurance and life assurance.
1.1.8 Termination and surrender of life insurance policies.
1.2 Life Insurance policy types and underwriting.
1.2.1 Universal life.
1.2.2 Variable universal life.
1.2.3 Term insurance.
1.2.4 Endowment insurance.
1.2.5 Whole life.
1.2.6 Policy riders.
1.3 Development of the viatical settlement and life settlement markets.
1.3.1 History and inception.
1.3.2 Negative sentiments.
1.3.3 Market size.
1.3.4 Institutional involvement.
1.4 The parties involved in a life settlement transaction.
1.5 The life settlement process.
1.6 Legal issues.
1.7 Other issues.
2 Mortality and Credit Structures, Valuation and Risk.
Introduction.
2.1 CDS and CDO contracts.
2.1.1 CDS.
2.1.2 CDO.
2.1.3 Synthetic and cash flow CDOs.
2.1.4 Life policy CDOs.
2.2 Valuation approach and data.
2.2.1 Approach.
2.2.2 Data.
2.3 The poisson process.
2.4 Single life mortality calculations.
2.4.1 Corporate mortality: CDS contracts and bond pricing.
2.4.2 Generic life policy valuation.
2.4.3 Mortality adjustments.
2.4.4 Risk analysis in the life assurance context - mortality curve stresses.
2.5 Correlation and portfolio calculations.
2.5.1 Copulas.
2.5.2 Bivariate copulas.
2.5.3 Gaussian copula and correlation in CDO structures.
2.5.4 Correlation in life insurance.
2.6 Rating transactions.
2.7 Risk management of a structured life settlements portfolio.
2.7.1 Risk managing a book of traded financial assets.
2.7.2 Risk managing a portfolio of mortality risks in an insurance company.
2.7.3 Risk managing a life settlements portfolio.
2.7.4 Current risk management software.
3 Structured Products and Securitization.
3.1 Securitization.
3.1.1 Other examples: Synthetic securitization.
3.1.2 Prestructures.
3.2 Structured products.
3.2.1 Mortgage structures.
3.2.2 Other examples.
3.3 The risks of structured products.
3.3.1 Problems with correlations and volatility.
3.3.2 Pricing structures.
3.4 Modelling.
3.4.1 Implied models.
3.4.2 Parametric models.
3.4.3 Realized moments.
3.5 Life Settlement pool (LSP).
3.5.1 Volatility in LSPs.
3.5.2 Correlation in LSPs.
3.5.3 Credit risks.
3.5.4 LSP: Examples.
3.5.5 Other risks.
3.5.6 Due diligence.
3.6 Conclusion.
4 Examples of LSP Securitization: A Principal Protected Fund.
Introduction.
4.1 A simple example.
4.2 Other pool examples.
4.2.1 Assumptions.
4.2.2 Statically managed fund.
4.2.3 A Managed pool.
4.2.4 Looking at risks.
4.2.5 Leveraged reinvested pools.
4.3 Group policies.
4.4 Conclusion.
4.4.1 Administration.
4.4.2 Modelling.
Appendix: Sample product description outline.
A4.1 Introduction.
A4.2 Product description.
A4.3 Marketing assessment.
A4.4 Modelling and pricing.
A4.5 Administration and accounting.
A4.6 Conclusion.
5 Capital Markets Products: Principal Protection.
Introduction.
5.1 Bond constructions.
5.2 A zero coupon bond.
5.3 A coupon bond.
5.4 A convertible bond.
5.4.1 The convertible is exercised.
5.4.2 The convertible is not exercised.
5.5 Principal protection.
5.6 Longevity bonds.
5.6.1 The longevity bonds: Principal at risk.
5.6.2 Longevity bonds: Coupons at risk.
5.6.3 The inverse longevity bond.
5.7 Sharia compliant bonds.
5.8 Power bonds.
5.9 CIOs and PACs, TACs and VADAMSs.
5.9.1 A collateralized insurance obligation.
5.9.2 PAC.
5.9.3 PAC bond - breaching the boundaries by 40%.
5.10 Equity-linked notes.
5.11 Conclusion.
6 Structured Financing: Guaranteed Loan repayment.
Introduction.
6.1 Project financing: Commercial and industrial uses.
6.1.1 Purchase of a restaurant chain.
6.1.2 Leasing.
6.1.3 Balance sheet restructuring.
6.2 Retail product.
6.2.1 Principal reduced mortgages.
6.2.2 Credit enhancement for the retail borrower.
6.3 Reverse mortgage or equity reversal programme.
6.3.1 Home lease programme.
6.4 Asset swaps.
6.4.1 Simple review.
6.4.2 The sub-prime swap.
6.4.3 Risks of this transaction.
6.5 The pension swap.
6.6 A New CPPI product.
6.6.1 The initial CPPI study.
6.6.2 Allocation process.
6.7 Conclusion.
7 Life Settlement Derivatives.
Introduction.
7.1 Longevity bonds.
7.2 Asset Swap.
7.2.1 Deterministic mortality swap.
7.2.2 Mortality swap: Single payment.
7.2.3 Mortality swap: Multiple periods.
7.3 Mortality curves.
7.3.1 The forward mortality rate.
7.3.2 Interest rates.
7.3.3 Interest rate swap.
7.3.4 Forward rate agreements.
7.3.5 Mortality rate.
7.4 Futures and forwards.
7.5 Options.
7.5.1 Review of option pricing models used to price mortality options.
7.5.2 Options on longevity bond future.
7.5.3 Options on the longevity spot bond.
7.5.4 Put option on the longevity of the pool.
7.5.5 Mortality caps, floors and swaptions.
7.5.6 Interest rate caps.
7.5.7 Interest rate swaption.
7.5.8 Mortality caps.
7.6 Synthetic pools.
7.7 Conclusion.
8 Hedging.
Introduction.
8.1 Hedging longevity or extension risk.
8.1.1 Longevity bonds.
8.1.2 Asset swaps.
8.1.3 Annuity hedging.
8.1.4 Single premium annuity.
8.1.5 80% runoff with no annuity vs. an annuity.
8.1.6 40% runoff with no annuity.
8.1.7 40% runoff with single premium annuity.
8.1.8 80% runoff with an annuity payout per year.
8.1.9 Summary.
8.2 Hedging with inverse longevity bond.
8.2.1 Hedging with a surety bond.
8.2.2 Hedging with an insurance wrap.
8.2.3 Over-collateralization.
8.2.4 Hedging with a mortality swap.
8.3 Futures-forwards.
8.4 Options.
8.4.1 Bond options.
8.4.2 Put option on the longevity.
8.5 Caps, floors and swaptions.
8.5.1 Caps.
8.5.2 Swaptions.
8.6 Hedging liquidity risk.
8.6.1 Establishing a reserve.
8.6.2 Establishing a liquidity provider.
8.6.3 Partial portfolio sale.
8.6.4 Borrow against the portfolio.
8.7 Hedging credit risk.
8.7.1 Diversification.
8.7.2 Credit risk.
8.7.3 Hedging efficiency.
8.8 HER (Hedge efficiency ratio) for an inverse longevity bond.
8.8.1 Theory.
8.8.2 Hedging effectiveness.
8.8.3 Effectiveness of a hedge: the calculation.
8.8.4 Risks.
8.8.5 HER for an annuity.
8.8.6 HER for an inverse longevity bond.
8.8.7 HER for a mortality swap.
8.9 Conclusion.
Appendix.
Bibliography.
Index.
