
The Science of ADHD
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CHRIS CHANDLER is Professor of Psychology at London Metropolitan University, where he teaches psychobiology and addiction at both undergraduate and postgraduate levels. An expert in the neuropsychology of ADHD and addiction, Chandler's research explores the role of dopamine in behavior and the psychobiological aspects of addiction. He is also the author of Psychobiology and Addiction: A Biopsychosocial Perspective (co-authored with Anita Andrews) and numerous peer-reviewed articles.
Content
- Cover
- Title Page
- Copyright Page
- Dedication Page
- Contents
- Preface to the Second Edition
- Preface to the First Edition
- Acknowledgments
- Chapter 1 What Is ADHD?
- What Does ADHD Look Like and Who Has It?
- ADHD - Two Faces of the Same Coin
- The Negative Impact of ADHD
- What Is ADHD Like?
- Adult Male Personal Account A
- Adult Female Personal Account
- A Child's Personal Account (Diagnosed at the Age of 8 Years)
- A Parent's View
- Another Parent's View
- A Mother with ADHD's Personal Account of Parenting a Daughter with ADHD
- Are There Any Positive Aspects to Having ADHD?
- ADHD: Science and Society
- Science and Proof
- Good Science and Drug Development
- Summary
- Chapter 2 Diagnosis, Epidemiology, and Comorbidity
- A Short History of ADHD
- Formal Diagnosis
- DSM Criteria
- DSM vs. ICD
- Is ADHD Real?
- Adult ADHD
- Is Adult ADHD Real?
- Diagnosis and the Future Criteria
- Assessment
- Rating Scales
- ADHD Rating Scales: Children
- SNAP-IV, SKAMP, and SWAN
- ADHD Rating Scale IV (ADHD RS IV) and ADHD RS 5
- Conner's Rating Scales - Revised (CRS-R)
- Vanderbilt ADHD Teacher and Parent Rating Scales (VADTRS and VANPRS)
- ADHD Symptoms Rating Scale
- Attention Deficit Disorder Evaluation Scale -Second Edition (ADDES 2)
- ACTeRS -2ndEdition
- Brown Attention-DeficitDisorder Scales for Children and Adolescents (BADDS)
- The Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL)
- The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ)
- Parental Account of Childhood Symptoms (PACS)
- Weiss Functional Impairment Rating Scale (WFIRS)
- ADHD Rating Scales: Adults
- Wender Utah Rating Scale (WURS) (See Also Adult ADHD)
- Conner's Adult ADHD Rating Scales (CAARS)
- Brown Adult ADD Scale
- The Adult ADHD Self-ReportScale (ASRS)
- Rating Scales: Summary
- Epidemiology
- The Cultural Context of Diagnosis
- Sex Differences
- Over- and Underdiagnosis
- Prognosis
- Comorbidity - Not Just ADHD
- Autism and ADHD
- Prevalence of ASD with and Without ADHD
- Implications of ASD and ADHD
- Summary
- Chapter 3 Causality and the Environmental Hypotheses of ADHD
- What Causes ADHD?
- Causality
- Animal Models of ADHD
- Genetic Models
- Alpha-synuclein Lacking Mice
- Physical Trauma/Environment
- Anoxia/Hypoxia in Neonatal Rodents
- X-radiationof Neonatal Rodents
- Cerebellar Stunting Model of ADHD
- Maternally Stressed Mice
- Prenatal Ethanol Exposure
- What Can Animal Models Tell Us About ADHD?
- The Environment
- The Environment in Utero: Pregnancy, Birth Complications, and Teratology
- Pregnancy and Birth Complications
- Teratology: Are Neurotoxins a Possible Cause?
- Maternal Smoking
- Maternal Alcohol Consumption
- Low Birth Weight and ADHD
- Trace Elements in ADHD
- Food Additives, Allergies, and Responses
- Fatty Acids in ADHD
- Television and Computer Games
- The Environment: Blame Culture, Agency, Free Will, Families, and Society
- Summary
- Chapter 4 Neuropsychological Theories of ADHD
- Executive Functions
- Neuropsychological Tests and the Generation of Theories
- Theory of Mind
- Impulse Control: Impulsivity and Behavioral/Response Inhibition
- Barkley's Neuropsychological Account - Behavioral Inhibition
- Measures of Behavioral Inhibition and ADHD
- Motivational Inhibition
- Working Memory
- Barkley's Updated Executive Functioning Model
- Alerting, Orienting, and Executive Functioning - Separate Circuits in ADHD
- The Supervisory Attentional System
- Brown's Executive Functioning Model
- Cognitive-Energetic Model
- A Behavioral Neuroenergetics Theory of ADHD
- Summary
- Chapter 5 The Genetics of ADHD
- The Evidence for (and Against) ADHD as a Genetically Inherited Disorder
- Behavioral Genetics
- Twins
- Evolutionary Explanations for ADHD and Its Continuation
- Evolutionary Psychology, ADHD, and Specific Genes
- Molecular Genetics
- A Brief Lesson on Genetics
- Genetic Variation
- Polymorphisms
- Variable Number Tandem Repeats
- Genetic Markers
- Epigenetics
- Exploring Genes in ADHD
- Dopamine Genes and ADHD
- Dopamine Transporter Gene
- DRD4 Gene
- DRD1 Gene
- DRD2 Gene
- DRD3 Gene
- DRD5 Gene
- Other Non-DA or Non-DA Specific Related Genes
- Catechol-O-Methyltransferase (COMT) Gene
- SNAP25 Gene
- TH (Tyrosine Hydroxylase), DOPA Decarboxylase, and DBH (Dopamine Beta-Hydroxylase) Genes
- MAOA (Monoamine Oxidase A) Genes
- BDNF (Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor)
- Noradrenergic Genes
- Serotonergic Genes
- Is There a Gene for ADHD?
- Admixture in the Genetics of ADHD
- Can Genes Explain the Sex Difference in ADHD (If There Is a Difference)?
- The Endophenotype
- Summary
- Chapter 6 The Neuroscience of ADHD
- The Brain: A Brief Guide to Development and Neuroanatomy
- Developmental Changes in the Brain
- Regions of the Brain
- The Cortex
- The Limbic System
- The Basal Ganglia
- Cerebellum
- A Brief Account of Imaging the Brain
- The Brain in ADHD
- Structural Changes
- Gray and White Matter
- The Cortex
- The Frontal Lobes
- The Parietal Lobe
- Basal Ganglia
- Cerebellum
- Functional Significance
- Functional Imaging of ADHD
- Psychophysiological Studies
- Connectivity in ADHD
- The Fronto-striatal Circuits
- Fronto-parietal Circuits
- Corticocerebellar Circuits
- Default Mode Network and Task-Positive Networks in ADHD
- Summary
- Chapter 7 Psychostimulant Medication for ADHD: From Treatment to Theory (and Back Again)
- A Brief Review of the Neuropharmacology
- Electrical Communication
- Synaptic Transmission
- Pharmacotherapy in ADHD
- The Pharmacology and Efficacy of Psychostimulants used in treating ADHD
- Methylphenidate
- Pharmacology
- Amphetamine
- Pharmacology
- Clinical Effects of Amphetamine and Methylphenidate
- The MTA Study
- Other Studies and Neurocognitive Processes
- Side Effects and Concerns with Amphetamine and Methylphenidate
- Other Drugs that Increase Dopamine Levels
- L-Dopa
- Apomorphine
- Bromocriptine
- Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors
- Pemoline
- Pharmacology
- Clinical Effects
- Side Effects
- Nicotine
- Pharmacology
- Clinical Effects
- Tolerance and Withdrawal
- Placebo Effects in ADHD
- Psychopharmacology: From Treatment to Theory
- Hypo/Hyperfunctioning DA in ADHD
- Grace's Tonic and Phasic Account of ADHD
- A Dynamic Developmental Theory of ADHD
- The Rate-dependent Hypothesis and the Effects of Psychostimulants
- Extending the Theory to Norepinephrine
- Summary
- Chapter 8 Non-stimulant Medications and Non-pharmacological Treatments
- Non-stimulant Medications
- Atomoxetine
- Viloxazine
- Modafinil
- Clonidine and Guanfacine
- Centanafadine: A Mixed Dopamine, Norepinephrine, and Serotonin-Based Drug
- How Do These Drugs Fit into Theoretical Accounts of ADHD?
- Non-pharmacological Treatments
- Neurotherapeutics
- Neurofeedback
- Brain Stimulation
- Behavioral Therapies
- Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
- Other Behavioral Therapies
- Alternative Treatments
- Summary
- Chapter 9 Addiction, Reward, and ADHD
- Addiction
- The Neuropsychopharmacology of Addiction
- Addiction in ADHD
- Are ADHD Symptoms Subtypes Linked to Any Specific Drugs?
- Amphetamines, Methylphenidate, and Addiction
- Methylphenidate Treatment and Addiction
- Drugs, Cannabis, and Psychiatry
- Psychedelics, Endocannabinoids, and CBD: A New Treatment Strand for ADHD?
- Slow-Release Formulations and the Treatment of Cocaine and Amphetamine Addiction
- Theories of ADHD Based on DA Reward Pathways
- Methylphenidate and Long-term Neural Changes: Sensitization
- Reward Deficiency in ADHD: Theory and Evidence
- Reward Prediction Error
- The Dopamine Transfer Deficit Hypothesis of ADHD
- The Dual-Pathway Model of ADHD
- Impulsivity in SUD and ADHD (Revisited)
- Summary
- Chapter 10 The Past, Present, and Future Science of ADHD
- Toward a Better Understanding and Treatment of ADHD
- What Do the NICE Guidelines on ADHD Really State?
- Glossary
- References
- Index
- EULA
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