A Grammar of the Seneca Language

Name: A Grammar of the Seneca Language
Brand: Naval Institute Press
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Wallace Chafe(Author)

Naval Institute Press

1st Edition

Published on 1. January 2015

250 pages

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Cover
A Grammar of the Seneca Language
Title
Copyright
Dedication
CONTENTS
Acknowledgments
Tables
Abbreviations
1. Introduction
2. Phonetics and Phonology
2.1. Introduction
2.2. Seneca vowels today
2.3. Seneca consonants today
2.4. Vowels and consonants reconstructed for Proto-Northern-Iroquoian
2.5. Reconstructed Seneca at an earlier time
2.6. The assignment of vowel length in modern seneca
2.6.1. Vowel length in an even-numbered penult
2.6.2. Vowel length in an odd-numbered penult
2.6.3. Vowel length from other sources
2.7. The assignment of accent in modern Seneca
2.7.1 Accenting of an even-numbered short vowel
2.7.2. Accenting of an even-numbered short vowel when the following odd-numbered vowel conformed to 2.7.1
2.7.3. Words with multiple accents
2.7.4. Words with no accent
2.7.5. The absence of accent on initial and final vowels
2.7.6. Accent spreading
2.7.7. Three definitions of 'closed syllable'
2.8. Phonological changes shared with all the Northern Iroquoian languages
2.9. Phonological changes not shared with all the Northern Iroquoian languages
2.10. Phonological changes still in progress and applying only to casual speech
3. Verb Morphology Part 1. The Minimal Verb
3.1. Introduction
3.2. The habitual and stative aspect suffixes
3.2.1. Meanings of the habitual and stative suffixes
3.2.1.1. Nonconsequential events
3.2.1.2. Consequential events
3.2.2. Stative-only verb roots
3.2.3. Forms of the habitual and stative suffixes
3.3. The punctual aspect suffix and the modal prefixes
3.3.1. Introduction
3.3.2. Meanings of the modal prefixes
3.3.2.1. The factual prefix
3.3.2.2. The future prefix
3.3.2.3. The hypothetical prefix
3.3.3. Forms of the punctual aspect suffix
3.3.4. Forms of the modal prefixes
3.3.4.1. Forms of the factual prefix
3.3.4.2. Forms of the future prefix
3.3.4.3. Forms of the hypothetical prefix
3.4. The pronominal prefixes
3.4.1. Introduction
3.4.2. Neuter singular agents and patients
3.4.3. Ambiguity of the feminine singular forms
3.4.4. Relics of a feminine-zoic category
3.4.4.1. Women's names
3.4.4.2. The pronominal prefix göwö- (*köwa-)
3.4.4.3. Irregular kinship terms.
3.4.4.4. Summary of feminine-zoic relics
3.4.5. Forms of the pronominal prefixes
3.4.5.1. Loss of initial segments
3.4.5.2. Forms conditioned by the following environment
4. Verb Morphology Part 2: The Prepronominal Prefixes
4.1. Introduction
4.2. The repetitive prefix
4.2.1. Uses of the repetitive prefix
4.2.2. Forms of the repetitive prefix
4.3. The cislocative prefix
4.3.1. Uses of the cislocative prefix
4.3.2. Forms of the cislocative prefix
4.4. The duplicative prefix
4.4.1. Uses of the duplicative prefix
4.4.1.1. Word-internal borrowing from English
4.4.1.2. The duplicative in place of the repetitive
4.4.1.3. The reciprocal construction
4.4.2. Forms of the duplicative prefix
4.5. The translocative prefix
4.5.1. Uses of the translocative prefix
4.5.2. Forms of the translocative prefix
4.6. The partitive prefix
4.6.1. Uses of the partitive prefix
4.6.2. Forms of the partitive prefix
4.7. The coincident prefix
4.7.1. Uses of the coincident prefix
4.7.2. Forms of the coincident prefix
4.8. The contrastive prefix
4.8.1. Uses of the contrastive prefix
4.8.2. Forms of the contrastive prefix
4.9. The negative prefix
4.9.1. Uses of the negative prefix
4.9.1.1. The negative prefix with a particle
4.9.1.2. The negative prefix with a noun
4.9.2. Forms of the negative prefix
4.9.3. Future and past negations
5. Verb Morphology Part 3: Expanded Verb Bases
5.1. Introduction
5.2. The middle voice prefix
5.2.1. Functions of the middle voice prefix
5.2.2. Forms of the middle voice prefix
5.3. The reflexive prefix
5.3.1. Functions of the reflexive prefix
5.3.2. Forms of the reflexive prefix
5.3.3. The reciprocal construction
5.4. The incorporated noun root
5.4.1. Functions of noun incorporation
5.4.2. The 'stem-joiner' vowel
5.4.3. Noun roots of manner
5.4.3.1. The manner noun root *-na'skw- 'jump'
5.4.3.2. The manner noun root *-karh- 'turn'
5.5. Derivational suffixes
5.5.1. Introduction
5.5.2. The inchoative suffix.
5.5.3. The archaic causative suffix
5.5.4. The new causative suffix
5.5.5. The instrumental suffix
5.5.6. The distributive suffix
5.5.6.1. The double distributive
5.5.7. The benefactive suffix
5.5.8. The andative suffix
5.5.8.1. The andative plus purposive construction
5.5.9. The ambulative suffix
5.5.10. The directive suffix
5.5.11.The archaic reversive suffix
5.5.12. The new reversive suffix
5.5.13. The facilitative suffix
5.5.14. The eventuative suffix
5.5.15. Combinations of derivational suffixes
6. Verb Morphology Part 4: Extended Aspect Suffixes
6.1. Introduction
6.2. The stative-distributive suffix
6.2.1. Other forms of the stative-distributive suffix
6.3. The past suffix
6.3.1. Forms of the past suffix with the habitual aspect
6.3.2. Forms of the past suffix with the stative aspect
6.3.3. The future perfect passive construction
6.4. The progressive suffix
6.5. The continuative suffix
6.5.1. The continuative suffix with the habitual aspect
6.5.2. The continuative suffix with the stative aspect
6.5.3. The continuative suffix with imperatives
7. Noun Morphology
7.1. Introduction
7.2. The noun suffixes
7.2.1. The simple noun suffix
7.2.2. The external locative suffix
7.2.3. The internal locative suffix
7.3. Positional verb roots in place of the simple noun suffix
7.3.1. Examples of noun roots with *-yë' 'be laid out'
7.3.2. Examples of noun roots with *-ot 'be standing upright'
7.3.3. Examples of noun roots with *-te' 'be in place'
7.4. Pronominal prefixes with nouns
7.4.1. The neuter prefixes
7.4.2. Alienable possession
7.4.3. Inalienable possession
7.4.4. Nouns that lack a pronominal prefix
7.5. Prepronominal prefixes with nouns
7.5.1. The repetitive prefix with nouns
7.5.2. The cislocative prefix with nouns
7.5.3. The partitive prefix with nouns
7.5.4. The coincident prefix with nouns
7.5.5. The negative prefix with nouns
7.6. Nominalized verb bases
7.6.1. The nominalizing suffix *-hshr- / *-'shr
7.6.2. The nominalizing suffix *-'t-.
7.7. The proper nominalizer *-'
8. Clitics
8.1. Introduction
8.2. The augmentative
8.3. The diminutive
8.4. The characterizer
8.5. The populative
8.6. The decessive
8.7. The directional
8.8. The nominal distributive
8.9. The intensifier
8.10. The nativizer
8.11. Clitic sequences
9. Kinship Terms
9.1. Introduction
9.2. Relatives in general
9.3. Relatives of the same generation
9.3.1. Twins
9.3.2. Siblings
9.3.3. Cousins
9.4. Relatives one generation apart
9.4.1. Parents and children
9.4.2. Sons and daughters
9.4.3. Mother
9.4.4. Father
9.4.5. Aunts and uncles
9.4.6. Nieces and nephews
9.5. Grandparents and grandchildren
9.6. Great-grandparents and great-grandchildren
9.7. Relatives by marriage
9.7.1. Spouse
9.7.2. Siblings-in-law
9.7.3. Parents-in-law
9.8. Step-parents and step-children
9.9. Relatives by adoption
9.10. Ritual friendship
9.11. Casual friendship
10. Syntax Part 1. Amplifying a Pronominal Meaning
10.1. Introduction
10.2. First and second person pronouns
10.2.1. The first person independent pronoun i:'
10.2.1.1. First person plus neh in ni:'
10.2.1.2. First person plus -ah in i:'ah
10.2.2.3. Second person plus neh and -'ah in ni:s'ah
10.2.2. The second person independent pronoun i:s
10.2.2.1. Second person plus neh in ni:s
10.2.2.2. Second person plus diminutive -'ah in i:s'ah
10.2.2.3. Second person plus neh and -'ah in ni:s'ah
10.3. The noun root *-öhw- '-self'
10.3.1. The stem *-öhwa' kehah 'oneself alone'
10.4. Indefinite pronouns
10.4.1. sö:ga:' 'someone, anyone'
10.4.1.1. de'sö:ga:' 'no one'
10.4.2. ha'gwísdë' or gwisdë' 'something'
10.4.2.1. da'ágwisdë' or da'gwísdë' 'nothing'
10.4.3. na'áhdë'ëh 'things'
10.4.4. gye:h 'some'
10.5. Demonstrative pronouns
10.5.1. në:gë:h 'this' and hi:gë:h 'that'
10.5.2. The particle i:gë:h.
10.5.3. në:dah 'this here' and né:ne' 'that there'
10.5.4. ne'hoh 'that or there'
10.5.4.1. Distal location in discourse
10.5.4.2. Distal location in space
10.5.4.3. Appositional demonstrative ne'hoh
10.6. The particle neh 'namely'
10.6.1. Amplification with a noun
10.6.2. Amplification with a verb
10.6.3. The particle sequence ne:' neh
11. Syntax Part 2. Amplifying a spatial, temporal, or modal meaning
11.1. Introduction
11.2. Location in space
11.3. Location in time
11.4. Epistemic orientation
11.5. Orientation in degree
12. Syntax Part 3. Amplifying the meaning of an entire verb
12.1. Introduction
12.2. Spatial subordination
12.3. Temporal subordination
12.4. Manner subordination
12.5. Purposive subordination
12.6. Attributing speech
12.7. Attributing thought
13. Syntax Part 4. Word order
14. Syntax Part 5. Coordination
14.1. Introduction
14.2. Simple juxtaposition
14.3. koh 'and'
14.4. háé'gwah or hä´:'gwah 'also, too'
14.5. gi:h or gi'shëh 'or'
14.6. gwa:h heh 'but'
14.7. së'ëh 'because'
15. Questions
15.1. Introduction
15.2. Yes-no questions
15.3. Information questions
15.4. Embedded questions
15.5. The irrealis marker di'gwah
15.6. The subordinator ádi'gwah
15.7. Other usages
16. Imperatives
16.1. Introduction
16.2. Forms of the imperative suffix
16.3. The form of the second person agent prefix in imperatives
16.4. Imperatives with prepronominal prefixes
16.5. Prohibitions
16.6. The use of future verbs rather than imperatives
17. Interjections
17.1. Exclamations
17.2. Commands
17.3. Responses
17.4. Greetings and goodbyes
18. Example Texts
Text 1. Ed Curry's Garden
Text 2. The Arrival of Spring
Text 3. The First False Face
Text 4. The Senecas and the Gahkwas
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