
Advances in Simulation and Digital Human Modeling
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This book presents the latest advances in modeling and simulation for human factors research. It reports on cutting-edge simulators such as virtual and augmented reality, multisensory environments, and modeling and simulation methods used in various applications, including surgery, military operations, occupational safety, sports training, education, transportation and robotics. Based on two AHFE 2020 Virtual Conferences such as the AHFE 2020 Virtual Conference on Human Factors and Simulation and the AHFE 2020 Virtual Conference on Digital Human Modeling and Applied Optimization, held on July 16-20, 2020, the book serves as a timely reference guide for researchers and practitioners developing new modeling and simulation tools for analyzing or improving human performance. It also offers a unique resource for modelers seeking insights into human factors research and more feasible and reliable computational tools to foster advances in this exciting field.
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Content
- Intro
- Advances in Human Factors and Ergonomics 2020
- Preface
- Contents
- Human Factors and Simulated Agents
- Trustworthy Human-Centered Automation Through Explainable AI and High-Fidelity Simulation
- Abstract
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Explainability for Trustworthy Autonomous Systems
- 2.1 Internal Models
- 2.2 Decision and Control Logic
- 2.3 Human-Machine Interface
- 3 High-Fidelity Simulation for Trustworthy Autonomy
- 3.1 Simulation for Human-Machine Teaming in Cybersecurity Domains
- 3.2 Simulation for Human-Machine Teaming in Robotics Domains
- References
- Conducting Polyphonic Human-Robot Communication: Mastering Crescendos and Diminuendos in Transparency
- Abstract
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Method
- 2.1 Apparatus
- 2.2 Procedure
- 2.3 Measurement
- 3 Results
- 3.1 Performance and Reliance on IA
- 3.2 Trust
- 4 Conclusions
- Acknowledgments
- References
- An Extended Framework for Context Modeling
- Abstract
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Framework for the Context Model
- 2.1 Structure of a Context
- 2.2 Extended Framework
- 3 Redefinition of Contextual Factors of Teams
- 4 Applications of the Context Framework
- 5 Conclusion
- Acknowledgments
- References
- Human-Machine Interaction Efficiency Factors in Flight Simulator Training Towards Chinese Pilots
- Abstract
- 1 Background
- 2 Related Work
- 3 Study 1: Learning Efficiency of Aircraft-Related Knowledge
- 4 Study 2: Effect of Positive Emotion Activation
- 5 Future Work
- Acknowledgments
- References
- Training and Simulation
- Utilizing Simulation to Train Decision Making with Conflicting Information
- Abstract
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Training Techniques
- 3 Use Case Example Training Exercises
- 4 Developing Valid Simulation-Based Exercises
- 5 Conclusion
- References
- Considerations in Adding Adaptive Training to Existing Virtual Environments
- Abstract
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Virtual Environments (VEs) and Adaptive Training
- 3 Illustrative Example
- 3.1 Gauntlet
- 3.2 Integrating with GIFT
- 3.3 Specific Considerations
- 4 Conclusions
- Acknowledgments
- References
- Evoking Stress Reactivity in a Virtual Dance Competition
- Abstract
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Methods
- 2.1 Participants
- 2.2 Procedures
- 2.3 Autonomic Nervous System Reactivity
- 2.4 Salivary Cortisol and Testosterone Levels
- 2.5 Statistical Analyses
- 3 Results
- 3.1 Autonomic Nervous System Reactivity
- 3.2 Salivary Cortisol and Testosterone Levels
- 4 Discussion
- Acknowledgements
- References
- Visualizing Quantitative Uncertainty: A Review of Common Approaches, Current Limitations, and Use Cases
- Abstract
- 1 Introduction - What Is Uncertainty?
- 2 Why Is Uncertainty Important?
- 3 Why Is Uncertainty Difficult?
- 4 Visualization Examples
- 4.1 Color Hue
- 4.2 Color Value
- 4.3 Grain (Texture)
- 4.4 HSI Color Model
- 5 Visualizing Uncertainty for Training
- 6 Our Approach
- 7 Conclusion
- References
- Socio-Political Modeling
- Negotiating an Inefficient Market: An Agent-Based Model Approach to Property Insurance Claim Negotiations
- Abstract
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Literature Review
- 3 Model Description
- 4 Results
- 5 Conclusion
- References
- Hidden Markov Models for Visual Processing of Marketing Leaflets
- Abstract
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Overview of the Experiment
- 3 Hidden Markov Models
- 4 Discussion and Conclusion
- Acknowledgments
- References
- Overcoming Inconvenience: How Society Can Incentivize Individual Recycling Behavior
- An Agent-Based Model
- Abstract
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Literature Review
- 3 Methodology
- 3.1 Model Implementation
- 3.2 Internal Verification
- 4 Policy Implications and Conclusion
- References
- Identifying New Team Trust and Team Cohesion Metrics that Support Future Human-Autonomy Teams
- Abstract
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Methodology
- 2.1 Simulation
- 2.2 Participants
- 2.3 Design
- 2.4 Equipment
- 2.5 Procedure
- 3 Results and Discussion
- 3.1 Performance
- 3.2 Subjective Response
- 3.3 Physiological Data
- 4 Conclusion
- Acknowledgments
- References
- Feature Selection Modeling on Predicting EV Charging Station Coverage Rate in Southern California
- Abstract
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Feature Selection
- 2.1 Descriptive Statistics
- 2.2 Feature Selection Modeling
- 3 Conclusion and Discussion
- References
- Driving Simulators
- Psychophysiological Predictors of Motion Sickness in the Driving Simulator
- Abstract
- 1 Introduction
- 1.1 Motion Sickness in the Driving Simulator
- 1.2 HI:DAVe
- 2 Methods
- 2.1 Experimental Procedure
- 2.2 Psychophysiological Measures
- 2.3 Occurrence of the Motion Sickness
- 2.4 Experimental Groups
- 2.5 Data Acquisition, Pre-processing, and Analysis
- 3 Results
- 3.1 Time-Course of the Whole Experiment
- 3.2 Measurement 1 and Training Drive
- 3.3 Linear Regression Modelling
- 4 Discussion
- Acknowledgements
- References
- Characterizing Driver Workload and Attention in a Simulated Automated Vehicle
- Abstract
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Methods
- 2.1 Participants
- 2.2 Driving Tasks
- 2.3 Measures
- 2.4 Procedure
- 3 Results
- 3.1 Workload
- 3.2 Visual Attention
- 4 Discussion
- References
- Comparative Analysis to the Performance of Three Mobile Ad-Hoc Network Routing Protocols in Time-Critical Events of Search and Rescue Missions
- Abstract
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Simulation Environment
- 3 Results and Analysis
- 4 Conclusion
- Acknowledgements
- References
- The Two-Level Complex of Traffic Behavior Assessment Focused on Driving Skills in the Context of Autonomous Driving
- Abstract
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Main Principles for Driving Skills Assessment in the Context of Autonomous Driving
- 2.1 Appropriate Self-evaluation - Highest Level of Behavior Correction
- 2.2 Appropriate Reactions and Interactions - Achieving the Necessary Degree of Orientation in the New Situation
- 2.3 Traffic Sign Awareness - Awareness About Basic Orientation Keys
- 2.4 Speed Awareness - Awareness About Time Frame for Decision Making
- 2.5 Manual Driving Skills - Basic Level of Vehicle Control
- 3 Concrete Assessment of Driving Skills Decrease in the Context of Autonomous Driving
- 4 Conclusion
- Acknowledgements
- References
- Validation of Immersive Design Parameters in Driving Simulation Environments
- Abstract
- 1 Introduction
- 2 User Study
- 2.1 Experimental Design
- 2.2 Results
- 3 Conclusion
- Acknowledgements
- References
- Driving Simulator Validation of Machine Learning Classification for a Surface Electromyography-Based Steering Assistance Interface
- Abstract
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Surface Electromyography-Based Interface
- 3 Validation Procedures for Machine Learning Classification
- 4 Results
- 5 Conclusion
- References
- Building Narrative Scenarios for Human-Autonomous Vehicle Interaction Research in Simulators
- Abstract
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Simulation Scenarios and Emerging Problems
- 3 Towards Narrative Scenarios for HAI
- 4 A Framework of Building Narrative Scenarios for HAI
- 4.1 Collecting and Deconstructing Real-World Scenarios
- 4.2 Extracting and Categorizing Scenario Elements
- 4.3 Rebuilding Narrative Scenarios
- 5 Conclusion
- Acknowledgments
- References
- Healthcare and Occupational Safety
- Gamification of Hazards Recognition in Mining with a Tabletop Card Game
- Abstract
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Related Work
- 3 Very Good Day: The Hazards Recognition Card Game
- 3.1 Game Mechanics
- 3.2 Learning and Assessment
- 4 Play Testing
- 4.1 Methods
- 4.2 Results
- 5 Discussion
- 6 Conclusions
- Acknowledgements
- References
- Simulation-Based Safety Training for Plant Maintenance in Virtual Reality
- Abstract
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Background and Framework
- 2.1 Experiment Procedure
- 3 Results
- 3.1 Mapping Answers to Research Questions
- 4 Discussions of Results
- 5 Conclusion
- References
- Biomechanical Modeling and 3D Simulation of Firefighting Tasks
- Abstract
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Methods
- 2.1 Biomechanical Modeling Software
- 2.2 Selection of Firefighting Tasks
- 2.3 Biomechanical Modeling and Simulation
- 3 Biomechanical Analysis Results
- 4 Discussion
- 5 Conclusions
- Disclaimer
- References
- Perceptual and Cognitive Processes
- Tangible VR Multi-user Simulation Methodology for a Balanced Human System Integration
- Abstract
- 1 Introduction
- 2 bHSI Methodology
- 2.1 Definition of Requirements
- 2.2 Mockup Construction
- 2.3 Virtual World Creation
- 2.4 Simulator Evaluation
- 3 Outlook
- References
- MiNDesign: Toward a Modeling, Simulation and Evaluation Platform for Human Cognitive Performance
- Abstract
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Cognitive Workload and Performance Quantifying
- 3 Cognitive Architecture for MiNDesign
- 4 The Roadmap and Framework of MiNDesign
- 5 The Cognitive Performance Evaluation Results
- 6 Conclusion
- Acknowledgments
- References
- Perception of Terrain Slope in Real and Virtual Environments
- Abstract
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Experimental Design
- 2.1 Scene Scanning and Modeling in VR
- 2.2 Data Collection and Analysis
- 3 Results
- 3.1 Experiment 1
- 3.2 Experiment 2
- 4 Discussion
- Acknowledgments
- References
- Digital Human Modeling by Women
- An Exploratory Analysis of User Needs and Design Issues of Wearable Technology for Monitoring Running Performances
- Abstract
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Methods
- 3 Results
- 4 Discussion
- 5 Conclusion
- Acknowledgements
- References
- How to Enhance Aging People's Wellness by Means of Human Centered and Co-design Methodology
- Abstract
- 1 Global Ageing and Digitalization
- 2 Human Centered Design and Co-design
- 3 Older Users and Technology
- 4 Case Studies
- 4.1 Product Level: EllyQ
- 4.2 Service Level: Hosting a Student
- 4.3 System Level: HABITAT
- 5 Conclusions
- References
- Potentials and Limitations in the Application of Virtual Ergonomics: A Review of Empirical Studies
- Abstract
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Empirical Studies
- 2.1 Cockpit Design
- 2.2 Aviation Maintainability
- 2.3 Manual Lifting Tasks
- 2.4 Assembly Tasks
- 3 Virtual Environments
- 4 Conclusions
- References
- SOOMA - New Developments on Automation of Digital Model Cleaning
- Abstract
- 1 Manual Digital Human Model Cleaning
- 2 SOOMA's Algorithms with Noisy Point Clouds
- 3 Automated Cleaning Method
- 3.1 Segmentation
- 4 Cleaning Results
- 4.1 Cleaning of Spikes and Scanner Platform Noise
- 4.2 Body Hair Noise Cleaning
- 4.3 Mesh Fusion Cleaning
- Acknowledgments
- References
- Analysis of Surface Segments Deviations Between Different Female Body Types Based on 3D Flattening Method
- Abstract
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Research on Female Body Types and Development of Classification Method
- 2.1 3D Body Scanning and Body Shape Analysis
- 2.2 Classification Algorithm
- 3 Body Surface Analysis Using 3D Flattening Method
- 3.1 3D Simulation and Garment Stress Testing
- 4 Results
- 5 Conclusions
- References
- Motion Capture and Analysis
- The Correlation Between Frontal Area and Joint Angles During Cycling
- Abstract
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Method
- 2.1 Participants
- 2.2 Test Setup
- 2.3 Procedure
- 2.4 Statistical Analysis
- 3 Results
- 4 Discussion
- 5 Conclusion
- References
- Goalkeeper's Performances Assessed with Action Cameras Based Mocap System
- Abstract
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Scientific Background
- 3 Method and Tools
- 3.1 Active Cameras for Outdoor Acquisition
- 3.2 Virtual Avatar Generation and Kinematic Data Analysis
- 4 Case Study
- 5 Conclusion
- References
- A New Assessment for Monitoring Performance in Pianists
- Abstract
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Method
- 2.1 Participant
- 2.2 Study Protocol in a Case Study
- 3 Results
- 4 Conclusion
- Acknowledgements
- References
- Evaluation of Golden Gait Approximation Using Smart Clothing
- Abstract
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Materials and Methods
- 2.1 Participants
- 2.2 Protocol and Measurements
- 3 Results and Discussion
- 4 Conclusion
- Acknowledgments
- References
- Female Torso Shape Classification: Methods and Comparison
- Abstract
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Materials and Methods
- 3 Results
- 3.1 Major PCA Shape Variations in the DCT Space and the 3D Coordinate Space
- 3.2 PCA of Torso Measurements
- 3.3 Clustering Analysis
- 4 Discussions
- References
- 3D Anthropometry, Shape Modeling and Applied Optimization
- Online Management and Query of Multimodal Human Motion and Shape Data
- Abstract
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Human Signature Baseline and Modality Augmentation
- 3 Metadata Integration and Data Search and Visualization
- 4 Point Cloud Query via TMSD
- 5 Conclusions
- Acknowledgments
- References
- Dimension Reduction of Anthropometric Measurements with Support Vector Machine for Regression: Application to a French Military Personnel Database
- Abstract
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Materials and Methods
- 2.1 Anthropometric Database
- 2.2 Evaluation Criterion
- 2.3 Minimal Measurement Set Selecting Algorithm Using Support Vector Machine for Regression
- 3 Results
- 4 Discussion
- References
- A Methodology to Create 3D Body Models in Motion
- Abstract
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Methodology to Create 3D Bodies in Motion: Move 4D
- 2.1 Move 4D Features
- 2.2 Move 4D Outcomes
- 3 Future Research Based on 3D Body Avatars in Motion
- Acknowledgment
- References
- How the Artificial Neural Network Solves the Muscle Redundancy Problem During Pedaling Motion?
- Abstract
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Materials and Methods
- 2.1 Physical and Muscle Models
- 2.2 Training and Simulations
- 3 Results
- 4 Discussions
- 5 Conclusion
- References
- Comfort, Perception and Cognitive Modeling
- Extraordinary Automated Driving Situations: Probabilistic Analytical Modeling of Human-Systems-Integration (HSI) and the Role of Trust
- Abstract
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Analysis
- 3 Conclusions
- References
- An Experimental Investigation of Preferred Seat Pressure Distribution
- Abstract
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Materials and Methods
- 2.1 Participants
- 2.2 Experimental Facilities
- 2.3 Test Conditions and Procedure
- 2.4 Data Processing and Analysis
- 3 Results
- 4 Discussion and Conclusion
- Acknowledgments
- References
- Robust Markerless 3D Head Tracking of a Vehicle Occupant Using OpenPose
- Abstract
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Methods
- 2.1 Data Acquisition
- 2.2 Markerless Head Tracking
- 3 Results
- 4 Discussion
- References
- Cognitive Load and Stress Assessment of Medical High-Fidelity Simulations for Emergency Management
- Abstract
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Method
- 2.1 Experimental Setting and Data Acquisition
- 2.2 Psychophysiological Data Analysis
- 3 Results and Discussion
- 4 Conclusions
- References
- Author Index
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