
The Wiley Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences, Models and Theories
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The Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences (EPID) is organized into four volumes that look at the many likenesses and differences between individuals. Each of these four volumes focuses on a major content area in the study of personality psychology and individuals' differences. The first volume, Models and Theories, surveys the significant classic and contemporary viewpoints, perspectives, models, and theoretical approaches to the study of personality and individuals' differences (PID). The second volume on Measurement and Assessment examines key classic and modern methods and techniques of assessment in the study of PID. Volume III, titled Personality Processes and Individuals Differences, covers the important traditional and current dimensions, constructs, and traits in the study of PID. The final volume discusses three major categories: clinical contributions, applied research, and cross-cultural considerations, and touches on topics such as culture and identity, multicultural identities, cross-cultural examinations of trait structures and personality processes, and more.
* Each volume contains approximately 100 entries on personality and individual differences written by a diverse international panel of leading psychologists
* Covers significant classic and contemporary personality psychology models and theories, measurement and assessment techniques, personality processes and individuals differences, and research
* Provides a comprehensive and in-depth overview of the field of personality psychology
The Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences is an important resource for all psychology students and professionals engaging in the study and research of personality.
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Persons
Bernardo J. Carducci, PhD, was professor of psychology at Indiana University Southeast where he taught classes on personality psychology and introductory psychology for 37 years, and was director of the IU Southeast Shyness Research Institute. He authored several books on shyness, including The Pocket Guide to Making Successful Small Talk: How to Talk to Anyone Anytime Anywhere About Anything and Shyness: A Bold New Approach. His text, Psychology of Personality: Viewpoints, Research, and Applications, is currently in its third edition.
Christopher Nave, PhD, is the Managing Director of the interdisciplinary Master of Behavioral and Decision Sciences program at the University of Pennsylvania. His areas of expertise include multi-method design, behavioral observation, personality stability, personality judgment and well-being. His publications have appeared in top academic journals and handbooks and have been featured in the popular press.
Content
Contributor Biographies ix
Gordon Allport 1
Roy F. Baumeister 11
Jack Block 17
David M. Buss 21
Paul T. Costa Jr. 25
Robert McCrae 29
Ed Diener 35
Erik H. Erikson 45
Hans J. Eysenck 51
David Funder 57
Lewis R. Goldberg 63
Karen Horney 67
Carl Jung 73
Abraham H. Maslow 79
Dan McAdams 83
Walter Mischel 89
Carl Rogers 95
George Kelly 101
Agreeableness 105
Individual Psychology of Alfred Adler 111
Animal Personalities 117
Conscientiousness 123
Cognitive-Affective Processing System (CAPS) 129
Cattell Trait Theory Lexical Analysis 135
Interpersonal Circumplex 141
Psychodynamic Perspective of Defense Mechanisms 147
Delay of Gratification 153
Extraversion - Introversion 159
Ego Control/Ego Resiliency Theory (ARCH) 165
Emotional Intelligence 173
Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development 179
Evolutionary Theory of Personality 185
Psychoticism 199
Five Factor Model, Facets of 203
Gender Differences in Personality, Evolutionary Perspective on 209
Contemporary Theories of Gender Identity 215
Gene-environment Interaction 221
Goldberg vs Costa/McCrae Five Factors 225
Grit 231
Hedonic Adaptation 237
Heritability 243
HEXACO Model of Personality 249
Independent/Interdependent Self 257
Personal Construct Theory of George A. Kelly 263
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs 269
Meaning in Life 275
Neuroticism 281
Narrative Approach 287
Openness 293
Optimism/Pessimism Carver and Scheier Theory 299
Personal Projects 305
Personality and Language 311
Personality Stability and Change over Time 317
Personality in Culture 323
Personality Stability over Time 329
Priming 335
Realistic Accuracy Model 341
Rejection Sensitivity 351
Resilience Theory of, Not Just the Trait Dimension 357
Schemas, Theory of 363
Self-Determination Theory 369
Self-efficacy Theory 375
Self-esteem, Theory of 381
Self-Monitoring, Theory of 387
Self-other Interjudge Agreement; Theory of Accuracy 393
Self-Presentation Theory/Impression Management 397
Social Learning Theory/Social Cognitive Theory 401
Terror Management Theory 407
Trait Theory of Allport 413
Whole Trait Theory 417
Index 423
Contributor Biographies
Kiki Adams is a Computational Linguist and Data Scientist who specializes in psychology and natural language processing. Kiki is Head of Science at Receptiviti, where her team discovers and develops innovative ways to use language in modelling cognition, emotion, personality, and behavioral patterns to solve diverse business problems.
Audrey E. Aday, BA, is a graduate student in social/personality psychology at the University of British Columbia.
Jonathan M. Adler is an associate professor of psychology at Olin College of Engineering. He is also an associate editor of Journal of Personality, visiting associate professor of medicine at Harvard Medical School, and chief academic officer of the Health Story Collaborative. His research focuses on narrative identity development and its association with psychological well-being. Currently, his research examines embodied aspects of identity, including the life narratives of people with disabilities.
Sara G. Alves (Master's student, University of Porto) is a student of psychology, specializing in the area of social, organizational, and work psychology, in the Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences of the University of Porto. Her research interests include political psychology and group processes, as well as the development and elimination of prejudice. Currently she is working on a paper about social representations of sport by disabled athletes and is aiming to continue in postgraduate education.
Michael C. Ashton is a professor of psychology at Brock University in St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada. He received his PhD from the University of Western Ontario. He is the author of the textbook Individual Differences and Personality and co-author (with Kibeom Lee) of The H Factor of Personality.
Sarah E. Babcock is a PhD candidate at the University of Western Ontario in the social-personality and developmental psychology area. Her research interests include individual differences, cognitive ability assessment, scale development, and student resilience. Her recent publications include C. A. Wilson, S. E. Babcock, & D. H., Saklofske (2019) "Sinking or swimming in an academic pool: A study of resiliency and student success in first-year undergraduates" (Journal of Higher Education), S. E. Babcock et al., (2018) "WISC-V Canadian norms: Relevance and use in the assessment of Canadian children" (Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science) and S. E. Babcock et al. (2017) "Test review: School motivation and learning strategies inventory (SMALSI): College form" (Canadian Journal of School Psychology). She previously worked for Pearson Clinical Assessment as project coordinator for Canadian adaptations of intelligence and behavioral assessment tools.
Anjana Balakrishnan (MSc in Psychology-Personality and Measurement, the University of Western Ontario, 2015) completed her PhD in Social Psychology with a specialization in Migration and Ethnic Relations at the University of Western Ontario. Anjana is a member of the Canadian Psychological Association and a member of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology. Her research interests lie in the study of student success, international students, immigration, prejudice, how personality and culture interact to exert influence in life domains, and intercultural and interethnic relations.
Sanna Balsari-Palsule has a PhD from the Department of Psychology at the University of Cambridge. Her research interests include examining the dynamics of personality in organizations, such as the benefits and costs of enacting extraversion in the workplace on well-being and performance outcomes.
Rachele Benjamin is a PhD student in social/personality psychology at the University of British Columbia. She is a member of the Culture and Self lab. Her research focuses on responses to threat and perceived meaninglessness, as well as the processing of uncertainty across cultures.
Aaron Bermond is a PhD student at the University of Southern Mississippi. His current research interests lie in understanding the underlying factors that motivate media use and attachment.
Navjot Bhullar, PhD, is an associate professor of psychology at the University of New England, Australia. Her research focuses on examining a range of psychological, emotional, and environmental factors influencing mental health and well-being.
Julia K. Boehm is an assistant professor of psychology at Chapman University. She received her PhD in psychology from the University of California, Riverside and was a postdoctoral fellow at Harvard School of Public Health. Dr. Boehm's research centers broadly on well-being and investigates how people can thrive both mentally and physically. Specifically, her research examines whether psychological characteristics such as optimism and life satisfaction are associated with improved cardiovascular health. She is also interested in the behavioral and biological processes that are relevant for cardiovascular health. She has authored an extensive review in Psychological Bulletin on these topics.
Ryan L. Boyd is an assistant professor of behavioral analytics at Lancaster University in the United Kingdom. Dr. Boyd's research spans the areas of language analysis, personality processes, motivation and emotion, and assessment methods. His recent work has primarily focused on using language analysis paired with machine learning and big data techniques to explore motivational processes in domains such as forensic psychology and social/personality psychology. He is the co-creator of several text analysis programs and paradigms, including the Meaning Extraction Helper and LIWC2015.
Jacek Buczny is an assistant professor in the Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology at Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam. His research interests include studying implicit and explicit mechanisms of self-regulation, short- and long-term improvement in self-control, and the relationship between self-control and behavioral addictions (gambling, workaholism). Recent, noteworthy publication: M. Muraven, J. Buczny, and K. F. Law (2019). "Ego depletion: Theory and evidence." In R. M. Ryan (Ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Human Motivation. (2nd ed., pp. 113-134). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Marie Buda (PhD, University of Cambridge, 2013) received her doctorate in cognitive neuroscience from the University of Cambridge. She was formally Bye-Fellow and college lecturer, as well as director of studies in psychological and behavioral sciences at Downing College, University of Cambridge. During her time there, she was shortlisted for the Student Union's Teaching Award. She is currently a behavioral science consultant at Innovia Technology.
Celine Cammarata received her BA in psychology and neuroscience from the Macaulay Honors College at Hunter College, City University of New York, in 2012. She is now pursuing a PhD in Cornell University's Human Neuroscience Institute, where she investigates brain-body connections and their influence on cognition.
Jennifer E. Caplan is a doctoral candidate at Widener University's Institute for Graduate Clinical Psychology. She is completing concentrations in psychoanalytic psychology as well as child, adolescent, and family therapy. Her clinical and research interests include early childhood dissociation and developmental trauma.
Bernardo J. Carducci, PhD, was professor emeritus of psychology and Director of the Shyness Research Institute (www.ius.edu/shyness) at Indiana University Southeast and a Fellow of the American Psychological Association in Divisions 1: General Psychology, 2: Teaching of Psychology, 8: Personality and Social Psychology, and 52: International Psychology. He is the author of The Psychology of Personality: Viewpoints, Research, and Applications (3rd ed., 2015, Wiley) and Shyness: A Bold New Approach (2000, HarperCollins) and other books related to shyness translated into multiple foreign languages.
Jonathan M. Cheek is a professor of psychology at Wellesley College. His graduate study mentors were Arnold Buss, the University of Texas, Austin (MA), and Robert Hogan, Johns Hopkins University (PhD). He studies identity orientations, narcissism, shyness, and introversion, and is interested in the development and evaluation of personality scales.
Nathan N. Cheek is a PhD student in psychology at Princeton University. He studies how people understand the self and others, the consequences of having too much choice, stereotypes about poverty, and other topics at the intersection of social cognition and judgment and decision-making.
Douglas E. Colman received an MBA from Adams State University, and a PhD in experimental psychology from Idaho State University, and is an assistant professor at the University of Wisconsin-La Crosse. His research interests include personality and interpersonal perception, especially when applied to industrial and organizational issues. He is the primary author of "Seeing and feeling your way to accurate personality judgments: The moderating role of perceiver empathic tendencies" (2017), Social Psychological and Personality Science and recently wrote a handbook chapter titled "Characteristics of the judge that are related to accuracy" (in press) for the Oxford Handbook of Accurate Personality...
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