Handbook of Cognitive Science

ContentsPreface List of Contributors 1 Directions for an Embodied Cognitive Science: Toward an Integrated Approach Cognitivism in a Blind Alley Alternative Approaches to Cognitivism Post-Cognitivism in the Making: Common Ground and Conceptual Issues Scaling up: Higher Level Cognitive Processes AcknowledgmentsSection I The Interactive Architecture of Cognition: Conceptual Issues 2 Is Embodiment Necessary? Critiques Interactive Representation What Kind of Embodiment? Conclusion 3 Embodiment and Explanation Three Threads The Separability Thesis Beyond Flesh-Eating Functionalism Ada, Adder, and Odder A Tension Revealed Participant Machinery and Morphological Computation Quantifying Embodiment Conclusions Acknowledgments 4 Can a Swarm be Embodied? Introduction Three Examples of Swarms Artifi cial Swarms and Strong Embodiment Is a Living Swarm an Embodied Entity? Conclusion Section II Robotics and Autonomous Agents 5 CajunBot: A Case Study in Embodied Cognition Introduction CajunBot and the DARPA Grand Challenge, 2005 CajunBot Sensor Systems Path Planning Steering Control Simulations CajunBot Performance and Results Conclusion Acknowledgments 6 The Dynamics of Brain-Body-Environment Systems: A Status Report Introduction Experimental Accomplishments Theoretical Accomplishments Outstanding Challenges 7 The Synthetic Approach to Embodied Cognition: A Primer Introduction Basics Body Dynamics and Morphology Information Self-Structuring Learning and Development Case Study 1: Embodied Categorization Case Study 2: Application of Embodied Cognition to Prosthetics Discussion: The Interaction of Physical and Information Processes Conclusion 8 Animate Vision, Virtual Environments, and Neural Codes Embodied Intelligence An Avatar Control System Design Summary: The Advantages of Embodied Cognition Section III Perceiving and Acting 9 Ecological Psychology: Six Principles for an Embodied-Embedded Approach to Behavior Ecological Principle I: Organism-Environment Systems are the Proper Units of Analysis Ecological Principle II: Environmental Realities Should Be Defined at the Ecological Scale Ecological Principle III: Behavior Is Emergent and Self-Organized Ecological Principle IV: Perception and Action are Continuous and Cyclic Ecological Principle V: Information Is Specificational Ecological Principle VI: Perception Is of Affordances Conclusion 10 Seeing What We Can Do: Insights into Vision and Action Through Observations of Natural Behavior Introduction Methods of Assessing Visual Processes in Isolation and in Concert Isolating Visual Processes Within an Embodied Context Trade-Offs Between Gaze and Working Memory Use Bridging the Gap Between Laboratory Experiments and Natural Behavior Future Directions of Research in Embodied Visual Cognition 11 Why We Don't Mind to be Inconsistent Introduction Detecting Attributes Spatial Perception Inconsistent Action Combining Information Conscious Perception Section IV A Dynamic Brain 12 Neuronal and Cortical Dynamical Mechanisms Underlying Brain Functions Introduction How to Build a Suitable Neuronal Model for a Psychological Experiment Calculating the f MRI Signal for an Example Set Shifting Model Response Times and Error Rates in an Example Set