
Teaching and Learning Chinese
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Content
- Front Cover
- Teaching and Learning Chinese
- Issues and Perspectives
- A volume in
- Chinese American Educational Research and Development Association Book Series
- Series Editor: Jinfa Cai, University of Delaware
- CONTENTS
- PART I: CHINESE LANGUAGE EDUCATION- A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
- 1. Chinese Language Education in the United States: A Historical Overview and Future Directions
- 2. A Historical Perspective of Teaching Chinese as a Second Language
- PART II: CHINESE LANGUAGE EDUCATION- CASE STUDIES AT COLLEGE LEVEL
- 3. Effects of Using Prompt Sentences in Beginning Chinese Classes
- 4. Creative Writing in CFL Curriculum
- 5. Language Attitudes Among American College Students in Chinese Language Classes
- 6. Motivating U.S. Students to Learn Chinese as a Second Language: Understanding the Interactions Among Motivation, Ethnicity, and Teaching Strategies
- PART III: CHINESE LANGUAGE EDUCATION- CASE STUDIES AT K-12 SCHOOL LEVEL
- 7. What Difficulties Do Children Experience While Learning to Read and Write Chinese?
- 8. Literacy Practices in the Family Household of Taiwanese American Children
- 9. Acquiring Chinese Simultaneously With Two Other Languages: Effective Home Strategies
- PART IV: PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT, CURRICULUM DESIGN, AND THE ACQUISITION OF CHINESE LITERACY
- 10. The Role of Chinese Culture and Language in Global Education: The Chinese International Engineering Program at University of Rhode Island
- 11. Curriculum Design and Special Features of "Computer Chinese" and Chinese For Tomorrow
- 12. Morphological Awareness: Why and How to Link it to Chinese Literacy Teaching and Learning
- 13. An Analysis of Orthographic Processing: Non-Chinese and Chinese Readers' Visual-Spatial Concept
- PART V: ISSUES IN TEACHING CHINESE LITERATURE IN AMERICAN CLASSROOM
- 14. Teaching Chinese Literature in the Post-American World
- 15. To Be or Not to Be?: Death as the Paradox of Survival- Chinese Literature in the American Classroom
- Chinese American Educational Research and Development Association Book Series
- Chinese American Educational Research and Development Association Book Series
- Jinfa Cai, Series Editor
- Teaching and Learning Chinese
- Issues and Perspectives
- edited by
- Jianguo Chen University of Delaware
- Chuang Wang University of North Carolina at Charlotte
- and
- Jinfa Cai University of Delaware
- Information Age Publishing, Inc.
- Charlotte, North Carolina www.infoagepub.com
- Introduction: Teaching and Learning Chinese in a Global Era
- Issues and Perspectives
- Jianguo Chen, Chuang Wang, and Jinfa Cai
- Origin of the Book
- Structure of the Book
- Toward new directions
- notes
- part i
- chinese language education- a historical perspective
- Chinese Language Education in the United States
- A Historical Overview and Future Directions
- Shuhan C. Wang
- Abstract
- Introduction
- An Ecological System Framework for Language Planning
- Positioning Chinese Language and Its Speakers in the Historical and Current U.S. Context
- Three Language Orientations in the U.S. Environment
- Chinese as a Heritage Language
- 1960-2000: an Emerging Field of Chinese as a Foreign/World Language
- 2004 to Present: Chinese as an Expanding Field
- Effects of the Interface of Environment, Policy, Practice, and Players
- Conclusion: Future Directions
- Acknowledgment
- notes
- References
- Useful Websites
- CHAPTER 1
- Table 1.1. ADD A TITLE TO THIS TABLE
- Table 1.2.
- Table 1.3. Percentage of Students Studying Chinese in Schools and Colleges: 10 Year Comparison
- Figure 2. 1. Categorization of proceedings by research topic for the first eight IATCSL international conferences.
- Table 2.1. Common Disyllabic Chinese Compound-Words
- A Historical Perspective of Teaching Chinese as a Second Language
- Zhiping Zhu
- Abstract
- The Development of Chinese Teaching in History
- A Short History of Teaching Chinese as a Second Language
- 1950-1977
- 1978-1997
- 1998-2008
- Research Fields Formed in TCSL
- The Evolution of Linguistic Theories in TCSL
- The Influence of Structuralism
- The Influence From Other Theories and the Demands of Teaching
- Pedagogic Grammar-Centered Teaching
- (a) An object is moved by an action, such as "???????? (Ta¯ ba? shu¯ f àng zài zhuo¯zi shàng
- She placed the book on the table)." This kind of "?" sentence accounts for approximately 27.8% of the total usage of "?"
- (b) A change of something due to an action, such as "???? ? (Wo? ba? ta¯ jiàoxingle
- I awakened him)." This kind of "?" sentence comprises about 49.8% of total usage.
- (c) An action is related to certain other things, such as "?????? ? (Ta¯ ba? xìn yo'u niànle yibiàn
- She also read the entire letter)." This usage of "?" constitutes 8.4% of the total.
- (d) A property of an object is altered by the subject through an action, such as "?????? ???? (Ta¯ ba? xuésheng dàngzuò zìjide háizi
- She regards the student as her own child)." This kind of "?" sentence encomp...
- (e) To express an unsatisfactory result, as "????? (Wo? ba? ta¯ da?le
- I accidentally hit him)." Using "?" in this way embodies about 5.1% of the total.
- (f) The remaining 2.9% of sentences consist of all other usages of "?."
- Phonetics in Teaching Research
- Vocabulary and Chinese Characters in Teaching Research
- Comparing Chinese With Other Languages and Cultures
- Development of Language Comparison
- Language Comparison in TCSL
- Teaching Chinese Culture in Cross-Cultural Classrooms
- Language Instruction Based on Cross-Cultural Research
- Research Based on Second Language Acquisition of Chinese
- The Period of Foreign Theory Introduction
- The Period of Integrated Research
- A. Characteristics of the learner's language
- B. Learner external factors
- C. Learner internal mechanisms
- and
- D. The language learner.
- Teaching Methods and Textbook Compilation Research
- Integration of Foreign Language and Traditional Chinese Teaching Methods
- Structure-Centered to Communicative-Centered Textbook Compilations
- 1. Listening and speaking only.
- 2. Listening and speaking first, followed by reading and writing.
- 3. Listening, speaking, reading and writing combined together.
- 1. Should the textbooks only teach Pinyin (?
- pinyin)?
- 2. If listening and speaking are taught first, how should reading and writing be arranged?
- 3. If the four skills are taught at the same time, how should Chinese characters be addressed?
- 1. For integrated Chinese skills training (57
- 10% of total)
- 2. For focused training of the four skills individually (136
- 25% of total)
- 3. For language content understanding (16
- 3% of total)
- 4. For special purposes, such as HSK, commercial communication, for tourist travel (145
- 26.5% of total)
- 5. For different kinds of learners, such as children, pre-college students, etc. (67
- 12.3% of total)
- and
- 6. For special learning purposes like Chinese characters, Chinese culture, reading materials (127
- 23.2% of total).
- Language Tests and Teaching Chinese Through the Internet
- Language Tests and the HSK
- Computers in the Classroom and Online Instruction
- NOTE
- References
- CHAPTER 2
- PART II
- CHINESE LANGUAGE EDUCATION- CASE STUDIES AT COLLEGE LEVEL
- Table 3.1. The Comparison of Error Occurrence Between Different Question Types From Round 1 Through Round 3
- Table 3.2. The Comparison of Error Occurrence on the Same Question Type From Round 1 Through Round 3
- Table 3.3. The Overall Difference of Response Time to Difference Types of Questions in Rounds 1, 2, and 3
- Table 3.4. Mean Difference of Response Time to Different Types of Questions in Round 1, 2, and 3
- Effects of Using Prompt Sentences in Beginning Chinese Classes
- Yongan Wu
- Abstract
- Methods
- Participants and Setting
- Procedures
- Data Analysis
- Results
- Discussion and Conclusion
- NOTES
- Reference
- CHAPTER 3
- Table 4.1. Chinese Composition Evaluation Checklist (Essay One)
- Creative Writing in CFL Curriculum
- Wei Hong
- Abstract
- 1. Why is active writing an important skill to learners of Chinese?
- 2. How should various active writing assignments be designed?
- 3. How should teachers read, comment on, and grade student writing?
- Course Goals
- 1. Encourage personal development of students (Grauerholz, 1999)
- 2. Develop student skills of free expression
- 3. Teach students appropriate writing in different contexts
- 4. Increase student understanding of Chinese language and culture
- 5. Encourage student appreciation of their own culture
- 1. To reinforce students' knowledge of how Chinese students typically spend their summer vacation (culture)
- 2. To review language materials on this topic (language)
- 3. To develop students' critical thinking skills on how to make arguments (thinking).
- 1. To reinforce students' knowledge of weather (culture)
- 2. To review language materials on this topic (language)
- 3. To develop students' skills on how to describe objective reports such as weather (prosing).
- 1. To reinforce students' knowledge of writing a family letter in Chinese (culture)
- 2. To review language materials on this topic (language)
- 3. To develop students' skills related to expressive writing by expressing personal feelings in the form of a letter (expressing feeling)
- 4. To introduce students to Chinese family values as reflected in a family letter (culture).
- Assignment Design
- 1. Purpose (anticipated achievements after writing is complete)
- 2. Content (knowledge that relates to course content)
- 3. Language requirements (students' written language competence that relates to the particular grammar covered in the course)
- 4. Format (editorial requirements)
- 5. Due dates (required timely submissions of all drafts)
- 6. Revisions (guidelines for revisions)
- and
- 7. Grading criteria (grade distributions).
- Modes of Evaluation
- Summary
- 1. Give them confidence
- 2. Raise their interests
- 3. Give enough time
- 4. Identify a problem and elaborate on it
- 5. Find topics related to their personal interests
- 6. Give opportunities for revisions
- and
- 7. Be available for consultation and conference.
- 1. The purpose/goal of the assignment
- 2. Clear instructions
- 3. Necessary components
- 4. Minimal requirements
- 5. Format conventions
- 6. Due dates
- 7. Grading criteria
- and
- 8. Language conventions.
- Appendix 1: Guidelines for Writing Assignment One
- Summer Vacation ????
- Appendix 2: Guidelines for Writing Assignment Two
- Weather in Indiana or your hometown ?????/??????
- Appendix 3: Guidelines for Writing Assignment Three
- A Family Letter-???
- References
- CHAPTER 4
- Table 5.1. Descriptive Statistics: Top Five Reasons to Study Chinese
- Table 5.2. Principal Components Analysis With Varimax Rotation of Four-Factor Solution for the 21 Language Attitude Items
- Table 5.2. (Continued)
- Language Attitudes Among American College Students in Chinese Language Classes
- Ko-Yin Sung
- Abstract
- Rationale
- 1. What kinds of language attitudes do learners have toward Chinese in a formal classroom setting?
- 2. Is there a significant relationship between learners' attitudes toward Chinese and their gender, ethnicity, major, and age?
- Review of the Literature
- Research Design
- 1. Six questions intended to measure ethnic-heritage-related language attitudes (e.g., "It is my heritage language or mother tongue")
- 2. Three questions intended to measure school-related language attitudes (e.g., "I heard that the Chinese professors at my school were good")
- 3. Four questions intended to measure self-oriented language attitudes (e.g., "I thought that studying the language would be interesting")
- 4. Four questions intended to measure economy-related language attitudes (e.g., "Enterprises are increasingly entering China")
- and
- 5. Four questions intended to measure culture-related language attitudes (e.g., "I will be able to participate in cultural activities of the Chinese language group").
- Sampling
- Data Collection
- Results
- Factor Analysis
- Multiple Regression
- Ethnic Heritage-Related
- Culture-Related
- Economy-Related
- School-Related
- Conclusions
- APPENDIX
- References
- CHAPTER 5
- Table 6.1. Basic Demographic Information for Urban Charter School
- Table 6.2. Basic Demographic of Third Grade Focus Group Participants
- Motivating U.S. Students to Learn Chinese as a Second Language
- Understanding the Interactions Between Motivation, Ethnicity, and Teaching Strategies
- Aubrey H. Wang
- Abstract
- Language Learning Motivation
- Student Diversity and Motivation
- Language Developmental Stage, Learning Environment, and Motivation
- Teaching Effectiveness and Motivation
- 1. Learning objectives: measuring the extent to which learning objectives were meaningful to the learner and expectations for performance were challenging and demanding.
- 2. Organization of content: evaluating whether new learning information was visually presented and organized to best facilitate student comprehension.
- 3. Content presentation: addressing whether new ideas and procedures were presented in a step-by-step manner and whether big ideas were highlighted and restated throughout the lesson.
- 4. Motivation of students: assessing the extent to which lesson examples were meaningful to students and whether there were high levels of engagement with content, classmates, and the teacher.
- 5. Learning time: measuring the pacing of the lesson, the degree to which student attention was sustained, and the degree to which academic time was maximized.
- 6. Lesson structure: concerning whether the lesson had a clear beginning, middle, and end, and whether it met the needs of students at high, middle, and low performing levels.
- 7. Questions: examining whether teacher questions were frequent, varied, and used all types of questions.
- 8. Feedback: relating to the extent to which feedback was frequent, immediate, specific, and required students to discuss, share, and to explain their thinking.
- 9. Learning tasks: examining how well the learning tasks sustained student attention, required multiple types of thinking from the students, and were game-like.
- 10. Student thinking: evaluating whether students demonstrated a variety of thinking types such as monitoring their own thinking to insure that they understood, explaining and justifying their responses, comparing/contrasting new information, and/or ...
- Setting and Participants
- Data Collection and Analysis
- Students' Motivation to Learn Chinese
- Student Perception about Learning Chinese
- Student Perception about Chinese Classroom Activities
- Observation of Teaching Practices
- 1. Making her lessons game-like
- 2. Creating opportunities for students to work in small groups with goal-oriented assigned tasks
- 3. Providing opportunities for student self-assessments related to the lesson's content
- 4. Delivering the class content with established beginning, middle, and end points
- and
- 5. Providing clear step-by-step directions.
- 1. Review of vocabulary from the last class in which he asked his students to use the words in short Chinese phrases
- 2. Dictation of the vocabulary from the previous class, which required students to write the Chinese characters that the instructor then graded and informed the students of their level of performance
- 3. Group reading of a new book chapter in Chinese
- 4. Individual reading of a sentence in Chinese from the new book chapter
- 5. Individual translation of the Chinese sentence into English
- and
- 6. Individual composition of sentences containing the new vocabulary words.
- Conclusion
- References
- CHAPTER 6
- part iii
- chinese language education- case studies at k-12 school level
- Figure 7. 1. Distribution of subjects by gender and age (N = 14).
- Table 7.1. Demographics
- What Difficulties do Children Experience While Learning to Read and Write Chinese?
- Hui-Hua Wang and Alice Sterling Honig
- Abstract
- Writing
- Reading
- Method
- Participants
- Procedure
- Results and Discussion
- Writing
- Character Strokes
- Analysis of Homework Sentences
- Reading
- Reasons Why Parents Send Their Children to Chinese School
- Limitations of This Study
- Conclusions
- Appendix: Questionnaire
- 1. Briefly describe why you send your child to learn Chinese? (You can write either in English or Chinese)
- 2. Briefly describe what difficulties you feel your child is having in speaking/reading Chinese? (You can write either in English or Chinese)
- References
- CHAPTER 7
- Figure 7. 2. Character writing sample for "?."
- Figure 7. 3. Character writing sample for " ."
- Figure 7. 4. Character writing sample for "?."
- Literacy Practices in the Family Household of Taiwanese American Children
- Hui-Ching Yang
- Abstract
- Introduction
- 1. What constitutes the home literacy environment of Taiwanese American children?
- 2. What kind of literacy activities are carried out in a Taiwanese American household?
- 3. What kind of skills and knowledge do Taiwanese American children gain from household literacy activities?
- 4. Does the gender of two Taiwanese American children affect their home literacy experiences? If so, how?
- Literature Review
- Funds-of-Knowledge Approach
- Out-of-School Literacy
- Research Gap
- Method
- Setting and Participants
- Data Collection Procedures
- Ethnographic observation
- Semistructured Interviewing
- Artifacts
- Data Analysis
- Findings
- Angel's and Andy's Home Literacy Environment
- Angel's Home Literacy Activities
- Andy's Home Literacy Activities
- Chinese Language Ability Angel and Andy Learned From Home Literacy Activities
- Conclusion
- Reference
- CHAPTER 8
- Table 9.1. Percentage of the Children's Exposure to Three Languages (Birth to 3 & 4 Years)*
- Acquiring Chinese Simultaneously with Other Two Languages
- Effective Home Strategies
- Xiao-Lei Wang
- Abstract
- Methods
- Participants
- Data Collection
- Data Transcription, Coding, and Analysis
- Results
- Early Years
- Ensuring the Quality of Heritage-Language Input
- Preschool and Kindergarten Years
- Matching Emergent School Literacy Skills With Home Literacy Skills
- Elementary School Years
- Building Heritage-Language Reading Skills
- Building Heritage-Language Writing Skills
- Discussion
- Realistic Expectations
- Communication Should Be the Top Priority in Heritage-Language Learning
- Language Learning Occurs in Context
- Language and Culture Should Be Taught Together
- Children Are Active Learners
- Language Learning Is a Life-Long Process
- It's Never Too Late to Start
- notes
- References
- CHAPTER 9
- Table 10.1. Current Chinese IEP students at URI (6 Semesters)
- Figure 10. 1. The comparison of Chinese IEP students among the overall learners of Chinese.
- The Role of Chinese Culture and Language in Global Education
- The Chinese International Engineering Program at the University of Rhode Island
- Wen Xiong and John Grandin
- Abstract
- Background
- The CIEP
- The Establishment and Growth of the Chinese Program at URI
- Chinese Language Flagship Partner Program
- Current Chinese IEP Students
- Courses for Chinese IEP
- Support From Other Resources
- Achievements and Innovations of the Chinese IEP
- The IEP Model: Implications for Other Programs
- Appendix 1
- Appendix 2
- References
- CHAPTER 10
- part iv
- program development, curriculum design, and the acquisition of chinese literacy
- Figure 11. 1.
- Figure 11. 2.
- Figure 11. 3.
- Curriculum Design and Special Features of "Computer Chinese" and Chinese For Tomorrow
- Wayne W. He and Dela Jiao
- Abstract
- Necessity of Creating Computer Chinese (CC)
- Existing Types of Chinese Curricula
- Using Computer Technology to Solve Chinese Character Problems
- The Computer Chinese Approach and a Pilot Study
- Computing Chinese as the Fifth Language Skill
- Computer Chinese: A New Approach to Learning the Chinese Language
- Integration of Computer Input and Handwriting Instruction
- Improvement of Vocabulary Retention and Language Ability
- Accelerating Language Learning and Reducing Psychological Barriers
- Some Common Concerns
- Chinese for Tomorrow, the Textbook Series Designed for CC
- Key Features of Chinese for Tomorrow
- Useful, Interesting, Natural, and Relevant to Daily Life
- Large Numbers of New Vocabulary Each Lesson
- A Diverse Set of Practice Activities
- Importance Placed on Cultural Knowledge
- Discussion
- Note
- References
- CHAPTER 11
- Figure 11. 4.
- Morphological Awareness
- Why and How to Link it to Chinese Literacy Teaching and Learning
- Phil D. Liu, Yanling Zhou, and Catherine McBride-Chang
- Abstract
- The Role of Morphological Awareness for Learning Chinese
- Pedagogical Implications
- Summary
- References
- CHAPTER 12
- Figure 13. 1. Examples of items with varying difficulty levels.
- Table 13.1. Scores of Non-Chinese and Chinese Readers
- Table 13.2. Item Difficulties
- Table 13.3. Comparisons of Original Predictions and Results
- Table 13.4. Analysis of Participant Errors
- 1. Components are more cluttered in mixed boundary or L-shaped structures, making the pseudo- characters more difficult to distinguish
- 2. Strong distracters typically (a) add or omit an internal component and/or (b) alter an external component of the target
- 2. Items in which the target contains one or more salient features that do not appear in the distracters are easy
- An Analysis of Orthographic Processing
- Non-Chinese and Chinese Readers' Visual-Spatial Concepts
- Pei-Ying Lin and Ruth A. Childs
- Abstract
- Method
- Participants
- Measure
- 1. Horizontal structure type 1 : Two separate component units, right and left
- for example, " (bào
- leopard)."
- 2. Horizontal structure type 2 : Three separate component units, left, middle, and right
- for example, "? (chuan
- short for Sichuan Province)."
- 3. Vertical structure type 1 : Two separate component units, up and down
- for example, "? (zhì
- willpower)."
- 4. Vertical structure type 2 : Three separate component units, up, middle, and down
- for example, "? (xiang
- enjoy)."
- 5. P-shaped : The character is shaped as a "P
- " for example, "? (chuáng
- bed)."
- 6. L-shaped : The character is shaped as an "L
- " for example, " / (zhè
- this)."
- 7. Enclosure structure or : An internal unit is enclosed by an external unit
- for example, "? (kuàn
- tired)" and "? (jiàng
- artisan)."
- (a) High level: 16-24 strokes
- (b) Medium level: 9-15 strokes
- (c) Low level: 3-8 strokes
- Data Analyses
- Interviews
- Results and Discussion
- Score Distribution
- Item Difficulties
- Interviews
- Strategy 1: Apply Background Knowledge
- Strategy 2: Code Analytically or Holistically Into Visual-Spatial Working Memory
- Strategy 3: Use of Visual Chunking Skills
- Strategy 4: Recognize Salient Feature(s)
- Strategy 5: Alphabetic Reading Patterns (Horizontal Versus Vertical)
- Error Analysis
- Conclusions
- References
- CHAPTER 13
- part v
- issues in teaching chinese literature in american classroom
- Teaching Chinese Literature in a Post-American World
- Rujie Wang
- Abstract
- Chinese Culture and American Parochialism
- The Difficulties with Modern Chinese Literature
- The Difficulties with Women in Chinese LITERATURE
- The Difficulties with Chinese Cinema
- The Challenge and Fun in Teaching Chinese Culture
- notes
- References
- CHAPTER 14
- "To Be or Not to Be?"- Death as the Paradox of Survival
- Chinese Literature in the American Classroom
- Jianguo Chen
- Abstract
- The Philosophical Problem of Life and Death
- A Writer of a "Metaphysical" Mindset
- The Intricate Web of Death and Desire-The Case of "Hallucination of the Realm of The Dead"
- The Problematic of the Perfect Order of Completeness
- Desire a Desire
- Desire and Theatricality
- References
- CHAPTER 15
- About the Contributors
- Back Cover
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