Guidelines for Initiating Events and Independent Protection Layers in Layer of Protection Analysis
Published on 3. February 2015
384 pages
978-1-118-94871-2 (ISBN)
Description
The book is a guide for Layers of Protection Analysis (LOPA)practitioners. It explains the onion skin modeland in particular, how it relates to the use of LOPA and the needfor non-safety instrumented independent protection layers. Itprovides specific guidance on Independent Protection Layers (IPLs)that are not Safety Instrumented Systems (SIS). Using theLOPA methodology, companies typically take credit for riskreductions accomplished through non-SIS alternatives; i.e.administrative procedures, equipment design, etc. Itaddresses issues such as how to ensure the effectiveness andmaintain reliability for administrative controls or"inherently safer, passive" concepts.
This book will address how the fields of Human ReliabilityAnalysis, Fault Tree Analysis, Inherent Safety, Audits andAssessments, Maintenance, and Emergency Response relate to LOPA andSIS.
The book will separate IPL's into categories such as thefollowing:
* Inherent Safety
* eliminates a scenario or fundamentally reduces a hazard
* Preventive/Proactive
* prevents initiating event from occurring such as enhancedmaintenance
* Preventive/Active
* stops chain of events after initiating event occurs but beforean incident has occurred such as high level in a tank shutting offthe pump.
* Mitigation (active or passive)
* minimizes impact once an incident has occurred such as closingblock valves once LEL is detected in the dike (active) or the dikepreventing contamination of groundwater (passive).
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CCPS (Center for Chemical Process Safety)
Guidelines for Initiating Events and Independent Protection Layers in Layer of Protection Analysis
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02/2015
1st Edition
Wiley-AIChE
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Guidelines for Initiating Events and Independent Protection Layers in Layer of Protection Analysis
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02/2015
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Since 1985, the Center for Chemical Process Safety (CCPS) has been the world leader in developing and disseminating information on process safety management and technology. CCPS, an industry technology alliance of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE), has published over 80 books in its process safety guidelines and process safety concepts series, and over 100 training modules through its Safety in Chemical Engineering Education (SACHE) series.
Content
List of Data Tables xi
Acronyms and Abbreviations xv
Glossary xix
Acknowledgments xxv
Preface xxix
Introduction 1
1.1 Audience 2
1.2 Scope 3
1.3 Key Changes Since the Initial LOPA Concept Book 4
1.4 Recap of LOPA 6
1.5 Disclaimer 10
1.6 Linkage to Other CCPS Publications 11
1.7 Annotated Description of Chapters 13
Overview: Initiating Events and Independent Protection Layers16
2.1 LOPA Elements: An Overview 16
2.2 Management Systems to Support LOPA 16
2.3 Scenario Selection 18
2.4 Overview of Scenario Frequency 20
2.5 Overview of Consequences 28
2.6 Risk Considerations 29
2.7 Conclusions 31
Core Attributes 34
3.1 Introduction to Core Attributes 34
3.2 Independence 35
3.3 Functionality 40
3.4 Integrity 47
3.5 Reliability 49
3.6 Auditability 52
3.7 Access Security 53
3.8 Management of Change 54
3.9 Use of Data Tables 55
Example Initiating Events and IE Frequencies 58
4.1 Overview of Initiating Events 58
4.2 Inherently Safer Design and Initiating Event Frequency 59
4.3 Specific Initiating Events for Use in LOPA 60
4.4 External Events 113
4.5 What if Your Candidate Initiating Event is Not Shown in a DataTable? 113
Example IPLs and PFD Values 116
5.1 Overview of Independent Protection Layers (IPLs) 116
5.2 Specific Independent Protection Layers for Use in LOPA118
5.3 What if Your Candidate IPL is Not Shown in a Data Table?263
Advanced LOPA Topics 268
6.1 Purpose 268
6.2 Use of QRA Methods Relative to LOPA 269
6.3 Evaluation of Complex Mitigative IPLs 275
6.4 Conclusions 277
Appendices 280
Appendix A: Human Factors Considerations 282
Appendix B: Site-Specific Human Performance Data Collectionand Validation 300
Appendix C: Site-Specific Equipment Data Collection andValidation 310
Appendix D: Example Reliability Data Conversion for CheckValves 324
Appendix E: Considerations for Overpressure of PressureVessels and Piping 328
REFERENCES 334
INDEX 342
