Water Demand Management

Name: Water Demand Management
Brand: IWA Publishing
Price: 152.99 EUR
Availability: OnlineOnly

David Butler Fayyaz Ali Memon(Editor)

IWA Publishing

Published on 1. December 2005

380 pages

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978-1-78040-255-0 (ISBN)

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A common characteristic of water demand in urban areas worldwide is its inexorable rise over many years; continued growth is projected over coming decades. The chief influencing factors are population growth and migration, together with changes in lifestyle, demographic structure and the possible effects of climate change (the detailed implications of climate change are not yet clear, and anyway will depend on global location, but must at least increase the uncertainty in security of supply). This is compounded by rapid development, creeping urbanization and, in some places, rising standards of living. Meeting this increasing demand from existing resources is self-evidently an uphill struggle, particularly in water stressed/scarce regions in the developed and developing world alike. There are typically two potential responses: either "supply-side" (meeting demand with new resources) or "demand-side" (managing consumptive demand itself to postpone or avoid the need to develop new resources). There is considerable pressure from the general public, regulatory agencies, and some governments to minimise the impacts of new supply projects (e.g. building new reservoirs or inter-regional transfer schemes), implying the emphasis should be shifted towards managing water demand by best utilising the water that is already available. Water Demand Management has been prepared by the academic, government and industry network WATERSAVE. The concept of the book is to assemble a comprehensive picture of demand management topics ranging from technical to social and legal aspects, through expert critical literature reviews. The depth and breadth of coverage is a unique contribution to the field and the book will be an invaluable information source for practitioners and researchers, including water utility engineers/planners, environmental regulators, equipment and service providers, and postgraduates. Contents Water consumption trends and demand forecasting techniques The technology, design and utility of rainwater catchment systems Understanding greywater treatment Water conservation products Water conservation and sewerage systems An introduction to life cycle and rebound effects in water systems Developing a strategy for managing losses in water distribution networks Demand management in developing countries Drivers and barriers for water conservation and reuse in the UK The economics of water demand management Legislation and regulation mandating and influencing the efficient use of water in England and Wales Consumer reactions to water conservation policy instruments Decision support tools for water demand management

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Content

Cover
Copyright
Contents
Preface
Contributors
1. Water consumption trends and demand forecasting techniques
1.1 Introduction
1.2 The Big Picture
1.3 Per Capita Water Consumption
1.4 Factors Influencing Consumption
1.5 Consumption By Micro-Component
1.6 Water Consumption Trends And Saving Potential
1.7 Demand Forecasting Techniques
1.7.1 Unmeasured household demand
1.7.2 Measured household demand
1.7.3 Scenario-based forecasting
1.7.4 Statistical methods
1.7.5 Forecasting techniques for network operations
1.8 Conclusions
1.9 Acknowledgements
1.10 References
2. The technology, design and utility of rainwater catchment systems
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Background and Application of Rainwater Catchment Systems
2.2.1 History
2.2.2 Application in Developing Countries
2.2.3 Application in Developed Countries
2.3 Rainwater Catchment System Categories and Components
2.3.1 System categories
2.3.2 System components
2.4 Storage Capacity of Rainwater Collectors
2.4.1 Background
2.4.2 Moran related methods
2.4.3 Critical period methods
2.4.4 Economic considerations
2.4.5 Other design methods
2.5 Rainwater Quality
2.5.1 Introduction
2.5.2 Chemical and Physical Contaminants
2.5.3 Microbiological contamination
2.6 Discussion
2.7 References
3. Understanding greywater treatment
3.1 Introduction
3.1.1 Storms of controversy
3.1.2 Treatment principles
3.1.3 Treatment technology
3.2 Confusion and Controversy
3.2.1 Language and logic problems
3.3 Greywater Characterisation
3.3.1 Compounding compounds
3.3.2 Source sampling
3.3.3 Organising organisms
3.3.4 Actual versus potential micro-organisms
3.4 Standard Errors
3.5 Risk Assessment
3.6 Conclusions
3.7 References
4. Water conservation products
4.1 Introduction
4.2 A framework for considering water conservation products
4.2.1 Definitions
4.2.2 The potential for technical solutions for demand management
4.3 Available technologies
analysis by category
4.3.1 Domestic appliances
4.3.2 Garden appliances/water efficient gardening
4.3.3 Grey-water and blackwater reuse
4.3.4 Rainwater (other than garden butts)
4.3.5 Taps
4.3.6 Supply restrictor valves
4.3.7 Urinals
4.3.8 Waterless and vacuum toilets
4.3.9 Water efficient WCs and displacement techniques/retrofits
4.3.10 Showers and baths
4.3.11 Plumbing systems
4.4 Efficiency versus reuse and harvesting
4.4.1 Environmental impact
4.4.2 Potential to offset water supply infrastructure
4.4.3 Effluent reduction (and stormwater attenuation)
4.5 Conclusions
4.6 References
5. Water conservation and sewerage systems
5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 Aims
5.1.2 Scope
5.1.3 Development of combined and separate drainage systems
5.1.4 Design of sewerage systems
5.2 Flows and loads in sewers
5.2.1 Flow and load in foul sewers and combined sewers and drains in dry weather
5.2.2 Flow in combined sewers in wet weather
5.2.3 Load in combined sewers in wet weather
5.2.4 Flows and load in surface water sewers in wet and dry weather
5.2.5 SUDS
5.3 Pressures on urban drainage systems
5.4 Potential impact of water conservation methods on peripheral and core drainage systems and on treatment plant
5.5 Conclusions
5.6 References
6. An introduction to life cycle and rebound effects in water systems
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Life cycle thinking
6.2.1 Life cycle assessment
6.2.2 Recognised limitations of LCA
6.3 Life cycle assessment and water systems
6.3.1 LCA and demand management
6.3.2 LCA and wastewater systems
6.4 Rebound effects
6.4.1 Rebound effects on time savings
6.5 Concluding remarks
6.6 References
6.6.1 Further information on life cycle assessment
7. Developing a strategy for managing losses in water distribution networks
7.1 Introduction
7.1.1 Understanding water losses
7.1.2 The IWA Water Loss Task Force
7.2 Understanding the network
7.2.1 Prioritising the tasks
7.2.2 The water balance
7.2.3 Network review
7.3 Dealing with real losses (leakage)
7.3.1 Developing a leakage strategy
7.4 Leakage management
7.4.1 Active leakage control (ALC)
7.4.2 Pressure management
7.4.3 Infrastructure management
7.4.4 Monitoring performance and maintaining progress
7.5 Technology and equipment
7.5.1 Data capture and analysis
7.5.2 Finding the leaks
7.6 Conclusions
7.7 References
8. Demand management in developing countries
8.1 Introduction
8.1.1 Water crisis in developing countries
8.1.2 Water scarcity in urban areas
8.1.3 Supply driven approach
8.1.4 Growing interest in demand management
8.2 Demand management (DM)
8.2.1 Definitions
8.2.2 Instruments for demand management
8.2.3 Demand management and consumer types
8.2.4 Demand management programme - objective and goals
8.3 Intermittent supply
8.3.1 Necessity rather than design
8.3.2 Problems with intermittent supply
8.3.3 Improvements to intermittent supply
8.3.4 Guidelines for improved equity in supply
8.3.5 Guidelines for improved water quality
8.4 Water losses
8.4.1 Water loss definitions
8.4.2 Real losses
8.4.3 Leakage in intermittent systems
8.4.4 Apparent losses
8.5 Water charging, tariffs and metering
8.5.1 Water charging and subsidies
8.5.2 'CAFES' Principal
8.5.3 Block tariffs
8.5.4 Metering
8.6 Retrofitting
8.6.1 Potential for retro-fitting in developing countries
8.6.2 Low-income communities
8.7 Wastewater reuse
8.8 Institutional capacity
8.8.1 Institutional Capacity and Demand Management
8.8.2 Institutional development programme
8.9 Public awareness
8.9.1 Importance of public awareness
8.9.2 Components of public awareness campaign
8.9.3 Factors to consider for public awareness campaign
8.10 Demand management programmes in developing countries
8.10.1 Managing water for African cities
8.10.2 Managing water for Asian cities
8.11 Conclusion
8.12 References
9. Drivers and barriers for water conservation and reuse in the UK
9.1 Introduction
9.2 The three key drivers
9.2.1 Climate change
9.2.2 Demographics
9.2.3 Increasing rates of per capita consumption
9.3 Water conservation and reuse measures
9.3.1 Water conservation measures
9.3.2 Greywater reuse systems
9.4 Barriers and drivers for the government and regulators
9.4.1 Regulators and the Government: Drivers
9.4.2 Regulators and the Government: Barriers
9.5 Local authorities
9.5.1 Local authorities: Drivers
9.5.2 Local authorities: Barriers
9.6 Water companies
9.6.1 Water companies: Drivers
9.6.2 Water companies: Barriers
9.7 Private consultants
9.7.1 Private consultants: Drivers
9.7.2 Private consultants: Barriers
9.8 Architects, developers and planners
9.8.1 Architects, developers and planners: Drivers
9.8.2 Architects, developers and planners: Barriers
9.9 Education and research
9.9.1 Education and research: Drivers
9.9.2 Education and research: Barriers
9.10 Manufacturers
9.10.1 Manufacturers: drivers
9.10.2 Manufacturers: barriers
9.11 Customers and consumers
9.11.1 Customers and consumers: Drivers
9.11.2 Consumers: barriers
9.12 Conclusions
9.13 References
10. The economics of water demand management
10.1 Introduction: setting the stage
10.1.1 Definitions and categories
10.1.2 Scope for demand-management
10.2 Economic appraisal
10.2.1 Different types of appraisal
10.2.2 Economic appraisal: from micro to macro
10.2.3 Economic appraisal: micro
10.2.4 Economic appraisal: macro
10.3 Applications in practice
10.3.1 Introduction
10.3.2 Application of major micro-appraisal techniques
10.3.3 Micro-appraisal in practice
10.4 Conclusions and recommendations
10.5 References
11. Legislation and regulation mandating and influencing the efficient use of water in England and Wales
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Water use by abstraction
11.2.1 Legislation/Regulation applying to all abstractions
11.2.2 Industrial and agricultural abstraction
11.2.3 The public water supply
11.3 The constituents of the public water supply
11.3.1 Leakage
11.3.2 Public water supply to buildings (households and non-households)
11.4 Recent legislation
11.4.1 The European Water Framework Directive
11.4.2 The Water Act 2003
11.5 Summary and perspectives
11.6 Discussion
11.6.1 Abstraction licensing
11.6.2 Water resources plans and the periodic review process
11.6.3 Water supply (water fittings) regulations
11.6.4 Leakage targets
11.6.5 Water efficiency/water conservation duty
11.6.6 Water charging policy
11.6.7 Development planning
11.6.8 Enhanced capital allowance
11.6.9 Recent legislation
11.7 Conclusions
11.8 References
12. Consumer reactions to water conservation policy instruments
12.1 Introduction
12.1.1 Supply, demand, and social expectations
12.1.2 Water use and policy instruments.
12.2 Attitudes and responses to conservation initiatives
12.2.1 Economic instruments
12.2.2 Regulatory instruments
12.2.3 Technological instruments
12.2.4 Education instruments
12.3 Attitudes and responses to water recycling initiatives
12.4 Beyond demand management?
12.4.1 Gauging socio-cultural adaptability
12.4.2 Complexity and co-evolution
12.4.3 Water as a cultural signifier
12.5 Conclusion: some comments on capacity development
12.6 References
13. Decision support tools for water demand management
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Decision support systems
13.3 Tools for forecasting demand
13.4 Tools for supporting the implementation of demand reducing strategies
13.5 Tools for managing water demand at a systems level
13.6 Tools for negotiations
13.7 Conclusions and future trends
13.8 References
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Water Demand Management

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