
Introduction to Trade and Globalisation
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Content
- Intro
- The author
- Introduction
- 1 The nature of trade
- Trade is (and was) everywhere
- Specialisation and efficiency
- Concerns over winners and losers
- Protectionism
- Efforts to reduce trade barriers
- Transnational corporations
- Trade as a moral good
- The future of trade
- PART ONE
- THE RISE OF TRADE
- 2 The origins of trade
- Stone Age trade
- Records and recriminations
- Gift exchange and the money revolution
- Medieval trading routes
- New ideas and new worlds
- 3 The rise of international trade
- The mercantilist era
- Faltering moves towards free trade
- Farewell to the Corn Laws
- An era of more open trade
- The decline of free trade policies
- PART TWO
- THE PRINCIPLES OF TRADE
- 4 The theory of trade
- Exchange and value
- Specialisation
- Comparative advantage
- Unequal advantages and trade
- Who trades with whom?
- Defying gravity?
- 5 The benefits of trade
- Static gains from trade
- Dynamic gains from trade
- Non-material benefits
- PART THREE
- DOUBTS ABOUT TRADE
- 6 Winners and losers in trade
- Economic change creates winners and losers
- Dislocation in richer countries
- Labour productivity
- Change and globalisation
- Exposure to competition
- 7 Concerns about globalisation
- Coercion of poorer countries
- Perpetual lag?
- Import substitution
- The fair trade movement
- Exploitation of poor workers
- Environmental concerns
- Cultural imperialism
- PART FOUR
- PROTECTIONISM
- 8 Protectionism: politics, tools, problems
- The politics of protectionism
- The tools of protectionism
- Which firms to protect?
- Unintended consequences
- The cost of protectionism
- 9 Arguments for protectionism
- The infant industries argument
- Anti-dumping argument
- Labour standards
- Product standards and biosecurity
- Security concerns
- Sanctions
- 10 Balance of payments deficits
- The balance of payments
- Deficits are not always a problem
- Country-to-country deficits
- Exchange rates
- Government intervention
- PART FIVE
- TRADE TODAY
- 11 Free trade redux
- Post-war commitment to trade
- Broadening horizons
- Different approaches
- Examples of regional trade agreements
- 12 Transnational corporations
- Managing global value chains
- The origins of TNCs
- Uncertain boundaries
- How powerful are TNCs?
- 13 Trade and morality
- Two views of trade
- Trade and liberal values
- Trade and equality
- The moral value of trade
- PART SIX
- THE FUTURE OF TRADE
- 14 Trends and lessons
- The benefits of international trade
- Trends and challenges
- Political challenges to free trade policies
- The pressure for protection
- The need for adaptability
- References
- Further reading
- About the IEA
- Blank Page
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