The Chromatography of Steroids

PrefaceGlossaries 1. Symbols and Terms 2. Description of Solvent Systems 3. The Structure and Nomenclature of the SteroidsI. The Basic Theory of Chromatography and Some General Principles 1. Introductory 2. Derivation of RF and RM Values 3. Solvent-Solute Interactions 4. Chemical Structure and Chromatographic Behavior 5. Partition Coefficients and Solvent Systems 6. The Effect of Temperature 7. Formation of Several Species of SoluteII. Chromatographic Separation of Steroids Section 1: Descriptive 1. Introduction 2. Special Features of the Chromatography of Steroids 3. Adsorption Methods 4. Partition Chromatography Section 2: Quantitative Treatment of Steroid Behavior on Chromatograms 1. ¿RMg Values in Typical Solvent Systems 2. ¿RMg Values in Atypical Solvent Systems 3. ¿RMg and RMr Values 4. Solvent-Solute Interactions and ¿RMg ValuesIII. Techniques and Apparatus 1. Transfer Operations and Volumetric Error (a) Transfer to Adsorption Columns (b) Transfer to Partition Columns (c) Transfer of Material to Paper Chromatograms 2. Column Chromatography (a) Preparation of Adsorption Columns (b) Preparation of Partition Columns (c) Design and Operation of Columns (d) Multiple-Column Chromatography 3. Paper Chromatography (a) Preparation of Sheets and Strips (b) Impregnation of Paper with Stationary Phases (c) No-Touch Technique for Preparing Paper Chromatograms (d) Operation of Chromatography Tanks (e) Ways of Running Paper Chromatograms (f) Temperature Control (g) General Features of Methods of Detection (h) Special Features of Methods of Detection (i) The Use of Dyes and Markers (j) Elution of Material From Paper (k) Preparative Paper Chromatography 4. Preparation of Extracts Suitable for Chromatography (a) General (b) Animal Tissues (c) Blood and Plasma (d) Sweat, Feces, UrineIV. Quantitative Chromatography: Colorimetric and Radioisotopic Techniques 1. Introduction 2. General Procedure 3. Chromatographic Selectivity 4. Modifying Steps 5. Chromatographic Technique in Quantitative Methods 6. Direct Scanning of Paper Chromatograms (a) Treatment of Paper Strips with Reagents (b) Solvents and Reagents Suitable for Scanning Methods (c) Treatment of Strips after the Reagent Has Been Applied (d) Optical Requirements (e) Geometrical and Planimetric Methods (f) Electronic Recording Apparatus (g) Fully Automatic Apparatus 7. Logistics of Quantitative Estimations Using Chromatography 8. Use of Radioactive Isotopes in Quantitative Chromatography 9. Complication and SimplicityV. Structural Analysis and Identification of Steroids by Chromatography 1. The Basis of the Classical Method 2. The Basis of Chromatographic Identification 3. General Procedure for Structure Determination 4. Examples of Structure Determination (a) Cortisol (b) 2a-Me-P4-6ß, 11ß, 17a, 20¿, 21-ol-3-One (c) 9a-F-aP-3a, 11ß, 17a, 21-ol-20-One (d) 18-Hydroxyöestrone 5. Systematic Investigation of Unknown Steroids 6. General Properties of Simple Functional Groups (a) Changes By Chemical Modification -¿RMr Values (b) Solvent Changes - ¿Rms Values 7. Special Properties of Simple and Complex Functional Groups (a) ¿RMr on Modification (b) ¿RMs on Change of Solvent System 8. Spectroscopic Properties, Color and Fluorescence Reactions 9. Future Developments 10. General Procedure Using ¿RMs and ¿RMg ValuesVI. Some Typical Analytical Problems of Steroid Biochemistry 1. Introduction 2. Cortisol in Human Blood 3.