
Arbitration's Age of Enlightenment?
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Content
- Intro
- Half-Title Page
- Title Page
- Copyright Page
- Preface
- ICCA Congress
- Table of Contents
- Part I Opening Keynote Address
- Chapter 1 Arbitration's Age of Enlightenment: A Celebration or a Challenge?
- Part II Plenary: Arbitration's Age of Enlightenment . and Adaptation?
- Chapter 2 A Search for International Enlightenment Through Arbitration: Andrew Carnegie, the Alabama Claims Arbitration, and the 'Temple of Peace'
- I Introduction
- II A Brief Sketch of Carnegie's Life
- III The Alabama Claims Arbitration
- IV Attempts at Settlement
- V A Breakthrough
- VI The Arbitration Almost Derailed
- VII The Arbitration Proceeds
- VIII The Arbitration's Impact on Andrew Carnegie
- Chapter 3 How Does International Arbitration Fare in a World Creeping Towards Unilateralism, Protectionism and Nationalism?
- I Introduction
- II Some of the Many Challenges Facing the World: Unilateralism, Protectionism and Nationalism
- 1 Definitions and Antitheses
- 2 Recent Surge of Government Actions with Nationalistic, Protectionist or Unilateral Overtones
- 3 Is This Trend Encroaching upon International Arbitration?
- III In Retrospect: Arbitration's Past Contribution to the Avoidance of Politicized Conflicts
- 1 Dogger Bank
- 2 The Cold War
- 3 Iran-United States Claims Tribunal
- 4 Over 1,100 Institutional and Ad Hoc Investment Cases to Date
- 5 Commercial Arbitration Cases
- IV What Can Arbitration Do to Alleviate Some of These Tensions?
- V Conclusion
- Chapter 4 "Loyauté": A Tool for Enlightenment?
- I The Nature of Procedural Loyauté
- 1 Existence of the Concept
- 2 The Difficulties in Defining Procedural Loyauté
- a The Absence of Definition or Consensus
- b A Concept Applicable to All
- c Procedural Loyauté Applies to a Variety of Situations
- i Procedural Loyauté at the Start of the Proceedings
- ii Loyauté in the Course of the Proceedings
- iii Procedural Loyauté at the Enforcement Stage
- II Critical Analysis of Loyauté and Its Mechanisms
- 1 Sanctions Having an Impact on the Merits
- 2 Allocation of Costs
- 3 Sanction of the Counsel or the Arbitrator
- Chapter 5 AI Versus IA: End of the Enlightenment?
- I Introduction
- II Dr. Kissinger Et Al and AI
- III IA and AI
- IV IA and Intelligence
- V AI Versus IA
- Part III Panel 1: Progress Made/Progress to Be Made - Exploring the Ways Forward
- Chapter 6 E + Action - Talk + Data = Enlightenment in International Arbitration
- I A 'Gospel of Doom'
- 1 'Evil News Fly Faster'
- 2 Achieving Enlightenment
- II Efficiency
- 1 A Long-Standing Concern
- 2 We Have Techniques to Control Time and Costs, but No Real Way of Monitoring Their Efficacy
- 3 Access to Information and Empirical Data
- III Equality
- 1 Not a Level Playing Field
- 2 Redressing the Balance
- 3 Removing Barriers to Appointment: Actions and Different Words
- IV The Environment
- 1 We Must Act to Limit the Impact of Our Industry on the Environment
- 2 Humanity Has Never Faced a Problem Like It
- 3 The Environmental Impact of a Major International Arbitration
- 4 Avoiding the Bystander Effect and Achieving a 'Greener' Arbitration
- V Delivering Change
- 1 Become a 'Lion of Truth'
- 2 Embrace Technology
- 3 Three Concrete Actions for Change
- Chapter 7 Some Thoughts on Progress
- I Introduction
- II Saving Costs and Time
- III Production of Documents
- IV Diversity
- V How Should International Arbitration Respond to War?
- VI Conclusion
- Part IV Once Upon a Time in International Arbitration
- Panel 2: I. Three Classics Revisited
- Chapter 8 Putting the Abu Dhabi Oil Award's Methodology to the Test of Time
- I Introduction
- II The Factual Situation and the Issues in Dispute
- 1 Facts and Historical Context
- 2 Disputed Issues
- III Interpretation
- IV Continental Shelf Doctrine
- V Applicable Law
- VI Composition of the Tribunal
- VII Conclusion
- Chapter 9 Why Investment Treaties Should Not Be Subverted by Barcelona Traction
- I The Facts
- II The Issues
- III Resolution of the issues
- IV Looking Ahead
- 1 Shareholder Actions under National and International Law
- 2 Should the Advantages of Sophisticated National Corporate Law Be Incorporated into International Rules Pertaining to the Treatment of Foreign Investment?
- 3 The Baby and the Bathwater
- Annex: Extracts from GAMI v Mexico (NAFTA), Final Award, 15 November 2004, Section 7 ("Expropriation"), pp. 45-51.
- Chapter 10 Mitsubishi and Its Learning
- I Introduction
- II The Court's Hospitality Toward Arbitration of Federal Statutory Claims
- III The "Second-Look" Doctrine
- 1 Standard of Review in a Second Look
- 2 A Second Look under European Union Law
- IV Applying the "Non-chosen" Law
- V Conclusion
- Panel 3: II. State Responsibility - Then and Now
- Chapter 11 The International Law Commission and Its Articles on State Responsibility
- I Introductory Remarks
- II The International Law Commission and Its Activities
- III The History and Result of the ILC Work on State Responsibility
- IV The Relevance of the Articles for Investment Protection and Arbitration
- Chapter 12 Some Thoughts on Frictions and Fault Lines in the Application by Investment Tribunals of the ILC Articles on State Responsibility
- I Introduction
- II Instances of 'Frictions' or 'Fault Lines'
- 1 Applicability of the ILC Articles in Investment Arbitration
- 2 Conflation of Articles 4 and 5 on Attribution of Conduct
- 3 Confusion Between the Rules of Attribution and Rules of Contractual Liability
- 4 Relationship Between Exceptions Clauses and Circumstances Precluding Wrongfulness
- 5 Availability of Countermeasures
- III Concluding Remarks
- Chapter 13 Who's Afraid of the Articles on State Responsibility
- I The Articles on State Responsibility: Outside the Comfort Zone?
- II The Standard Perspective: Do Investment Lawyers Get Their State Responsibility Right?
- III A Change of Perspective: Investment Law's Contribution to State Responsibility
- IV Useful Guidance on Select Issues: Investment Law and Its Antecedents in the 2001 ASR
- V 'Almost Ubiquitous Reliance': 'Consolidating and Refining' the Articles in Investment Treaty Jurisprudence Since 2001
- 1 Embracing the ILC Articles
- 2 Working with the Articles, and Making Them Their Own
- VI Radiating Effects?
- VII Concluding Thoughts
- Panel 4: Arbitration's Printing Press: Drawing the Line Between Confidentiality and Transparency
- Chapter 14 In Defence of Party Choice: The Continuing Importance of Confidentiality in Commercial Arbitration
- I The Quest for Transparency and Its Implications for Confidentiality
- II Arguments Made Against a Confidential Process in Commercial Arbitration
- 1 Legitimacy of the Process
- 2 Limiting Confidentiality to Achieve Greater Transparency for the Common Good
- 3 Confidentiality in Arbitration Poses a Risk to the Development of the Law
- 4 Confidentiality Is the Exception, Not the Rule in Most Jurisdictions
- III In Defence of the Contractual, Party-Led Process
- 1 The Creation of the Arbitration System
- 2 In Support of International Trade: Facilitating a Party-Led Process in the Public Interest
- 3 A Party-Led Process
- 4 In This Party and Controlled Process, What Do Parties Want in Terms of Confidentiality?
- a Having Your Cake and Eating It: Do Parties Also Want Transparency?
- IV Why Party Choice Overrides the Arguments Made Against Confidentiality
- 1 Legitimacy of the Process
- 2 Limiting Confidentiality to Achieve Greater Transparency for the Common Good
- 3 Confidentiality in Arbitration Poses a Risk to the Development of the Law
- 4 Confidentiality is the Exception, Not the Rule in Most Jurisdictions
- V Conclusion
- Chapter 15 Confidentiality in International Commercial Arbitration Does Not Undermine the Legitimacy of the Process
- Chapter 16 How Confidential Is Confidential?: Safeguards, Obstacles, and Boundaries of Confidentiality in International Commercial Arbitration
- I Introduction
- II Status Quo: How Confidential Are International Commercial Arbitration Proceedings, Anyway?
- 1 Arbitration Laws
- 2 Arbitration Rules
- a Confidentiality
- b Publication of Arbitral Awards
- 3 Parties' Agreement
- 4 Conclusion
- III Confidentiality Is a Legitimate Concern and Must Be Protected Against Ill-Founded Criticism
- 1 Parties Want: And Have a Legitimate Right - To Keep Their Disputes Confidential
- 2 Any Alleged Rights to Information by the Public Are Outweighed by the Parties' Legitimate Confidentiality Concerns
- 3 Unfounded Allegations of Secrecy Do Not Justify Foregoing Confidentiality
- 4 Confidentiality Does Not Substantially Hinder Any Development of the Law
- IV Conclusion
- Chapter 17 The Link Between Transparency and Legitimacy in International Arbitration
- I Introduction
- II Investor-State Arbitration
- 1 Approaches by Stakeholders in Investor-State Arbitration
- a Supranational Organizations
- b Individual Nations
- i Specific Measures Adopted by Nations
- c Arbitral Institutions
- d Others
- 2 Potential Impacts of Increased Transparency in Investor-State Arbitration
- III International Commercial Arbitration
- 1 Institutions Moving Towards Increased Transparency
- 2 Institutions Emphasizing Confidentiality
- 3 Potential Impacts of Increased Transparency in Commercial Arbitration
- a Increased Diversity
- b Better Predictability
- IV Conclusion
- A Letter to the Editor
- Panel 5: Post-pandemic Dispute Resolution Toolbox
- Chapter 19 Dispute Resolution Toolbox
- Chapter 20 Combined Dispute Resolution Processes: Trends and Challenges Post Pandemic
- Chapter 21 Knowledge-Based ADR Toolbox for Uncertain Times
- I Introduction
- II A Plaidoyer for Knowledge Hubs
- III An ADR Toolbox of the Construction Industry
- 1 Interdisciplinary Advice as a Contract Administration Tool
- 2 Dispute Board
- 3 A Case of the Chilean Dispute Resolution Mechanism for the Concessions of Public Works
- 4 Arbitration Procedures Designed According to Pareto Principle
- IV Conclusions
- Panel 6: State of the World in 2022 - New Developments and Reform in International Investment Arbitration
- Chapter 22 A User's Guide to What's New in the ICSID Rules 2022
- I Introduction
- II Implementation of the Amended Rules
- III Overall Approach and Structure
- IV Convention AFR
- V Institution Rules
- VI Arbitration Rules
- 1 Time Limits and Extensions of Time
- 2 Notice of Third-Party Funding
- 3 Challenge Proposals
- 4 Case Management Conferences
- 5 Document Production
- 6 Tribunal-Appointed Experts
- 7 Manifest Lack of Legal Merit
- 8 Bifurcation and Preliminary Objections
- 9 Consolidation and Coordination
- 10 Provisional Measures
- 11 Costs
- 12 Security for Costs
- 13 Transparency
- 14 Expedited Arbitration
- VII Conciliation Rules
- VIII Additional Facility Rules
- IX Fact-Finding Rules
- X Mediation Rules
- XI Conclusion
- Chapter 23 'State of the World': New Developments and Reform in International Investment Arbitration - The UNCITRAL ISDS Reform
- I Introduction
- II Why UNCITRAL
- III Scope of the Mandate
- IV Procedural Background
- 1 A Government-Led and Inclusive Process
- 2 Expertise from All Stakeholders
- 3 Transparency
- 4 Working Group III Progress During the COVID-19 Pandemic
- V State of Reform Discussions
- 1 General Status of the Reform Process
- a Concerns Identified and Desirability of Reform
- b Identified Reform Options
- c Project schedule
- d Resource Requirements and Workplan
- 2 Preliminary Consideration of Relevant Issues of Reform Elements
- 3 Reform Elements of a Procedural Nature
- a Code of Conduct
- b Third-Party Funding
- c Selection and Appointment of Arbitrators and Adjudicators
- d Dispute Prevention and Mitigation as Well as Other Means of ADR
- i Dispute Prevention and Mitigation
- ii Alternative Dispute Resolution Methods and Strengthening Recourse to Mediation
- e Multiple Proceedings and Counterclaims, Including Shareholder Claims and Reflective Loss
- f Security for Costs
- g Frivolous and Unmeritorious Claims
- h Interpretation of Investment Treaties by Treaty Parties
- i Assessment of Damages and Compensation
- 4 Reform Elements of Structural Nature
- a Standing Multilateral Investment Court and Appellate Mechanism
- i Appellate Mechanism
- ii Enforcement
- iii Financing
- iv Selection and Appointment of Adjudicators in a Standing Mechanism
- b Advisory Centre
- 5 Implementation of the Reform: A Multilateral Framework Based on the Mauritius Convention on Transparency Model, on the OECD BEPS Convention?
- VI Parallel ISDS Reform Developments
- VII Conclusion and Way Forward
- Chapter 24 ISDS Reform: Innovative Actions at the National and Bilateral Levels
- I Introduction
- 1 The 'Root' of the Matter
- 2 Reforming Nationally: Effective 'First Aid'
- II Innovative Steps Taken Nationally and Bilaterally: Case Study of Nigeria
- 1 The Nigeria-Morocco BIT
- 2 Dispute Prevention, Dispute De-escalation and Mediation
- 3 Phase 2: Reforming the Old-Generation BITs
- 4 Phase 3: Alignment and Cohesion in National and Bilateral Efforts
- 5 Coordination of Nigeria's Reforms
- III Closing Thoughts
- Chapter 25 The "State of the World" in 2022: New Developments and Reform in International Investment Arbitration-ISDS Reform Proposals: An Investor Perspective
- I Introduction
- II Background
- III Importance of FDI
- IV Assessing the Impact of the Reform Proposals
- 1 Flaws of the MIC Proposal
- a Tilts the Balance Against Investors and Implications for Their Investment Decisions
- b The MIC Would Eliminate Party Autonomy in the Selection of Adjudicators
- c The MIC Would Reduce the Pool of Qualified Arbitrators
- d The MIC Would Introduce Uncertainty Regarding the Enforceability of Arbitral Awards
- e The MIC Would Introduce Uncertainty as to How Dispute Settlement Proceedings Will Be Funded and Maintained
- 2 Flaws of the Appellate Mechanism Proposal
- a The Appellate Mechanism Tilts the Balance of the Dispute Settlement System Against Investors
- b The Appellate Mechanism Would Make Erroneous Decisions Permanent
- c The Appellate Mechanism Increases the Cost and Duration of Proceedings
- V Reforms That Would Improve the System for All Users
- 1 Multilateral Advisory Center
- 2 Code of Conduct
- 3 Prior Scrutiny of Awards
- 4 Improving Arbitrator Selection
- 5 Alternative Dispute Resolution Mechanisms
- 6 Expedited Procedures
- 7 Additional Case Management Tools
- VI The Mechanics for Implementation
- VII Conclusion
- Part V Regional Themes
- Panel 7: Regional Themes I: The Americas and Europe Between Constitutionalism and Populism
- Chapter 26 The Americas and Europe Between Constitutionalism and Populism: European Challenges to ISDS
- I Introduction
- II The Origin of ISDS, Its Justification and Objectives
- 1 ICSID
- III Causes of Dissatisfaction with ISDS Through Arbitration
- IV The European Commission's Proposal for a Multilateral Investment Court
- V The Jurisdiction of the CJEU
- VI The Achmea Case
- 1 Background
- 2 Achmea: The Factual and Legal Context
- 3 Achmea: The Advocate General's Opinion
- 4 Achmea: The Judgment of the Court
- 5 The Immediate Aftermath of Achmea
- VII The CETA Opinion
- 1 Background
- 2 CETA: Opinion 1/17 of the Court of Justice
- 3 CETA: Subsequent Events
- VIII The Micula Saga
- 1 The Factual Background
- 2 The Commission Decision and the Judgment of the General Court
- 3 The UK Proceedings and the Judgment of the UK Supreme Court
- 4 The Opinion of the Advocate General
- 5 The Judgment of the Court of Justice
- IX Concluding Reflections
- Chapter 27 The CJEU and ISDS
- I Introduction
- II The Judgment of the CJEU in Achmea, Opinion 1/17, and the Judgment of the CJEU in Komstroy
- 1 The Judgment of the CJEU in Achmea
- 2 The CJEU's Opinion 1/17
- 3 The Judgment of the CJEU in Komstroy
- III Intra-EU ISDS after Achmea and Komstroy: Practice of International Arbitral Tribunals and Reactions of EU Member States, Including Their Courts
- 1 Intra-EU ISDS after Achmea and Komstroy: Practice of International Arbitral Tribunals
- a Practice of International Arbitral Tribunals Established under Intra-EU BITs
- b Practice of International Arbitral Tribunals Established under the ECT in Intra-EU Cases
- 2 Intra-EU ISDS after Achmea and Komstroy: Reactions of EU Member States, Including Their Courts
- a Reactions of EU Member States in Relation to Specific Arbitrations
- b Reactions of EU Member States Disassociated with Specific Arbitrations
- IV Enforcement of Intra-EU ECT Awards Outside of the EU
- V Conclusion
- Chapter 28 The Interaction of European Investment Law with Public International Law
- I Introduction
- II The Development of European Investment Law under the Lisbon Treaty
- 1 The Transfer of the Authority to Regulate FDIs to the EU
- 2 The Participation of Member States in the Development of European Investment Law
- III The Relationship Between Preexisting International Agreements and European Investment Law
- 1 The EU's Relationship with International Law
- 2 The Performance of International Agreements under the Principle of Pacta Sunt Servanda
- 3 The Grandfathering of Preexisting Inter-EU BITs under European Law
- IV The Development of European Investment Law in the Context of the CETA
- 1 The Principle of Autonomy of European Law
- 2 The Right to Regulate under Domestic Laws
- 3 The Standard of Fair and Equitable Treatment
- 4 The Standard of Expropriation
- V The Opportunity For Collaboration among the Actors of International Law
- Chapter 29 From the No to the May Be: Latin America and Investment Arbitration
- I The Concept of "Latin America"
- II The "No of Tokyo"
- III The Treaty Boom
- IV The Claims Boom
- 1 Argentina
- 2 Colombia
- 3 Ecuador
- Panel 8: Regional Themes II: Asia, Africa and the Middle East: Dynamism and Consolidation
- Chapter 30 Local Characteristics of Arbitration in China and Their Influence on Legislations
- I Introduction
- II The Unique Characteristics of Commercial Arbitration in China and the Causes of the Uniqueness
- 1 Commercial Arbitration in China Has Deep Administrative Involvement
- a Arbitration Institutions Are Established by Administrative Authorities and Mostly Classified as Institutional Organizations
- b The Decision-Makers of Arbitration Institutions Are Appointed and Removed by Administrative Authorities
- 2 Commercial Arbitration in China Also Has a Duty to Stabilize Society
- a Arbitration Prioritizes Substantive Justice of the Case
- b Arbitral Tribunal Can Conduct Mediation
- 3 The Legal Framework of Arbitration in China Resembles Litigation Rules
- 4 Arbitration Institutions Play an Important Role in Commercial Arbitration in China
- a Arbitration Institutions Largely Dominate the Arbitration Procedures
- b Parties Could Only Appoint Arbitrators from the Panel of Arbitrators
- III Internationalization of Commercial Arbitration in China: Realistic Background and Demands for Reform
- 1 Economic Development and Legislative Support Nurturing the Development of International Commercial Arbitration
- a Foreign Economic Growth Directly Leads to an Increase in International Commercial and Investment Dispute Cases
- b Strengthening Legislation in the Foreign-Related Field and Improving Foreign-Related Rule of Law System Becomes a Reform Priority
- 2 Good Practice of International Commercial Arbitration in China Has Laid a Foundation for Further Reform
- a Shift from Mandatory List of Arbitrators to Recommended List of Arbitrators
- b Independence of Mediation
- c Innovation of Arbitrators' Fees
- d Introduction of Emergency Arbitrator System
- e Grant Arbitral Tribunal the Power to Order Interim Measures
- f Pilots and Exploration of Arbitrator Taking over Procedural Management
- g Attempt at Optional Appellate Arbitration in International Arbitration
- IV Realistic Necessity of Dualistic Legislation on Arbitration
- 1 Ad Hoc Arbitration Should Be Stipulated Only in International Arbitration Rules at the Current Stage
- 2 Different Rules of Determining Jurisdiction Should Be Allowed in Domestic and International Arbitration
- 3 Arbitral Tribunals Should Differ in Granting Interim Measures in Domestic and International Arbitration
- 4 Procedural Rules Should Differ in the Level of Detail in Domestic and International Arbitration
- 5 Mediation by Arbitral Tribunals Should Only Be Provided for Domestic Arbitration
- 6 The Power of Arbitral Tribunals to Investigate and Collect Evidence Is Inappropriate for International Arbitration Procedures
- 7 Rules Relating to Appraisal Are Inappropriate for International Arbitration Procedures
- 8 Only a Comprehensive Set of International Arbitration Legislation Can Provide the Necessary Rules to Support International Arbitration
- V The Feasibility of Dualistic Legislation on Arbitration
- 1 Dualistic Legislation Is Theoretically Justified
- 2 The Comparative Law Analysis of Singapore and France Shows That Dualistic Legislation Is Feasible and Beneficial
- VI Conclusion
- Chapter 31 Arbitration in India: Quo Vadis?
- I Introduction
- II The Early Years of the 1996 Act: A Tumble Down the Rabbit Hole
- III The Supreme Court Charts a Course: The Fork in the Road
- IV The 2015 Amendments: Alice Chooses Her Path
- V Judge-Made Law Has Advanced Arbitration: Alice Finds Her Way
- 1 Casting the Net Wide
- 2 Pro-enforcement Bias for Foreign Awards
- 3 Emergency Arbitrators Recognized under Part I
- 4 Court's Review of Kompetenz-Kompetenz Decisions
- 5 Party Autonomy
- VI Speed Breakers Ahead: Will Humpty Dumpty Take a Great Fall?
- 1 Perversity and Irrationality: A Trojan Horse
- 2 Enforceability of Investment Treaty Awards in India
- 3 The Arbitration Council of India
- 4 Lack of Institutionalized Arbitration
- 5 No Regulatory Matrix for Third-Party Funding
- VII The Practice of Arbitration Needs Overhauling: Through the Looking Glass
- VIII Conclusion: Wipe the Grin Off the Cheshire Cat
- Chapter 32 Of Lions, Tigers, Dragons, and Wolves: Transforming International Arbitration in Africa
- I Introduction
- II Early Arrivals
- III Enter the Dragon
- IV Tiger Rising
- V Dances with Wolves
- VI Snow Monkeys
- VII Transforming International Arbitration in Africa
- 1 The Lion King(s)
- a The Instruments
- b The Institutions
- c The Parties and Disputes
- d International Arbitration for All
- VIII Conclusion
- Chapter 33 African Practitioners, International Arbitration, and Inclusivity
- I Introduction
- II International Arbitration and African Practitioners
- 1 Framing the Problem
- 2 Data
- 3 Some Necessary Skills for Arbitrators
- III SOAS Arbitration in Africa Survey
- IV The African Promise
- V Modern Arbitration in African States
- VI Future Growth Area
- VII Conclusion
- Panel 9: The Sociology of Arbitration
- Chapter 34 The Changing Sociology of the Investment Arbitration Market: The Case of Double Hatting
- I Introduction
- II Presenting the Arbitration Market
- III Theorizing the Arbitration Market
- 1 Symbolic Capital
- 2 Insider Behaviour
- IV The Legitimacy Crisis and Double Hatting Critique
- 1 Early Critique
- 2 Maturing Critique
- 3 Diffusion of Critique
- 4 Counter-Backlash
- V The Effect of Critiques on the Investment Arbitration Market
- 1 Changes in Treaties
- 2 Self-Regulation
- 3 State Challenges
- VI Conclusions: A Changing Market
- Chapter 35 The End of Hubris in International Arbitration?: A Reply to Malcolm Langford
- I Sociology as an Empirical Discipline
- II Double Hatting as Moral Capital
- III Double Hatting and Marginality
- Chapter 36 Sociology and the Market for Commercial Arbitrators: Seeing It All Differently
- I The Sociology of Arbitration
- 1 Why Sociology?: Why Now?
- 2 Professor Langford's Study of Double Hatting
- 3 Why Quantitative Empirical Analysis?
- 4 Why Investment Arbitration?
- 5 Why Arbitrator Selection?
- II What about Commercial Arbitration?
- 1 Making Informed Choices in Appointments
- 2 A Love-Hate Relationship with Transparency
- III Information about Arbitrators
- 1 What We Knew Then and What We Know Now
- 2 Arbitrators' Websites, Institutional Panel Lists, Commercial Directories
- 3 Arbitrators' Perspectives on Current Issues
- 4 Arbitrators' Performance Statistics
- 5 Publishing Arbitral Awards
- IV Direct Experience and Seeing It All Differently
- Panel 10: Young Practitioners and Our Future
- Chapter 37 Report of the Moderator for the Young Practitioners and Our Future Panel
- I Introduction
- II Recent Trends in International Arbitration
- 1 The Proliferation of Young Entrepreneurs in the Business of Arbitration
- 2 Use of Artificial Intelligence and Digital Technologies
- 3 Climate Change and Arbitration
- III The Future of Arbitration and Institutions
- 1 Regulators in Arbitration
- 2 Geographical Diversity
- 3 Transparency and Confidentiality
- IV Concluding Remarks
- Part VI New Frontiers
- Panel 11: New Frontiers I: Arbitration in the Age of [Post-pandemic] Technology
- Chapter 38 How to Win Instructions in the Post-pandemic World
- I Introduction
- II How Has the Pandemic Changed International Arbitration?
- 1 The Rise of Virtual Hearings, and the Adoption of Technology in Hearings
- 2 Paperless Environment
- 3 Post-pandemic Business Travel
- 4 The Rise of Independent Practitioners and Boutique Firms
- III How Might Legal Operations Help You Win Instructions?
- 1 Sourcing for the Right Team
- 2 Designing the Best User Experience
- 3 Working with Legal Project Managers
- IV Conclusion
- Chapter 39 Artificial Intelligence in Arbitral Decision-Making: The New Enlightenment?
- I Introduction
- II AI Decision-Makers of the Future?
- III Paradigm Shift in Theories on Legal Decision-Making
- IV Conclusion
- Chapter 40 Decentralized Justice Systems: A New Player in the Field of Alternative Dispute Resolution?
- I Introduction
- II The World of Smart Contracts, NFTs and Cryptocurrencies: A Complex Territory for Dispute Resolution
- 1 The World of Blockchain Technology
- a The Basics of Blockchain Technology
- b Use Cases of Blockchain Technology
- 2 The Inevitable Rise of Blockchain Disputes and Their Challenges
- III The Emergence of DJS
- 1 The New Kids on the Block
- 2 The Obstacles to a Fair and Legitimate Process
- IV Conclusion: A Necessary (R)Evolution?
- Chapter 41 Artificial Intelligence and the Face of the Arbitrations of Tomorrow
- I Introduction
- II The Technology
- III When to Deploy: Answers to 'What If' Questions
- IV AI in IA: The Face of the Arbitrations of Tomorrow
- 1 Challenges to the Methodology
- 2 Data and Other Evidentiary Issues: 'Garbage In, Garbage Out'
- 3 Logistics
- Panel 12: New Frontiers II: The Subject Matters of the Disputes of Tomorrow
- Chapter 42 Harmonious Interpretation of Investment Treaties and International Human Rights Instruments Considering the Climate Change
- I Introduction
- II Climate Change
- 1 Climate Change Facts
- 2 Interrelationship Between Climate Change and Human Rights
- III Climate Change and Investment Arbitration Interaction
- 1 Claims by the Investors Against States' Climate Change-Related Measures
- 2 Environmental or Human Rights Counterclaims
- IV Rebalancing Tools
- 1 International Law and International Investment Law
- a Climate Change Related International Documents
- b International Human Rights Treaties
- c Climate-Based Litigation
- d Other International Law Sources
- e New Generation IIAs
- 2 Interpretation by the Investment Arbitration Tribunals
- a Interpretation in Cases Where States' Environmental Measures Are Challenged
- b Interpretation in Environmental/Human Rights Counterclaims
- V Conclusion
- Chapter 43 New Types of Energy Disputes: In the Era of Low Carbon Transition
- I Introduction
- II New Energies and Disputes
- III Disputes Arising from Mandatory Closures and Phase-Outs
- IV Questions
- 1 Are Legal Measures Taken by States to Promote Energy Transitions Likely to Be Undermined or Halted by Established Investment Treaty Provisions Such as Those in the Energy Charter Treaty?
- 2 In the Context of the Energy Transitions, How Are Tribunals Likely to Understand the Protections Grounded in the Notion of Legitimate Expectations?
- 3 Will Transition Policies and Measures Have Effects on Commercial Disputes among Parties to Agreements for Traditional Oil and Gas Projects?
- 4 What Impact Is This Likely to Have on the Arbitration Process Itself, If Any?
- Chapter 44 Access to and Use of Freshwater River Resources
- I Introduction
- II Recent Inter-State Cases Relating to International Watercourses
- 1 The Gabcikovo-Nagymaros Project Case
- 2 Pulp Mills on the River Uruguay
- 3 Construction of a Road in Costa Rica along the San Juan River
- 4 Dispute over the Status and Use of the Waters of the Silala
- 5 The Indus Waters Kishenganga Arbitration
- III The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Non-navigational Uses of International Watercourses and Its Jurisdictional Limitations for Dispute Settlement
- 1 The States Parties to the Convention
- 2 Equitable and Reasonable Utilization
- 3 No Significant Harm
- 4 Dispute Resolution
- IV Investor-State Disputes Involving Freshwater
- V Conclusion
- Chapter 45 New Frontiers II: The Subject Matters of the Disputes of Tomorrow - Cloud Disputes
- I Introduction
- II Cloud Computing: Definition, Use, Service and Deployment Models
- 1 Definition, Development and Use
- 2 Service Models
- a Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)
- b Platform as a Service (PaaS)
- c Software as a Service (SaaS)
- d Anything as a Service (XaaS)
- 3 Deployment Models
- a Public Cloud
- b Private Cloud
- c Community Cloud
- d Hybrid Cloud
- 4 Complexity of the Cloud Supply Chains
- III Main Legal Issues Arising from Cloud Computing
- 1 Delivery of Service
- 2 Regulatory Issues
- 3 IP Issues
- IV Distinguishing Cloud Disputes from Telecom, Media, Technology disputes
- V International Arbitration and Cloud Disputes
- 1 Time to Resolution
- 2 Flexibility
- 3 Expertise
- 4 Confidentiality
- 5 Internationally Enforceable
- 6 Neutrality of Forum
- VI Conclusions
- Panel 13: Renaissance Arbitrator
- Chapter 46 Aristotle's Virtue Ethics in Arbitration
- I Introduction
- II Aristotle's Virtue Ethics
- III The Virtues of a Good Arbitrator
- 1 Courage (a?d?e?a, andreia)
- 2 Moderation (s?f??s???, sophrosyne)
- 3 Generosity (?e??a??d???a, gennaiodo_ría)
- 4 Magnificence (µe?a??p??pe?a, megaloprépeia)
- 5 Magnanimity (µe?a??????a, megalopsychia)
- 6 Ambition (f???d???a, filodoxía)
- 7 Patience (p?a?t?ta, praótita)
- 8 Truthfulness (a???e?a, alítheia)
- 9 Humor (e?t?ape??a, eutrapelia)
- 10 Kindness (f???a, philia)
- 11 Modesty (a?d??, aidó_s)
- 12 Justice (d??a??s???, dikaiosúní)
- Chapter 47 The Renaissance Arbitrator: Lessons from the Construction Industry and Statutory Adjudication
- I Introduction
- II The Construction Industry in the UK
- 1 Economic Significance
- 2 Dispute Resolution in the Construction Industry in the UK
- a Introduction of the Housing Grants, Construction and Regeneration Act 1996
- i Adjudication under the Housing Grants, Construction and Regeneration Act 1996
- b Reception of Statutory Adjudication
- c The Changing Face of Statutory Adjudication
- 3 Arbitration in Scotland
- a Similarities Between Arbitration and Adjudication
- III Lessons to Be Learned
- 1 Adjudication Principles of Benefit to Arbitration
- a The Decision Maker
- b Timetable, Procedure, and Costs
- IV Conclusions
- Chapter 48 Some "Wh"s of Training of Arbitrators on Bounded Rationality and Debiasing Techniques: Taking the Future of Arbitral Decision-Making Seriously
- I Introduction
- II Why?
- III What?
- IV Who, Where, When and How?
- V Difficulties and Challenges
- VI Conclusion
- Panel 14: Different Perspectives
- Chapter 49 Enlightened, but under Siege?: A User's Perspective on the International Commercial Arbitration Market
- I Introduction
- II A Complex Market
- 1 The Customer
- 2 The Seller
- 3 The Product
- 4 Neighboring Markets
- a The Market for External Advice
- b The Market for the Administration of Commercial Arbitration Proceedings
- c The Market for Third-Party Funding
- 5 First Provisional Finding: The Individual User Is a Customer Highly Dependent on Other Actors
- III The User: A Reasonably Satisfied but Critical Customer
- 1 Cost
- 2 Duration
- 3 Flexibility
- 4 Diversity
- 5 Second Provisional Finding: The User Is a Reasonably Satisfied, but Potentially Disengaged Customer
- IV The User: A Customer Looking for an Alternative Product?
- Chapter 50 State Perspective on International Commercial Arbitration: State as a Policymaker and State as a User of the System
- I Introduction
- II Current Trends and Policies in International Arbitration
- 1 Arbitration as a Tool to Attract Cross-Border Trade and Investment
- 2 States Promoting Regional Centres and Their Jurisdictions as Arbitration Venues
- 3 Tension Between Promoting International Arbitration and Developing Domestic Court Litigation
- III The State as User of Arbitration: Arbitration under State Contracts
- 1 Nature of State Contracts
- a Subject Matter of State Contracts: Public Interest Element
- b State and State Entities as Parties
- c Implication of the Breach and the Issue of Damages
- d Procedural Issues in Arbitrations Arising from State Contracts
- 2 Challenges of Arbitrating Matters Involving State Entities
- a Lack of Distinction Between Private-to-Private Arbitrations and Those Involving State Entities
- b Qualification and Capacity of Decision-Makers
- c Limited Scope and Mandate of Decision-Makers
- IV The State's Role in Reducing the Risks and in Better Managing Disputes
- V Conclusions
- Chapter 51 Protecting Party Consent: The Role of the UK Courts in International Arbitration
- I Introduction
- II The Statutory Foundations of the Modern Relationship Between UK Courts and International Arbitration
- 1 England, Wales and Northern Ireland
- 2 Scotland
- III Supporting the Modern Arbitration User in Practice
- 1 Policing the Threshold of Arbitration
- a Suspending Proceedings
- b Anti-suit Injunctions
- 2 Topping up the Tribunal's Powers During the Arbitral Proceedings
- a Evidence Gathering
- b Interim Relief
- 3 Handling Complaints after an Award Has Been Rendered
- a Challenges to Arbitrators
- b Challenges to Awards
- c Challenges to Enforcement
- IV Conclusion
- Panel 15: The Great Debate: 'A World Without Investment Arbitration?'
- Chapter 52 A World Without Investment Arbitration? An Introduction to Debate
- Chapter 53 For the Proposition: A World Without Investment Arbitration?
- I Introduction: The Current Practical Reality
- II Current Economic and Political Rationales
- 1 The 'Credible Commitment' Rationale
- a Lack of Historical Support
- b Lack of Empirical Support
- c Conclusion
- 2 The 'De-politicisation' Rationale
- III Perceived Problems with the Current System of Investment Arbitration
- 1 Six Standard Criticisms
- a Investment Arbitration Produces Inconsistent Decisions That Result in a Lack of Predictability for Investors and Host States
- b Problems with the Decision-Makers
- i The Problem of Party-Appointed Arbitrators
- ii The Perception of Career/Financial Incentives
- iii Lack of Diversity
- iv Lack of Accountability
- c Cost and Duration
- d The Ease of Commencing Arbitration and the Impact on States' Resources
- e A Preferential Forum for Foreign Investors Distorts the Market for Foreign Investment
- f Investment Arbitration Chills Regulation in the Public Interest That Is Compatible with Investment Treaties
- 2 Fundamental Issues with the Current Model
- a The Impact on Wider Interests
- b The Development of International Investment Law
- c Limitations of the Adversarial Model
- 3 Conclusion
- IV Viable Alternatives to the Current System
- 1 Local Remedies
- 2 Diplomatic Protection
- 3 Dispute Prevention, and Submission to a Joint Committee, with Inter-State Arbitration as a Last Resort
- 4 Multilateral Investment Court and Appellate Tribunal
- a Who Would Be the Adjudicators?
- b What Would Be the Relationship Between the MIC or Appellate Body and the New York Convention/ICSID Convention?
- c How Would the MIC Be Financed?
- 5 Incremental Reforms to Investment Arbitration
- V Conclusion
- Chapter 54 The World Is Better with Investment Arbitration
- I Introduction
- II Both States and Investors Have Contributed to the Proliferation of BITs and Other Treaties with Investment Chapters and to the Expansion of Investment Protections Over Time
- 1 Gunboat Diplomacy and Military Force as Means to Resolve Investment Disputes
- 2 The End of Gunboat Diplomacy and Introduction of Treaties of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation
- 3 Introduction to the Early BITs
- 4 The Development of the Modern BIT
- 5 Development of Multilateral Investment Treaties
- 6 Protections Offered by BITs
- a Fair and Equitable Treatment
- b National Treatment and Most-Favored-Nation Treatment
- c Full Protection and Security
- d Provisions Against Expropriation
- e Neutral Dispute Resolution Mechanisms
- III Investment Arbitration Is a Necessity for States
- IV Investment Arbitration Is a Necessity for Investors
- V The Criticisms of ISDS Misrepresent the Actual Reality
- 1 The Outside World Has Not Lost Confidence in the ISDS System
- 2 The Current ISDS System Is Not Inconsistent
- 3 There Are Procedures in Place to Address Arbitrator Bias and Conflicts
- 4 ISDS Does Not Chill Public Interest or Regulatory Control
- 5 Multilateral Investment Courts Will Not Make International Dispute Resolution More Consistent but Will Cause Unnecessary Delays and Burdensome Costs
- 6 UNCITRAL's Working Group III Demonstrates That There Is No Agreement on Dissolving the System of ISDS
- 7 Concerns over Damages Calculations in Arbitral Awards Can Be Resolved Within the Current ISDS System
- 8 The Overarching Realities Demonstrate That ISDS Is Necessary and Beneficial
- VI Conclusion
- Chapter 55 The Great Debate: A Commentator's Perspective
- I Setting the Context
- II The Latest State of Play in the Actual Real-Time ISDS Debate
- III A Third Dimension: The Overlooked Value of Dispute Avoidance
- IV Circling Back
- Part VII Closing Session
- Chapter 56 Closing Keynote Address
- I International Arbitration in Scotland
- II Arbitration Versus Litigation
- III The Role of Ethics
- IV Young Practitioners and the Future of Arbitration
- V Case Management: Preventing Delay and Expense
- VI Confidentiality Versus Transparency
- VII Concluding Remarks: The Future for Arbitration in Scotland?
- ICCA Edinburgh Congress List of Participants
- International Council for Commercial Arbitration (ICCA)
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