Water-borne Protozoa in Humans
1st Edition
Published on 5. May 2017
288 pages
978-1-68108-433-6 (ISBN)
Description
Several parasites are able to spread diseases through contaminated water. While the spread of diseases through contaminated water appears to have a greater correlation with a lack of access to clean water in low income populations in developing countries, there have been outbreaks of water-borne diseases in developed countries. Therefore, addressing water-borne diseases is a major public health concern worldwide. Water-borne Protozoa in Humans is a guide to protozoan infections linked to contaminated water.
Each chapter of this monograph covers the history, morphology, life cycle, global epidemiology, risk factors, immunology, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and perspectives of control for each relevant protozoan parasite that can be found in contaminated water. These include Giardia duodenalis, Cryptosporidium, Free-living amoebae, Entamoeba histolytica/dispar and other pathogenic intestinal amoebae, Cystoisospora belli, cyclospora, microsporidia, and Blastocystis hominis.
This monograph is suitable for a broad readership which includes medical students, parasitologists, clinical microbiologists, epidemiologists, environmental health and water safety technicians, and public health personnel.
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Content
- Intro
- CONTENTS
- FOREWORD
- PREFACE
- List of Contributors
- Blastocystis spp.
- Ildebrando Patamia and Marco Giuseppe Prato*
- INTRODUCTION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- MORPHOLOGY AND STRUCTURE
- Vacuolar Form
- Granular Form
- Amoeboid Form
- Cystic Forms
- Genetic Variability
- LIFE CYCLE AND TRANSMISSION
- LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS
- Microscopy
- Culture
- Molecular Techniques
- CLINICAL ASPECTS
- Intestinal Symptoms
- Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)
- Extra-Intestinal Manifestations
- Cutaneous Lesions
- Other Extra-Intestinal Manifestations
- High-risk Subjects
- THERAPEUTIC APPROACH
- CONFLICT OF INTEREST
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
- REFERENCES
- Cryptosporidium and Cryptosporidiosis
- Simone M. Cacciò* and Fabio Tosini
- INTRODUCTION
- History
- Taxonomy
- Morphology and Life Cycle
- GLOBAL EPIDEMIOLOGY AND RISK FACTORS
- Identity of the Species Causing Infection in Humans
- Global Burden of Disease
- Human-to-Human Transmission
- Zoonotic Transmission
- Waterborne Transmission
- Foodborne Transmission
- Airborne Transmission
- Risk Factors
- GENOMICS
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND SYMPTOMS
- Intestinal Pathology
- Atypical Cryptosporidiosis in Immunocompromised Subjects
- Parasite Virulence Factors
- IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY
- Innate Immune Response
- Role of Mannose Binding Lectin
- Interaction of Cryptosporidium with Epithelial Cells
- Cytokines, Chemokines and Effector Molecules
- MicroRNAs
- Exosomes
- Adaptive Immune Response
- Cell Mediated Responses
- Humoral Response
- DIAGNOSIS AND DETECTION METHODS
- Microscopic Identification of Oocysts
- Immunological Methods
- DNA-based Diagnostic Methods
- TREATMENT
- PERSPECTIVES OF CONTROL
- CONCLUDING REMARKS
- CONFLICT OF INTEREST
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
- REFERENCES
- Cyclospora cayetanensis
- Ynes R. Ortega*
- INTRODUCTION
- History
- MORPHOLOGY AND LIFE CYCLE
- GLOBAL EPIDEMIOLOGY AND RISK FACTORS
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY
- SYMPTOMS
- DIAGNOSIS AND DETECTION METHODS
- TREATMENT
- PERSPECTIVES OF CONTROL
- CONCLUSION
- CONFLICT OF INTEREST
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
- REFERENCES
- Cystoisospora belli
- Massimiliano Galdiero*, Settimia Alfano, Maria Elena Della Pepa, Gianluigi Franci, Claudia Ledda and Marilena Galdiero
- INTRODUCTION
- History
- Morphology and Life Cycle
- Epidemiology and Transmission
- Pathophysiology
- Immunology and Immunopathology
- Clinical Manifestations in Humans
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Perspectives of Control
- CONCLUSION
- CONFLICT OF INTEREST
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
- REFERENCES
- Entamoeba histolytica and other Pathogenic Intestinal Amoebea
- Eduardo R. Cobo1 and Kris Chadee2,*
- INTRODUCTION
- History
- Morphology and Life Cycle
- Global Epidemiology and Risk Factors
- Symptoms
- Pathophysiology
- Immunology and Immunopathology
- Diagnosis and Detection Methods
- Treatment
- Perspectives of Control
- CONCLUSION
- CONFLICT OF INTEREST
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
- REFERENCES
- Free-living Amoebae
- Vinay Khanna*
- ACANTHAMOEBA SPECIES
- Introduction
- Epidemiology
- Life Cycle
- The Trophozoite Stage
- The Cystic Stage
- Immunology and Pathogenesis
- Clinical Features
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Imaging Techniques
- Microscopic Methods
- Culture Methods
- Serology
- Molecular Techniques
- Culture Methods
- Treatment
- Prevention
- NAEGLERIA FOWLERI
- Introduction
- Epidemiology
- Morphology and Life cycle
- The Trophozoites Stage
- The Flagellar Stage
- The Cystic Stage
- Pathophysiology and Immunology
- Clinical Features
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Microscopic Methods
- Culture Methods
- Molecular Methods
- Treatment
- Prevention
- BALAMUTHIA MANDRILLARIS
- Introduction
- Clinical Presentation
- Treatment
- Prevention
- SAPPINIA SPECIES
- Introduction
- Life Cycle
- The Trophozoite Stage
- The Mature Cyst
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- OTHER EMERGING FREE LIVING AMOEBAE
- Vahlkamphia spp.
- Paravahlkamfia Francinae
- CONFLICT OF INTEREST
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
- REFERENCES
- Giardia and Giardiasis
- Showgy Ma'ayeh and Staffan Svärd*
- INTRODUCTION
- HISTORY
- Discovery and Nomenclature
- Giardia spp.
- Giardia Duodenalis Assemblages
- Giardia's Evolutionary Position
- MORPHOLOGY AND LIFE CYCLE
- Giardia Morphology
- Life Cycle
- GLOBAL EPIDEMIOLOGY AND RISK FACTORS
- Global Epidemiology
- Factors Affecting the Transmission of Giardiasis
- Risk Factors
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF HUMAN GIARDIASIS
- Overview
- Insights from in vitro and in vivo Studies
- Trophozoite Attachment
- Dysfunctional Intestinal Epithelial Barrier and Disaccharidases Activity
- Diarrhea due to Structural and Functional Changes in the Small Intestines
- Induction of Apoptosis
- Arginine Depletion and its Role in Disease Pathology
- IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY
- Innate Immune Responses
- Mast Cell Responses
- Dendritic Cells
- Cytokines and Chemokines
- B Cell Responses and Antibody Production
- Cellular Immune Response to Giardia Infection
- Giardia Antigens: Possible Targets for the Development of Vaccines and Diagnostics
- SYMPTOMS
- DIAGNOSIS AND DETECTION METHODS
- TREATMENT
- PERSPECTIVES OF CONTROL
- CONCLUSIONS
- CONFLICT OF INTEREST
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
- REFERENCES
- Microsporidia
- Nadia A. El Dib1,* and Thomas Weitzel2
- INTRODUCTION
- HISTORY
- Phylogeny and Taxonomy Considerations
- MORPHOLOGY AND LIFE CYCLE
- GLOBAL EPIDEMIOLOGY AND RISK FACTORS
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY
- SYMPTOMS
- Hepatitis and Peritonitis
- Ocular Infections
- Sinusitis
- Lower Repiratory Tract Infections
- Urinary Tract Infections
- Myositis
- Cerebral Infections
- Rare Manifestations
- Urethritis
- Cutaneous Microsporidiosis
- Vocal Cord Infection
- Systemic Infections
- DIAGNOSIS AND DETECTION METHODS
- Specimen Collection
- Stool Examination
- Direct Immunofluorescence
- Electron Microscopy
- Molecular Methods
- Culture
- Serological Methods
- TREATMENT
- Other Benzimidazole Derivates
- PERSPECTIVES OF CONTROL
- VACCINES
- CONCLUSIONS
- CONFLICT OF INTEREST
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
- REFERENCES
- SUBJECT INDEX
