
Edexcel GCSE (9-1) Psychology Student Book
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Content
- Front Cover
- Contents
- Introduction
- Topic 1: Development
- Early brain development
- Development of the midbrain, forebrain and hindbrain
- Development of the cerebellum and medulla
- Building neural connections from birth
- Piaget's stages of development and their role in education
- Piaget's four stages of development
- Using Piaget's stages in education
- Piaget's theory of cognitive development and the development of intelligence
- Piaget's explanation of understanding the world
- Strengths and weaknesses of Piaget's theory
- Dweck's mindset theory and the effects of learning on development
- Introduction to mindset theory
- Fixed and growth mindset: ability and effort
- Experimental evidence
- Strengths and weaknesses of mindset theory
- Willingham's learning theory and the effects of learning on development
- Introduction to Willingham's learning theory
- Factual knowledge precedes (comes before) skill
- The importance of practice and effort
- Strategies to support development
- Strengths and weaknesses of Willingham's learning theory
- Studies: Piaget and Inhelder (1956) 'Three mountains' task
- Background to the study
- Aims
- Procedure
- Results
- Conclusion
- Strengths and weaknesses of the study
- Gunderson et al. (2013) Parent Praise to 1-3 Year Olds Predicts Children's Motivational Frameworks 5 Years Later
- Background to the study
- Aims
- Method
- Results
- Conclusions
- Strengths and weaknesses of the study
- Issues and debates: The development of morality
- Morals and morality
- Development of morality
- Weaknesses of these theories
- Damon (1999) on developing a moral self
- What can help children to develop a moral understanding?
- Topic 2: Memory
- Memory and information processing
- Stages of memory and information processing
- Short-term and long-term memory
- Duration and capacity
- Short-term memory store
- Long-term memory store
- Understanding amnesia
- Anterograde amnesia
- Retrograde amnesia
- Bartlett's (1932) Theory of Reconstructive Memory
- Memory and schemas
- Strengths and weaknesses of the theory
- Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968) Multi-store Model of Memory
- The sensory register and the role of attention
- Short-term memory: capacity and duration
- The role of rehearsal
- Long-term memory: capacity and duration
- Strengths and weaknesses of the theory
- Studies: Bartlett (1932) War of the Ghosts
- Background to the study
- Aims
- Procedure
- Results
- Conclusion
- Strengths and weaknesses of the study
- Peterson and Peterson (1959) Short-term Retention of Individual Verbal Items
- Background to the study
- Aim
- Procedure
- Results
- Conclusion
- Strengths and weaknesses of the study
- Issues and debates: Reductionism and holism debate
- Reductionism
- Holism
- How the reductionism/holism debate applies to human memory research
- Topic 3: Psychological problems
- Unipolar depression: symptoms, features, incidence and influence
- Symptoms of unipolar depression
- Features of unipolar depression
- Incidence of depression over time
- How depression affects individuals and society
- Genetic explanation of unipolar depression
- Twin studies
- Strengths and weaknesses of the genetic explanation
- Cognitive theory as an explanation of depression
- Beck's cognitive triad
- Ellis's ABC model
- Strengths and weaknesses of the cognitive theory explanation
- Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) as a treatment for depression
- Strengths and weaknesses of using CBT to treat depression
- Drug therapy as a treatment for depression
- Types of antidepressants
- Strengths and weaknesses of drug therapy as a treatment of depression
- Addiction: symptoms, features, incidence and influence
- Symptoms of addiction
- Features of addiction
- How have incidences of addiction changed over time?
- How does addiction affect individuals and society?
- Genetic explanation of addiction
- Strengths and weaknesses of the genetic explanation
- Learning theory as an explanation of addiction
- Classical conditioning and addiction
- Operant conditioning and addiction
- Social learning theory and addiction
- Strengths and weaknesses of learning theory as an explanation of addiction
- Cognitive behavioural therapy as a treatment for addiction
- Functional analysis
- Skills training
- Strengths and weaknesses of using CBT to treat addiction
- Drug therapy as a treatment for addiction
- Drug addiction
- Strengths and weaknesses of drug therapy as a treatment for addiction
- Studies: Caspi et al. (2003) Influence of Life Stress on Depression: Moderation by a Polymorphism in the 5-HTT Gene
- Background to the study
- Aims
- Procedure
- Results
- Conclusions
- Strengths and weaknesses of the study
- Young (2007) Cognitive Behavior Therapy with Internet Addicts: Treatment Outcomes and Implications
- Background to the study
- Aims
- Procedure
- Results
- Conclusion
- Strengths and weaknesses of the study
- Issues and debates: Nature and nurture debate
- Nature
- Nurture
- The nature and nurture debate and mental health problems
- Topic 4: The brain and neuropsychology
- The structure and function of the brain
- The structure of the human brain
- The functions of the brain
- Lateralisation of function in the hemispheres
- Asymmetrical function
- The role of the le° and right hemispheres
- The role of the corpus callosum
- How can we explain differences between males and females?
- Strengths and weaknesses of lateralisation as an explanation of sex differences between males and females
- The role of the central nervous system
- The function of neurotransmitters
- Synaptic functioning
- The impact of neurological damage
- Visual agnosia
- Prosopagnosia
- Impact of damage to the pre-frontal cortex
- Studies: Damasio et al. (1994) The Return of Phineas Gage: Clues About the Brain from the Skull of a Famous Patient
- Background to the study
- Aims
- Procedure
- Results
- Conclusion
- Strengths and weaknesses of the study
- Sperry (1968) Hemisphere Deconnection and Unity in Conscious Awareness
- Background to the study
- Aims
- Procedure
- Results
- Conclusions
- Strengths and weaknesses of the study
- Issues and debates: How psychology has changed over time
- How has the study of psychology changed over time?
- Topic 5: Social influence
- Terms used in social influence research
- Obedience
- Conformity
- Deindividuation
- Bystander effect
- Bystander intervention
- Situational factors affecting bystander intervention
- Personal factors affecting bystander intervention
- Conformity
- Situational factors aff ecting conformity
- Personality affecting conformity
- Obedience to an authority figure
- Milgram's electric shock experiments
- Situational factors affecting obedience to an authority figure
- Personality factors affecting obedience
- Understanding the behaviour of crowds
- Deindividuation and conformity
- Obedience
- Understand ways to prevent blind obedience to authority figures
- Social support
- Familiarity of the situation
- Distance
- Education
- Studies: Piliavin et al. (1969) Good Samaritanism: An Underground Phenomenon?
- Background to the study
- Aims
- Procedure
- Results
- Conclusions
- Strengths and weaknesses of the study
- Haney, Banks and Zimbardo (1973) A Study of Prisoners and Guards in a Simulated Prison
- Background to the study
- Aim
- Procedure
- Results
- Conclusions
- Strengths and weaknesses of the study
- Issues and debates: Social and cultural issues in psychology
- Social issues in psychology
- Cultural issues in psychology
- Preparing for your exam 1
- Topic 11: Research methods
- Designing psychological research
- Independent and dependent variables
- Understanding the influence of extraneous variables
- Controlling extraneous variables
- Hypotheses
- Null hypothesis
- Alternative (experimental) hypotheses
- Methods of sampling
- Target population
- Sampling methods
- Research and experimental designs
- Types of research and experimental designs
- Issues of reliability and validity
- Reliability
- Validity
- Reliability and validity of qualitative and quantitative methods
- Ethical issues in psychological research
- The BPS Code of Human Research Ethics (2014)
- Informed consent
- Deception
- Confidentiality
- Right to withdraw
- Protection of participants
- Understanding research methods
- Experiments
- Interviews
- Questionnaires
- Correlation
- Case study
- Observation
- Data analysis
- Arithmetic and numerical computation
- Maths skills
- Descriptive statistics
- Representing and interpreting data
- Normal distributions
- Bar charts
- Scatter diagrams and correlations
- Plotting variables and interpreting graphs
- Types of data
- Primary and secondary data
- Qualitative and quantitative data
- Issues and debates: Ethical issues
- Ethical issues in psychological research
- The ends justify the means
- Topic 6: Criminal psychology
- Understanding learning theories as an explanation of criminality
- Operant conditioning as an explanation of criminality
- Strengths and weaknesses of operant conditioning
- Social learning theory as an explanation of criminality
- Strengths and weakness of social learning theory
- Biological explanations of criminality
- Genetic explanations for criminality
- Personality theory
- Strengths and weaknesses of Eysenck's theory
- Understanding the effects of punishment on recidivism
- Prison
- Strengths and weaknesses of prison as a deterrent to reoffending
- Community sentencing
- Strengths and weaknesses of community sentencing as a way to reduce reoffending
- Restorative justice
- Strengths and weaknesses of restorative justice as a way to reduce reoffending
- Treatments to rehabilitate and reduce criminal and antisocial behaviour and increase prosocial behaviour
- Token economy programmes
- Strengths and weaknesses of token economy programmes
- Anger management programmes
- Strengths and weaknesses of anger management programmes
- Studies: Bandura, Ross and Ross (1961) Transmission of Aggression through Imitation of Aggressive Models
- Background to the study
- Aims
- Procedure
- Results
- Conclusions
- Strengths and weaknesses of the study
- Charlton et al. (2000) Children's Playground Behaviour Across FiveYears of Broadcast Television: A Naturalistic Study in a Remote Community
- Background to the study
- Aims
- Procedure
- Results
- Conclusions
- Strengths and weaknesses of the study
- Topic 7: The self
- Concepts of the self and self-concept
- Existential and categorical self
- The self and mental health
- The role of identity and free will in the development of the self
- Eight stages of identity development
- The consequence of belief in free will
- The humanistic explanation of the self
- The humanistic approach
- Rogers' humanistic theory: the development of self and self-esteem
- Hierarchy of needs
- Internal and external influences on the self and self-esteem
- Internal influence on the self and self-esteem: temperament
- External influence on the self and self esteem: experience
- How personality can be measured
- Personality scales
- Personality types
- The use of trait theory as a measure of personality
- Factor analysis
- Cardinal, central and secondary personality traits
- 16PF personality factor assessment
- Strengths and weaknesses of trait theory as a measure of personality
- Studies: Vohs and Schooler (2008)The Value of Believing in Free Will: Encouraging a Belief in Determinism Increases Cheating
- Background to the study
- Aims
- Procedure
- Results
- Conclusions
- Strengths and weaknesses of the study
- Van Houtte and Jarvis (1995) The Role of Pets in Preadolescent Psychosocial Development
- Background to the study
- Aims
- Procedure
- Results
- Conclusions
- Strengths and weaknesses of the study
- Topic 8: Perception
- Monocular and binocular depth cues
- Visual depth cues
- Visual illusions
- Visual constancies
- Gibson (1966) The Direct Theory of Perception
- Sensory input
- Optic flow
- Invariants
- Affordances
- Strengths and weaknesses of the theory
- Gregory (1970) The Constructivist Theory of Perception
- Sensory input
- Perceptual hypothesis
- Inferences
- Prior knowledge
- Strengths and weaknesses of the theory
- Perceptual set
- Motivation
- Expectation
- Emotion
- Culture
- Studies: Haber and Levin (2001) The Independence of Size Perception and Distance Perception
- Background to the study
- Experiment 1
- Experiment 2
- Overall conclusion
- Strengths and weaknesses of the study
- Carmichael, Hogan and Walter (1932) An Experimental Study of the Effect of Language on the Reproduction of Visually Perceived Form
- Background to the study
- Aims
- Procedure
- Results
- Conclusion
- Strengths and weaknesses of the study
- Topic 9: Sleep and dreaming
- Features, functions and benefits of sleep
- The four stages of sleep and REM sleep
- The sleep cycle
- Functions and benefits of sleep
- Internal and external influences on sleep
- Circadian rhythms
- Ultradian rhythms
- Internal influences on sleep
- External influences on sleep
- Strengths and weaknesses of the internal influences on sleep explanation
- Strengths and weaknesses of the external influences on sleep explanation
- Symptoms and explanations of sleep disorders
- Insomnia
- Narcolepsy
- Freud's (1900) theory of dreaming
- The importance of the unconscious
- Dreams reveal unconscious wishes and desires
- Strengths and weaknesses of Freud's theory of dreaming
- Hobson and McCarley's (1977) activation-synthesis theory of dreaming
- Activation synthesis
- Strengths and weaknesses of the activation-synthesis theory of dreaming
- Studies: Freud (1909) Little Hans: Analysis of a Phobia in a Five-Year-Old Boy
- Background to the study
- Aims
- Procedure
- Results
- Conclusions
- Strengths and weaknesses of the study
- Siffre (1975) Six Months Alone in a Cave
- Background to study
- Aims
- Procedure
- Results
- Conclusions
- Strengths and weaknesses of the study
- Topic 10: Language, thought and communication
- The possible relationship between language and thought
- Representational thinking precedes language
- Strengths and weaknesses of Piaget's theory
- Language and thinking are separate
- Strengths and weaknesses of Vygotsky's theory
- How thought and language structures affect our view of the world
- Linguistic relativism
- Strengths and weaknesses of linguistic relativism as a theory
- Linguistic determinism
- Strengths and weaknesses of linguistic determinism as a theory
- How communication is different in humans and animals
- Ethics and researching with animals
- Features of language
- Animal communication
- Similarities and differences between animal and human communication
- Examples of non-verbal communication
- Facial expressions
- Eye contact
- Body language
- Personal space and distance
- Explanations of non-verbal communication
- Darwin's (1872) theory of evolution
- A biological explanation for facial expressions
- The social purpose of maintaining eye contact
- The role of the environment
- Studies: Yuki et al. (2007) Are the windows to the soul the same in the East and West?
- Background to the study
- Aims
- Procedure
- Results
- Conclusions
- Strengths and weaknesses of the study
- Boroditsky (2001) Does language shape thought? Mandarin and English speakers' conceptions of time
- Background to the study
- Aims
- Procedure
- Results
- Conclusions
- Overall conclusions
- Strengths and weaknesses of the study
- Preparing for your exam 2
- Index
- Acknowledgements
- Back Cover
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