An Introduction to Turbulence and its Measurement

PrefaceAcknowledgmentsGlossaryChapter 1. The Physics of Turbulence 1.1. "Control-Volume" Analysis for the Equations of Motion 1.2. Newton's Second Law of Motion 1.3. The Newtonian Viscous Fluid 1.4. Possible Solutions of the Equations of Motion 1.5. The Reynolds Stresses 1.6. Vortex Stretching 1.7. Compressible Flow 1.8. Flow-Visualization ExperimentsChapter 2. Measurable Quantities and Their Physical Significance 2.1. Statistics of Random Processes 2.2. Turbulent Energy 2.3. Spatial Correlations 2.4. Time Correlations 2.5. Frequency Spectra 2.6. Wave Number Spectra 2.7. Space-Time Correlations 2.8. Cross-Correlations and Cross-Spectra 2.9. Higher-Order Correlations and Spectra 2.10. Probability Distributions and IntermittencyChapter 3. Examples of Turbulent Flows 3.1. Turbulence behind a Grid of Bars 3.2. "Infinite" Shear Flow 3.3. Couette Flow 3.4. Two-Dimensional Boundary Layers 3.5. Three-Dimensional Boundary Layers 3.6. Duct Flows 3.7. Jets, Wakes and Plumes 3.8. Atmospheric and Oceanic Turbulence 3.9. Separated Flows 3.10. Heat and Mass Transfer 3.11. Turbulence in Non-Newtonian FluidsChapter 4. Measurement Techniques 4.1. Hot Wires, Films and Thermistors 4.2. Constant-Current and Constant-Temperature Operation 4.3. Doppler-Shift Anemometers 4.4. Glow-Discharge or Corona-Discharge Anemometers 4.5. The Pulsed-Wire Anemometer 4.6. Particle Visualization 4.7. Use of Steady-Flow Techniques for Fluctuation Measurement 4.8. Measurement of Surface Pressure Fluctuations 4.9. Specialized Techniques of Turbulence MeasurementChapter 5. The Hot-Wire Anemometer 5.1. Heat Transfer 5.2. The Effect of Fluid Temperature 5.3. The Effect of Flow Direction 5.4. Contamination of Probes 5.5. Probe Design and Manufacture 5.6. Spatial Resolution 5.7. Frequency ResponseChapter 6. Analysis of Fluctuating Signals 6.1. Analogue Computing Elements 6.2. Input and Output Impedance, and Frequency Response 6.3. Noise and Hum 6.4. Averaging Time 6.5. Automatic Recording of Time-Average Quantities 6.6. Digital Recording of Fluctuating SignalsChapter 7. Temperature and Concentration Measurements 7.1. Separation of Velocity and Temperature Fluctuations 7.2. High-Speed Flow 7.3. Probes for Supersonic Flow 7.4. Sensitivity of a Hot Wire to Velocity and Total-Temperature Fluctuations 7.5. Small Temperature Differences 7.6. Measurements in the Presence of Concentration DifferencesChapter 8. Summary of Practical Details 8.1. Choice of Anemometer 8.2. Choice of Probe 8.3. Calibration 8.4. Errors 8.5. Arrangements of Apparatus 8.6. Distortion of the Flow by the Presence of the ProbeAppendix 1. The Equations of MotionAppendix 2. Turbulence ResearchNotationReferencesFurther ReadingIndex