The Hydrocyclone

Preface1. Introduction2. Historical Development3. Mode of Operation 3.1. The Flow Pattern 3.2. Velocity Distributions4. Tangential Velocity 4.1. Alternative Velocity Distribution Relationships 4.2. Experimental Measurement of Tangential Velocity Distributions 4.3. Values for The Flow Pattern Constants, n, a and ß 4.4. Summary of Data on n, a and ß and The Effects of Their Values on Design and Operating Variables5. Areas of Application and Operational Characteristics 5.1. Separation of Solids from Liquid 5.2. Separation of Solid from Solid 5.3. Separation of Liquid from Liquid 5.4. Separation of Gas from Liquid 5.5. Miscellaneous Applications of the Hydrocyclone 5.6 Operational Features of the Hydrocyclone6. Performance of Hydrocyclones 6.1. The Efficiency of a Cyclone 6.2. Pressure Drop in a Cyclone 6.3. Volume Split or Flow Ratio7. Design Variables 7.1. Cyclone Diameter 7.2. Aperture Diameters 7.3. Vortex Finder Dimensions 7.4. Body Dimensions 7.5. Feed Inlet Geometry 7.6. Interior Surface Finish 7.7. Materials of Construction 7.8. Overflow and Underflow Collection Arrangements 7.9. Manifolding of Feed Lines 7.10. Summary of Design Variables8. Operating Variables and Control of Operation 8.1. Feed Flow Rate 8.2. Feed Pressure or Pressure Drop 8.3. Solids Concentration in Feed and Underflow 8.4. Solids Size and Shape 8.5. Solids Density and Liquid Medium Density 8.6. Liquid Medium Viscosity 8.7. Reynolds Number in Cyclones 8.8. Back Pressure 8.9. Volume Split 8.10. Control of Cyclone Operation9. Categories of Cyclone 9.1. The Cyclone Thickener 9.2. The Cyclone Classifier 9.3. The Cyclone Washer 9.4. Cyclone Liquid Separator 9.5. Mass Transfer Cyclone 9.6. Cyclone Gas Separator 9.7. Miscellaneous Cyclone Duties10. Commercial Cyclones11. Fields of Application in Industry 11.1. The Pulp and Paper Industry 11.2. Coal Preparation 11.3. Applications in Mineral Dressing 11.4. Applications in the China Clay Industry 11.5. Applications in the Cement Industry 11.6. Applications in the Whiting Industry 11.7. Applications in the Phosphate Mining Industry 11.8. Applications in the Sand and Gravel Industry 11.9. Applications in the Food Industry 11.10. Applications in the Petroleum Industry 11.11. Applications in the Chemical Industry 11.12. Applications in the Nuclear Power Industry 11.13. Applications in the Iron and Steel Industry12. Equipment of the Cyclone Type13. Bibliography14. Patent ReviewAppendixAuthor IndexSubject IndexOther Titles in the SeriesList of Illustrations Fig. 1. Principal Features of a Hydrocyclone Fig. 2. Schematic Representation of the Spiral Flow Fig. 3. Schematic Representation of the Locus of Zero Vertical Velocity and the Air Core Fig. 4. Schematic Representation of the Short Circuit and Eddy Flows Fig. 5. (a) Dye Photograph of Outer Downward Movement Fig. 5. (b) Dye Photograph of Inner Reversal Fig. 5. (c) Dye Photograph of "Mantle" Fig. 5. (d) Dye Photograph of "Mantle" Obtained by Direct Injection Fig. 5. (e) Dye Photograph of Short Circuit Flow Fig. 5. (f) Dye Photograph of Multiple Eddys Fig. 6. (a) Photograph of Unestablished Vortex-With Overflow Fig. 6. (b) Photograph of Established Vortex-Low Rate Fig. 6. (c) Photograph of Established Vortex-High Rate Fig. 7. Vertical Velocity Distribution Fig. 8. Locus of Zero Vertical Velocity Extended into the Cylindrical Section Fig. 9. Radial Velocity Distribution Fig. 10. Tangential Velocity Distributions Corresponding to Given Relationships Fig. 11. Tangential Velocity Distribution Fig. 12. (a) Photograph of Spiral of Dye within the Region of Constant Angular Velocity Fig. 12.