Radar and ARPA Manual

PrefaceAcknowledgments1 Basic Radar Principles 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Principles of Range Measurement 1.2.1 The Echo Principle 1.2.2 Range as a Function of Time 1.2.3 The Timebase 1.2.4 Calibration of the Timebase 1.2.5 The Synthetic Display 1.3 Principles of Bearing Measurement 1.3.1 Directional Transmission and Reception 1.3.2 Synchronization of Scanner and Trace 1.3.3 The Build-up of the Picture 1.3.4 The Heading Marker 1.3.5 Bearing Measurement 1.4 Picture Orientation 1.4.1 Ship's-Head-up Orientation (Unstabilized) 1.4.2 True-North-up Orientation (Stabilized) 1.4.3 Course-up Orientation (Stabilized) 1.4.4 Choice of Orientation 1.5 Picture Presentation 1.5.1 The Relative-Motion Presentation 1.5.2 The True-Motion Presentation 1.5.3 Choice of Presentation2 The Radar System - Operational Principles 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Function of Units 2.2.1 The Transmitter Function 2.2.2 The Aerial Function 2.2.3 The Receiver Function 2.2.4 The Display Function 2.3 Transmitter Principles 2.3.1 The Pulse Repetition Frequency 2.3.2 The Pulse Length, Power and Shape 2.3.3 The Radio Frequency of the Transmitted Pulse 2.3.4 Selection of PRF and Pulse Length and Their Relationship with Range Scale 2.4 Aerial Principles 2.4.1 Aerial Concepts 2.4.2 The Horizontal Beamwidth 2.4.3 The Vertical Beamwidth 2.4.4 Aerial Rotation Rate 2.4.5 Aerial and Display Rotation Link 2.4.6 Heading Marker Data 2.5 Receiver Principles 2.5.1 The Radio Frequency Section 2.5.2 The Intermediate Frequency Amplifier 2.5.3 The Video Section 2.6 Display Principles 2.6.1 The Cathode Ray Tube 2.6.2 Real-time Picture Generation 2.6.3 Compass (or Azimuth) Stabilization 2.6.4 The Provision of True-Motion Facilities 2.6.5 Echo Paint 2.6.6 The Radial-Scan Synthetic Display 2.6.7 The Raster-Scan Synthetic Display 2.7 The Siting of Units on Board Ship 2.7.1 Aerial Siting 2.7.2 The Transceiver Unit 2.7.3 The Display Unit 2.7.4 Compass Safe Distances 2.7.5 Exposed and Protected Equipment 2.7.6 Power Supplies 2.7.7 High Voltage Hazards 2.7.8 Interswitching3 Target Detection 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Radar Characteristics 3.2.1 Transmitter Characteristics 3.2.2 Antenna Characteristics 3.2.3 Receiver Characteristics 3.2.4 Minimum Detection Range 3.3 Target Characteristics 3.3.1 Aspect 3.3.2 Surface Texture 3.3.3 Material 3.3.4 Shape 3.3.5 Size 3.3.6 Responses from Specific Targets 3.4 Target Enhancement - Passive 3.4.1 Corner Reflectors 3.4.2 Arrays of Reflectors 3.4.3 The Lunenburg Lens 3.4.4 Buoy Patterns 3.5 Target Enhancement - Active 3.5.1 The Racon Principle 3.5.2 The Racon Appearance on the Display 3.5.3 Frequency and Polarization 3.5.4 The Ramark 3.5.5 Sources of Radar Beacon Information 3.5.6 The Radaflare 3.5.7 Racons for Survival Craft 3.6 The Detection of Tar Gets in Sea Clutter 3.6.1 The Nature of the Sea Clutter Response 3.6.2 The Clutter Problem Summarized 3.6.3 The Suppression of Displayed Sea Clutter Signals 3.7 The Detection of Targets in Precipitation Clutter 3.7.1 The Nature of Precipitation Response 3.7.2 Attenuation in Precipitation 3.7.3 The Effect of Precipitation Type 3.7.4 The Suppression of Rain Clutter 3.7.5 Combating the Attenuation Caused by Precipitation 3.7.