Linguistic Disorders and Pathologies
An International Handbook
1st Edition
Published on 14. July 2008
XIV, 962 pages
978-3-11-020337-0 (ISBN)
Description
This handbook is geared towards the following aims: Reviewing the state of research on disordered language perception and production in adults and children. Describing and discussing present attempts at modelling human language processing by using linguistic disorders and pathologies as a data base. Presenting diagnostic and therapeutic concepts. Pointing out gaps and inconcistencies in current knowledge and theories. In bringing together knowlegde of different sources and disciplines under a common roof, the editors have achieved a comprehensive overview of the state of the art in the field of language pathology. Because of the diversity of the disciplines contributing to this scientific field, the chapters differ clearly in theories and methodologies. Yet this handbook represents a clear and common interdisciplinary contribution to linguistic disorders and pathologies and, furthermore, demonstrates the amount of interdisciplinary interaction still required. We chose this title in order to encompass as broadly as possible abnormalities and alterations of language perception, comprehension and production in adults and children, including nonpathological disorders. This handbook will be of interest to anybody involved with disordered language and/or language and speech disturbances, such as linguists and psychologists working in related research areas or teaching related subjects, scientists analyzing and modelling linguistic and cognitive processes (e.g. in Cognitive Psychology, Psycholinguistics, Neurolinguistics, Neuropsychology, Behavioural Neurology, Artificial Intelligence Research, and Cognitive Science), clinicians dealing with aquired or developmental language disorders, and speech pathologists and therapists. Besides presenting the state of the art, the handbook provides rich bibliographical information for research workers, clinicians, and advanced students.
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Gerhard Blanken | Jürgen Dittmann | Hannelore Grimm
Linguistic Disorders and Pathologies
An International Handbook
Book
10/1993
1st Edition
De Gruyter Mouton
€900.00
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Gerhard Blanken | Jürgen Dittmann | Hannelore Grimm
Linguistic Disorders and Pathologies
An International Handbook
Book
01/1993
1st Edition
De Gruyter Mouton
€939.00
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Content
1 - Contents [Seite 4]
2 - Preface [Seite 5]
3 - I. Language Use in Normal Speakers and its Disorders [Seite 15]
3.1 - 1. The Architecture of Normal Spoken Language Use [Seite 15]
3.1.1 - 1. Introduction [Seite 15]
3.1.2 - 2. Speaking [Seite 15]
3.1.3 - 3. Speech Understanding [Seite 21]
3.1.4 - 4. Incrementality, Autonomyand Interaction [Seite 26]
3.1.5 - 5. References [Seite 27]
3.2 - 2. Morphosyntactic Characteristics of Spoken Language [Seite 15]
3.2.1 - 1. Introduction [Seite 30]
3.2.2 - 2. Language as an Interpersonal Activity [Seite 30]
3.2.3 - 3. The 'Oral-Written' Dimension [Seite 37]
3.2.4 - 4. Generation of Surface Structure [Seite 38]
3.2.5 - 5. 'Anomalies' in Spoken Language [Seite 41]
3.2.6 - 6. Concluding Remarks [Seite 44]
3.2.7 - 7. References [Seite 44]
3.3 - 3. Phonological and Articulatory Characteristics of Spoken Language [Seite 15]
3.3.1 - 1. Introduction [Seite 48]
3.3.2 - 2. Two Perspectives on Coarticulation [Seite 50]
3.3.3 - 3. Coordination [Seite 56]
3.3.4 - 4. Speech Dynamics [Seite 58]
3.3.5 - 5. References [Seite 58]
3.4 - 4. Characteristics of Hesitation Phenomena [Seite 60]
3.4.1 - 1. The Hesitant Nature of Speech [Seite 60]
3.4.2 - 2. Planning Units [Seite 61]
3.4.3 - 3. The Influence of Syntax [Seite 62]
3.4.4 - 4. The Influence of Content [Seite 63]
3.4.5 - 5. Cognitive Rhythms [Seite 64]
3.4.6 - 6. Implications for the Study of Language Pathology [Seite 65]
3.4.7 - 7. References [Seite 65]
3.5 - 5. Spontaneous and Evoked Slips of the Tongue [Seite 67]
3.5.1 - 1. Introduction [Seite 67]
3.5.2 - 2. Definitions and Typologies of Slips of the Tongue [Seite 68]
3.5.3 - 3. Conditioning Factors [Seite 70]
3.5.4 - 4. Experimental Procedures for Exploring Speech Errors [Seite 73]
3.5.5 - 5. Methodological Issues [Seite 75]
3.5.6 - 6. Conclusions [Seite 77]
3.5.7 - 7. References [Seite 78]
3.6 - 6. Slips of the Pen, Tongue, and Typewriter:A Contrastive Analysis [Seite 80]
3.6.1 - 1. Introduction [Seite 80]
3.6.2 - 2. Errors: General Considerations [Seite 80]
3.6.3 - 3. Typing Errors [Seite 81]
3.6.4 - 4. Classes of Pen Slips [Seite 82]
3.6.5 - 5. Error Detection [Seite 83]
3.6.6 - 6. Feedbackin Handwriting and Typing [Seite 83]
3.6.7 - 7. Comparisonsof Slips across Modalities [Seite 83]
3.6.8 - 8. References [Seite 85]
3.7 - 7. Errors and their Relevance for Models of Language Production [Seite 86]
3.7.1 - 1. Introduction [Seite 86]
3.7.2 - 2. Phrasal Processing [Seite 89]
3.7.3 - 3. Lexical Retrievaland Phrasal Construction [Seite 96]
3.7.4 - 4. Relations of Phrasal and Lexical Processes: Error Data and Experimental Evidence [Seite 101]
3.7.5 - 5. References [Seite 104]
3.8 - 8. Disordered Language in Creative Writing [Seite 106]
3.8.1 - 1. Introduction [Seite 106]
3.8.2 - 2. Rule-Breaking [Seite 107]
3.8.3 - 3. Chance and Choice [Seite 108]
3.8.4 - 4. Form and Meaning [Seite 110]
3.8.5 - 5. References [Seite 111]
4 - II. Acquired Organic Pathologies of Language Behavior: Neurolinguistic Disorders [Seite 112]
4.1 - 9. Clinical Symptoms and Syndromes of Aphasia [Seite 112]
4.1.1 - 1. Definition [Seite 112]
4.1.2 - 2. Epidemiology and Etiology [Seite 112]
4.1.3 - 3. Symptoms of Aphasia [Seite 112]
4.1.4 - 4. Syndromes of Aphasia [Seite 117]
4.1.5 - 5. References [Seite 129]
4.2 - 10. Cerebral Organization of Language [Seite 134]
4.2.1 - 1. Introduction [Seite 134]
4.2.2 - 2. Anatomical Issues [Seite 134]
4.2.3 - 3. Physiological Issues [Seite 135]
4.2.4 - 4. Functional Issues [Seite 137]
4.2.5 - 5. Biological Issues [Seite 138]
4.2.6 - 6. Language Functionand Lesion Localization [Seite 140]
4.2.7 - 7. Language Functionand Cortical Stimulation [Seite 145]
4.2.8 - 8. Conclusion [Seite 147]
4.2.9 - 9. References [Seite 147]
4.3 - 11. Diagnostic Methods in Aphasiology [Seite 152]
4.3.1 - 1. Introduction [Seite 152]
4.3.2 - 2. The Test Battery Approach [Seite 154]
4.3.3 - 3. The Single Case Study Approachin Cognitive Neuropsychology [Seite 160]
4.3.4 - 4. Two Specific Assessment Problems [Seite 163]
4.3.5 - 5. Conclusion [Seite 164]
4.3.6 - 6. References [Seite 165]
4.4 - 12. Semantic Disorders in Aphasia [Seite 168]
4.4.1 - 1. Introduction [Seite 168]
4.4.2 - 2. Lexical Semantics [Seite 169]
4.4.3 - 3. Category- and Modality-Specific Deficits [Seite 170]
4.4.4 - 4. Sentence Semantics and Logical Form [Seite 172]
4.4.5 - 5. Conclusions [Seite 173]
4.4.6 - 6. References [Seite 173]
4.5 - 13. Syntactic Disorders in Aphasia [Seite 175]
4.5.1 - 1. Introduction [Seite 175]
4.5.2 - 2. Major Historical Forerunners [Seite 176]
4.5.3 - 3. Agrammatismas a Central Syntactic Deficit [Seite 177]
4.5.4 - 4. Agrammatismas a Morpholexical Deficit [Seite 179]
4.5.5 - 5. Modality Specificityand Performance Disorders [Seite 180]
4.5.6 - 6. Current Syntactic Accounts [Seite 180]
4.5.7 - 7. Conclusion [Seite 181]
4.5.8 - 8. References [Seite 182]
4.6 - 14. Disorders of Word Class Processing in Aphasia [Seite 184]
4.6.1 - 1. Syntactic Categories [Seite 184]
4.6.2 - 2. Disorders of Language Processing in Aphasia [Seite 188]
4.6.3 - 3. Theories of Agrammatism Connected to Category Distinction [Seite 193]
4.6.4 - 4. References [Seite 195]
4.7 - 15. Disorders of Lexical Morphology in Aphasia [Seite 196]
4.7.1 - 1. Introduction [Seite 196]
4.7.2 - 2. Morphological Errors and their Interpretation [Seite 197]
4.7.3 - 3. Jargonaphasia and Word-Formation Mechanisms [Seite 199]
4.7.4 - 4. Morphological Deficits in Sentence Comprehension and Production [Seite 199]
4.7.5 - 5. Morphological Representationand Processing [Seite 200]
4.7.6 - 6. References [Seite 200]
4.8 - 16. Disorders of Word-Form Processing in Aphasia [Seite 202]
4.8.1 - 1. Introduction [Seite 202]
4.8.2 - 2. Productive Sources for Neologisms [Seite 202]
4.8.3 - 3. Production Models for Neologisms [Seite 204]
4.8.4 - 4. Conclusion [Seite 210]
4.8.5 - 5. References [Seite 210]
4.9 - 17. Segmental Disorders in Aphasia [Seite 212]
4.9.1 - 1. Introduction [Seite 212]
4.9.2 - 2. The Clinical Populationunder Examination [Seite 213]
4.9.3 - 3. An approach to the Interpretation of Segmental Output Errorsin Aphasia [Seite 214]
4.9.4 - 4. Segmental Error Patterns in Aphasia that Reflect Different Phonological Deficits [Seite 217]
4.9.5 - 5. Summary [Seite 222]
4.9.6 - 6. References [Seite 222]
4.10 - 18. Disorders of Prosody in Aphasia [Seite 224]
4.10.1 - 1. Characteristics of Prosody [Seite 224]
4.10.2 - 2. The Perception of Prosodic Features in Aphasia [Seite 225]
4.10.3 - 3. The Production of Stress and Pitch in Aphasia [Seite 227]
4.10.4 - 4. The Foreign Accent Syndrome [Seite 228]
4.10.5 - 5. References [Seite 229]
4.11 - 19. Nonpropositional Speech in Aphasia [Seite 230]
4.11.1 - 1. Introduction [Seite 230]
4.11.2 - 2. Characterization of Nonpropositional Language [Seite 231]
4.11.3 - 3. Nonpropositional Speech Production [Seite 233]
4.11.4 - 4. Nonpropositional Language Comprehension [Seite 235]
4.11.5 - 5. Discussion [Seite 236]
4.11.6 - 6. References [Seite 237]
4.12 - 20. Repetitive Phenomena in Aphasia [Seite 240]
4.12.1 - 1. Introduction [Seite 240]
4.12.2 - 2. Stereotypy or Recurrent Utterance [Seite 240]
4.12.3 - 3. Echolalia [Seite 243]
4.12.4 - 4. Contamination [Seite 244]
4.12.5 - 5. Perseveration [Seite 245]
4.12.6 - 6. Conclusions [Seite 251]
4.12.7 - 7. References [Seite 251]
4.13 - 21. Aphasia and Models of Language Production and Perception [Seite 253]
4.13.1 - 1. Introduction [Seite 253]
4.13.2 - 2. Lichtheim's Model [Seite 253]
4.13.3 - 3. Modern Box and Arrow Models [Seite 257]
4.13.4 - 4. A Comparison and Critique [Seite 259]
4.13.5 - 5. A Modern Treatment of Paraphasias [Seite 260]
4.13.6 - 6. Conclusion [Seite 264]
4.13.7 - 7. References [Seite 264]
4.14 - 22. Acquired Disorders of Reading [Seite 266]
4.14.1 - 1. Introduction [Seite 266]
4.14.2 - 2. Disorders of Written Word Perception and Identification [Seite 266]
4.14.3 - 3. Impairments of Phonological Reading [Seite 272]
4.14.4 - 4. Reading via Semantics [Seite 272]
4.14.5 - 5. References [Seite 274]
4.15 - 23. Acquired Disorders of Writing and Spelling [Seite 277]
4.15.1 - 1. Historical Introduction [Seite 277]
4.15.2 - 2. Modern Models of Writing [Seite 279]
4.15.3 - 3. Agraphia in Alzheimer's Disease [Seite 288]
4.15.4 - 4. References [Seite 289]
4.16 - 24. Multilingualism and Aphasia [Seite 293]
4.16.1 - 1. Introduction [Seite 293]
4.16.2 - 2. Patterns of Recovery [Seite 293]
4.16.3 - 3. Three Questions about Language Representation in the Brain [Seite 294]
4.16.4 - 4. Neurofunctional Organization of More Than One Language [Seite 297]
4.16.5 - 5. The Measure of Deficits [Seite 301]
4.16.6 - 6. Conclusion [Seite 301]
4.16.7 - 7. References [Seite 301]
4.17 - 25. Communicative Behavior in Aphasia [Seite 303]
4.17.1 - 1. Introduction [Seite 303]
4.17.2 - 2. Review of the Experimental Evidence [Seite 305]
4.17.3 - 3. Clinical Implications [Seite 312]
4.17.4 - 4. General Conclusions [Seite 314]
4.17.5 - 5. References [Seite 314]
4.18 - 26. Text Processing in Aphasia [Seite 318]
4.18.1 - 1. Introduction [Seite 318]
4.18.2 - 2. Sentence Level within Text [Seite 319]
4.18.3 - 3. Text Level Processing [Seite 320]
4.18.4 - 4. Dissociation between Language Levels [Seite 321]
4.18.5 - 5. Relationship between Language Levels [Seite 322]
4.18.6 - 6. Macrostructure in Text Processing [Seite 323]
4.18.7 - 7. Conclusion [Seite 324]
4.18.8 - 8. References [Seite 324]
4.19 - 27. Aphasia and Intelligence [Seite 325]
4.19.1 - 1. Introduction [Seite 325]
4.19.2 - 2. Intelligence or Intelligences? [Seite 326]
4.19.3 - 3. Intelligenceand Information-Processing [Seite 327]
4.19.4 - 4. Aphasia and Non-Verbal Deficits [Seite 329]
4.19.5 - 5. Conclusions [Seite 330]
4.19.6 - 6. References [Seite 331]
4.20 - 28. Aphasia and Apraxia [Seite 332]
4.20.1 - 1. Introduction [Seite 332]
4.20.2 - 2. Brain Localization [Seite 334]
4.20.3 - 3. Apraxia and Type of Aphasia [Seite 334]
4.20.4 - 4. Modality Specific Apraxia [Seite 334]
4.20.5 - 5. Testing for Apraxia [Seite 334]
4.20.6 - 6. 'Linguistic' Description and Analysis of Parapractic Errors [Seite 335]
4.20.7 - 7. Receptive Aspects of Apraxia [Seite 336]
4.20.8 - 8. Sequential Aspects of Aphasia and Apraxia [Seite 336]
4.20.9 - 9. Linguistic Models of Aphasia in Relation to Apraxia [Seite 337]
4.20.10 - 10. Conclusions [Seite 338]
4.20.11 - 11. References [Seite 338]
4.21 - 29. Aphasia and Acalculia [Seite 340]
4.21.1 - 1. Overview [Seite 340]
4.21.2 - 2. Introduction [Seite 340]
4.22 - 30. Short-Term Memory in Aphasia [Seite 347]
4.22.1 - 1. Introduction [Seite 347]
4.22.2 - 2. Memory Disordersin Aphasic Patients [Seite 347]
4.22.3 - 3. Do Memory Impairments Play a Specific Role in Sentence Repetition, Comprehension, and Expression? [Seite 349]
4.22.4 - 4. Summary [Seite 361]
4.22.5 - 5. References [Seite 362]
4.23 - 31. Aphasia Therapy [Seite 367]
4.23.1 - 1. Introduction [Seite 367]
4.23.2 - 2. Intuitive Therapies [Seite 367]
4.23.3 - 3. Model-Based Approaches [Seite 371]
4.23.4 - 4. Communication Therapy [Seite 376]
4.23.5 - 5. Evaluation [Seite 379]
4.23.6 - 6. Delivery of Services [Seite 380]
4.23.7 - 7. Conclusion [Seite 382]
4.23.8 - 8. References [Seite 383]
4.24 - 32. Psychosocial Aspects of Aphasia [Seite 387]
4.24.1 - 1. A Framework for Psychosocial Studies [Seite 387]
4.24.2 - 2. Adjusting to the Social Context [Seite 388]
4.24.3 - 3. Intervention and Rehabilitation [Seite 389]
4.24.4 - 4. Future Perspectives [Seite 390]
4.24.5 - 5. References [Seite 391]
4.25 - 33. Pathology of Nonaphasic Language Behavior after Focal Left Hemispheric Damage [Seite 393]
4.25.1 - 1. Frontal Lobe Language Disorders [Seite 393]
4.25.2 - 2. 'Latent Dysphasia' after Non-perisylvian Cortical Damage [Seite 395]
4.25.3 - 3. Subcortical Language Disorders [Seite 396]
4.25.4 - 4. Conclusion [Seite 396]
4.25.5 - 5. References [Seite 396]
4.26 - 34. Verbal Communication Deficits after Right-Hemisphere Damage [Seite 398]
4.26.1 - 1. Prosody [Seite 398]
4.26.2 - 2. Lexical Semantics [Seite 399]
4.26.3 - 3. Text and Pragmatics [Seite 400]
4.26.4 - 4. Specificity of the Verbal Communication Disorders [Seite 401]
4.26.5 - 5. Incidence of Verbal Communication Deficits [Seite 401]
4.26.6 - 6. References [Seite 401]
4.27 - 35. Pathology of Language Behavior in Dementia [Seite 403]
4.27.1 - 1. Introduction [Seite 403]
4.27.2 - 2. Alzheimer's Disease [Seite 404]
4.27.3 - 3. Parkinson's Disease [Seite 410]
4.27.4 - 4. Huntington's Disease [Seite 413]
4.27.5 - 5. Pick's Disease [Seite 416]
4.27.6 - 6. Progressive Aphasia and Dementia [Seite 417]
4.27.7 - 7. References [Seite 417]
4.28 - 36. Language Disorderswith Diffuse Brain Disease of Acute Onset [Seite 424]
4.28.1 - 1. Introduction [Seite 424]
4.28.2 - 2. General Neurological Outcomes [Seite 425]
4.28.3 - 3. Underlying Neurophysiological Mechanisms [Seite 425]
4.28.4 - 4. Language Characteristics of Patientswith Diffuse Brain Disease of Acute Onset [Seite 426]
4.28.5 - 5. Conclusions [Seite 428]
4.28.6 - 6. References [Seite 429]
5 - III. Acquired Organic Pathologies of Language Behavior:Neurophonetic Disorders [Seite 431]
5.1 - 37. Dynamical Systems and Speech [Seite 431]
5.1.1 - 1. Introductionand Historical Perspective [Seite 431]
5.1.2 - 2. Functional Constraints onMultiarticulator Coordination [Seite 432]
5.1.3 - 3. Coordination Dynamics of Speech [Seite 433]
5.1.4 - 4. Conclusions [Seite 437]
5.1.5 - 5. References [Seite 437]
5.2 - 38. Pathophysiology of Disordered Articulation [Seite 440]
5.2.1 - 1. Viewpoint [Seite 440]
5.2.2 - 2. Basic Speech Motor Actions [Seite 441]
5.2.3 - 3. Classificationof the Motor Speech Disorders [Seite 442]
5.2.4 - 4. Considerations for Classificationof Motor Speech Disorders [Seite 445]
5.2.5 - 5. References [Seite 446]
5.3 - 39. Assessment Methods in Neurophonetics:Speech Production [Seite 447]
5.3.1 - 1. Introduction [Seite 447]
5.3.2 - 2. Assessment Techniques [Seite 447]
5.3.3 - 3. Assessment Paradigms [Seite 454]
5.3.4 - 4. Neurophonetic Assessment:Means and Ends [Seite 455]
5.3.5 - 5. References [Seite 456]
5.4 - 40. Speech Apraxia [Seite 458]
5.4.1 - 1. Definition [Seite 459]
5.4.2 - 2. Related Conditions [Seite 459]
5.4.3 - 3. History [Seite 459]
5.4.4 - 4. Signs of Speech Apraxia [Seite 460]
5.4.5 - 5. A Contemporary Portraitof Speech Apraxia [Seite 462]
5.4.6 - 6. Subtypes of Speech Apraxia [Seite 462]
5.4.7 - 7. Localization [Seite 462]
5.4.8 - 8. Explanations [Seite 463]
5.4.9 - 9. Diagnosis [Seite 463]
5.4.10 - 10. Conclusions [Seite 464]
5.4.11 - 11. References [Seite 464]
5.5 - 41. Spastic Dysarthria [Seite 467]
5.5.1 - 1. Introduction [Seite 467]
5.5.2 - 2. Attributes of Spastic Dysarthria [Seite 468]
5.5.3 - 3. The Pathophysiology of Spasticity [Seite 469]
5.5.4 - 4. Management of the Individualwith Spastic Dysarthria [Seite 470]
5.5.5 - 5. References [Seite 471]
5.6 - 42. Flaccid Dysarthria [Seite 472]
5.6.1 - 1. Introduction [Seite 472]
5.6.2 - 2. PeripheralNeuromuscular Structuresand Speech CharacteristicsAssociatedwith Flaccid Dysarthria [Seite 472]
5.6.3 - 3. Neurological Causesof Flaccid Dysarthria [Seite 474]
5.6.4 - 4. Management [Seite 475]
5.6.5 - 5. References [Seite 476]
5.7 - 43. Hypo- and Hyperkinetic Dysarthria [Seite 476]
5.7.1 - 1. Types of Hypokineticand Hyperkinetic Dysarthria [Seite 476]
5.7.2 - 2. Disorder Characteristics [Seite 477]
5.7.3 - 3. Symptom Modulation [Seite 479]
5.7.4 - 4. Pathophysiology [Seite 480]
5.7.5 - 5. Characteristicsof the Speech Execution SystemBased on the Hypo-and Hyperkinetic Dysarthrias [Seite 481]
5.7.6 - 6. References [Seite 481]
5.8 - 44. Cerebellar Dysarthria [Seite 483]
5.8.1 - 1. Introduction [Seite 483]
5.8.2 - 2. Clinical Perceptual Attributesof Cerebellar Dysarthria [Seite 484]
5.8.3 - 3. Phonetic Attributes [Seite 485]
5.8.4 - 4. Acoustic Attributes [Seite 486]
5.8.5 - 5. Kinematic Attributes [Seite 486]
5.8.6 - 6. Pathophysiological Mechanismsin Cerebellar Dysarthria [Seite 489]
5.8.7 - 7. Management of Patientswith Cerebellar Dysarthria [Seite 489]
5.8.8 - 8. References [Seite 489]
5.9 - 45. Feedback Impairments in Dysarthria [Seite 491]
5.9.1 - 1. Background [Seite 491]
5.9.2 - 2. Possible Sensory Impairmentsin Dysarthria [Seite 492]
5.9.3 - 3. Clinical Assessmentof Sensorimotor Integrity [Seite 494]
5.9.4 - 4. Implications for Treatment [Seite 494]
5.9.5 - 5. Conclusions [Seite 495]
5.9.6 - 6. References [Seite 495]
5.10 - 46. Therapy of Dysarthrias and Speech Apraxia [Seite 495]
5.10.1 - 1. Definitions [Seite 495]
5.10.2 - 2. Therapy of the Dysarthrias [Seite 496]
5.10.3 - 3. Treatment of Speech Apraxia [Seite 499]
5.10.4 - 4. References [Seite 499]
5.11 - 47. Effects of Anatomical Alterations on Fully Developed Articulation [Seite 501]
5.11.1 - 1. Introduction [Seite 501]
5.11.2 - 2. Maxillary Resections [Seite 501]
5.11.3 - 3. Ablation of the Soft Palate [Seite 501]
5.11.4 - 4. Mandibulectomy [Seite 501]
5.11.5 - 5. Glossectomy [Seite 502]
5.11.6 - 6. References [Seite 504]
5.12 - 48. Disorders of Phonation [Seite 506]
5.12.1 - 1. Introduction [Seite 506]
5.12.2 - 2. Organic Voice Disorders [Seite 508]
5.12.3 - 3. Functional Voice Disorders [Seite 510]
5.12.4 - 4. Central Voice DisordersFollowing Craniocerebral Injury(CI) [Seite 511]
5.12.5 - 5. References [Seite 512]
5.13 - 49. Pure Word Deafness (Verbal Auditory Agnosia) [Seite 513]
5.13.1 - 1. Cortical Deafness [Seite 513]
5.13.2 - 2. Auditory Agnosia [Seite 514]
5.13.3 - 3. Pure Word Deafness [Seite 514]
5.13.4 - 4. References [Seite 517]
5.14 - 50. Speech Tics in Tourette's Syndrome [Seite 519]
5.14.1 - 1. Characteristicsof Tourette's Syndrome [Seite 519]
5.14.2 - 2. Characteristics of Ticsin Tourette's Syndrome [Seite 519]
5.14.3 - 3. Effects of Speech Behavioron Tic Frequency [Seite 520]
5.14.4 - 4. Position of Tics in Speech [Seite 521]
5.14.5 - 5. Are Tics Voluntary or Involuntary? [Seite 521]
5.14.6 - 6. Pathophysiology of Tic Behavior [Seite 521]
5.14.7 - 7. Associated Behaviors [Seite 522]
5.14.8 - 8. Relationships with Other Deficits [Seite 522]
5.14.9 - 9. Conclusions [Seite 523]
5.14.10 - 10. References [Seite 523]
6 - IV. Pathologies of Language Use in Psychiatric Disorders [Seite 525]
6.1 - 51. Language Behavior in Alexithymia [Seite 525]
6.1.1 - 1. Neurosisand Psychosomatic Disease [Seite 525]
6.1.2 - 2. Affect Verbalization and Alexithymia [Seite 525]
6.1.3 - 3. Communication of Emotional Meaning [Seite 526]
6.1.4 - 4. Content Analysis and Emotional Meaning [Seite 526]
6.1.5 - 5. Concluding Remarks [Seite 527]
6.1.6 - 6. References [Seite 527]
6.2 - 52. Pathology of Language Behavior in Affective Psychoses [Seite 528]
6.2.1 - 1. Introduction [Seite 528]
6.2.2 - 2. Speech Production [Seite 528]
6.2.3 - 3. Syntax and Text [Seite 530]
6.2.4 - 4. Lexicon and Semantics [Seite 530]
6.2.5 - 5. Fluency and Speech Disruptions [Seite 531]
6.2.6 - 6. Conclusion [Seite 534]
6.2.7 - 7. References [Seite 534]
6.3 - 53. Thought Disorders and Language Behavior in Schizophrenia [Seite 537]
6.3.1 - 1. Introduction [Seite 537]
6.3.2 - 2. The Descriptionand Quantitative Measurement of Schizophrenic Utterance [Seite 539]
6.3.3 - 3. Language and Motor Behavior [Seite 541]
6.3.4 - 4. Associational Processes [Seite 542]
6.3.5 - 5. Memory and Language [Seite 544]
6.3.6 - 6. A Model of Schizophrenic Utterance: The Association Activation Hypothesis [Seite 545]
6.3.7 - 7. References [Seite 547]
6.4 - 54. Linguistic Aspects of Language Behavior in Schizophrenia [Seite 549]
6.4.1 - 1. Linguistic Deviations in Schizophrenic Speech [Seite 549]
6.4.2 - 2. Systematic Studies of Naturally Occurring Schizophrenic Speech [Seite 552]
6.4.3 - 3. Experimental Studies [Seite 555]
6.4.4 - 4. Conclusions [Seite 556]
6.4.5 - 5. References [Seite 557]
6.5 - 55. Glossomania and Glossolalia in Schizophasia and their Linguistic Kinships to the Jargonaphasias [Seite 558]
6.5.1 - 1. Schizophrenic Speech [Seite 558]
6.5.2 - 2. Schizophasia [Seite 559]
6.5.3 - 3. Schizophrenic Speech, [Seite 563]
6.5.4 - 4. References [Seite 563]
6.6 - 56. Communicative Behavior in Schizophrenia [Seite 564]
6.6.1 - 1. Introduction [Seite 564]
6.6.2 - 2. Description of Deviances [Seite 564]
6.6.3 - 3. Conditions of the Occurrence of Deviances [Seite 567]
6.6.4 - 4. Summary [Seite 568]
6.6.5 - 5. References [Seite 568]
7 - V. Pathologies and Disorders of Language Development [Seite 573]
7.1 - 57. Landmarks in Children's Language Development [Seite 573]
7.1.1 - 1. Introduction [Seite 573]
7.1.2 - 2. The Developmentof Linguistic Competence [Seite 573]
7.1.3 - 3. The Development of Communicative Competence [Seite 582]
7.1.4 - 4. Some Closing Words [Seite 584]
7.1.5 - 5. References [Seite 585]
7.2 - 58. Definition and Diagnosis of Language Development Disorders [Seite 589]
7.2.1 - 1. Introduction [Seite 589]
7.2.2 - 2. Decline of the Medical Model [Seite 589]
7.2.3 - 3. The Psychology of Language Development Disorder [Seite 592]
7.2.4 - 4. References [Seite 597]
7.3 - 59. Neurological Aspects of Language Development Disorders [Seite 600]
7.3.1 - 1. Introduction [Seite 600]
7.3.2 - 2. Hemisphere Structure [Seite 602]
7.3.3 - 3. Associated Neurological Abnormalities [Seite 604]
7.3.4 - 4. A Critical Period for Language Acquisition? [Seite 606]
7.3.5 - 5. References [Seite 607]
7.4 - 60. Psychiatric and Psychological Aspects of Language Development Disorders [Seite 610]
7.4.1 - 1. Introduction [Seite 610]
7.4.2 - 2. Influenceson Normal Language Development [Seite 610]
7.4.3 - 3. Psychosocial Sequelae [Seite 615]
7.4.4 - 4. References [Seite 618]
7.5 - 61. Children with Specific Language Impairment (Developmental Dysphasia): Linguistic Aspects [Seite 621]
7.5.1 - 1. Introduction [Seite 621]
7.5.2 - 2. Characteristics of Dysphasic Children [Seite 622]
7.5.3 - 3. Patterns of Language Behaviorand Development [Seite 623]
7.5.4 - 4. Information Processing Problems [Seite 636]
7.5.5 - 5. References [Seite 638]
7.6 - 62. Children with Specific Language Impairment (Developmental Dysphasia): Perceptual and Cognitive Aspects [Seite 640]
7.6.1 - 1. Introduction [Seite 640]
7.6.2 - 2. Perceptual Aspects [Seite 640]
7.6.3 - 3. Conceptualand Representational Aspects [Seite 645]
7.6.4 - 4. The Search for Causal Factors:Conclusions and Future Directions [Seite 650]
7.6.5 - 5. References [Seite 652]
7.7 - 63. Children with Specific Language Impairment (Developmental Dysphasia): Treatment [Seite 655]
7.7.1 - 1. Introduction [Seite 655]
7.7.2 - 2. The Effectiveness of Language Treatment [Seite 655]
7.7.3 - 3. The Focus of Treatment [Seite 659]
7.7.4 - 4. Summary [Seite 660]
7.7.5 - 5. References [Seite 660]
7.8 - 64. Acquired Aphasia in Children [Seite 661]
7.8.1 - 1. Incidence of Childhood Aphasia [Seite 662]
7.8.2 - 2. Ontogenyof Hemispheric Dominance [Seite 662]
7.8.3 - 3. Symptoms of Childhood Aphasia [Seite 665]
7.8.4 - 4. Recovery and Sparing of Function [Seite 669]
7.8.5 - 5. Conclusions [Seite 672]
7.8.6 - 6. References [Seite 672]
7.9 - 65. Language Acquisition and Development with Sensory Impairment: Hearing-Impaired Children [Seite 675]
7.9.1 - 1. Factors Affecting Language Acquisition [Seite 675]
7.9.2 - 2. Conductive Hearing Loss [Seite 678]
7.9.3 - 3. Prelingual Hearing Loss:Research Questions [Seite 680]
7.9.4 - 4. Oral Language [Seite 681]
7.9.5 - 5. Written Language [Seite 685]
7.9.6 - 6. Lip-Reading [Seite 686]
7.9.7 - 7. Sign Language Acquisition [Seite 689]
7.9.8 - 8. Summary and Conclusions [Seite 690]
7.9.9 - 9. References [Seite 691]
7.10 - 66. Language Acquisition and Development with Sensory Impairment:Blind Children [Seite 694]
7.10.1 - 1. Theoreticaland Methodological Issues [Seite 694]
7.10.2 - 2. Phonology [Seite 695]
7.10.3 - 3. Morphology and Syntax [Seite 696]
7.10.4 - 4. Semantics [Seite 697]
7.10.5 - 5. Pragmatics, Input, and Interaction [Seite 698]
7.10.6 - 6. Conclusions [Seite 701]
7.10.7 - 7. References [Seite 701]
7.11 - 67. Language Acquisition and Developmentin Persons with Mental Retardation [Seite 703]
7.11.1 - 1. Introduction [Seite 703]
7.11.2 - 2. Elements of Language Acquisition [Seite 703]
7.11.3 - 3. Specific Syndromes [Seite 707]
7.11.4 - 4. Summary [Seite 709]
7.11.5 - 5. References [Seite 709]
7.12 - 68. Patterns of Interactionand Communication in Language Development Disorders [Seite 712]
7.12.1 - 1. Introduction [Seite 712]
7.12.2 - 2. Input: Mothers' Speechto Language Disordered Children [Seite 714]
7.12.3 - 3. Discourse Features in Language Disordered Children [Seite 719]
7.12.4 - 4. The Conceptof Maternal Adjustment Revisited [Seite 721]
7.12.5 - 5. References [Seite 723]
7.13 - 69. Disorders of Written Language Development:Definitions and Overview [Seite 726]
7.13.1 - 1. Learning to Read:The Alphabetic Principleand Stage Models of Reading Development [Seite 726]
7.13.2 - 2. Reading Disorders: Definitions, Methods and Some History [Seite 728]
7.13.3 - 3. Reading Disorders: Alternative Conceptions [Seite 732]
7.13.4 - 4. References [Seite 735]
7.14 - 70. Developmental Dyslexia and Language Disorders [Seite 739]
7.14.1 - 1. Introduction [Seite 739]
7.14.2 - 2. Spoken Language Deficits in Dyslexic Children [Seite 739]
7.14.3 - 3. Written Language Deficits in Dyslexic Children [Seite 742]
7.14.4 - 4. Individual DifferencesAmongst Dyslexic Children [Seite 742]
7.14.5 - 5. Higher-Level Language Difficulties in Dyslexic Children? [Seite 744]
7.14.6 - 6. Treatment Implications [Seite 744]
7.14.7 - 7. Conclusions and Future Directions [Seite 746]
7.14.8 - 8. References [Seite 746]
7.15 - 71. Developmental Dyslexia and Cognitive Processes [Seite 748]
7.15.1 - 1. Methodological Issues: Trying to Establish Causes [Seite 748]
7.15.2 - 2. Visual Problems [Seite 749]
7.15.3 - 3. Verbal Memory Problems [Seite 751]
7.15.4 - 4. Conclusions and Future Directions [Seite 754]
7.15.5 - 5. References [Seite 755]
7.16 - 72. Single and Multiple Component Developmental Dyslexias [Seite 757]
7.16.1 - 1. History and Background [Seite 757]
7.16.2 - 2. Surface Dyslexia [Seite 758]
7.16.3 - 3. Phonological Dyslexia [Seite 762]
7.16.4 - 4. Deep Dyslexia [Seite 765]
7.16.5 - 5. References [Seite 766]
7.17 - 73. Treatment of Developmental Reading and Spelling Disorders [Seite 768]
7.17.1 - 1. The Scope of Remedial Approaches [Seite 768]
7.17.2 - 2. Methodological Issues in Evaluating Intervention [Seite 768]
7.17.3 - 3. Psychological and Educational Approaches [Seite 769]
7.17.4 - 4. Medicaland Neurological Approaches [Seite 777]
7.17.5 - 5. Future Research [Seite 778]
7.17.6 - 6. References [Seite 778]
7.18 - 74. Hyperlexia and Precocious Reading [Seite 783]
7.18.1 - 1. Definitions and Issues [Seite 783]
7.18.2 - 2. Mechanisms Underlying Hyperlexic Reading [Seite 784]
7.18.3 - 3. Parallels with Normal Precocious Reading [Seite 785]
7.18.4 - 4. Conclusions [Seite 786]
7.18.5 - 5. References [Seite 787]
7.19 - 75. Aspects of Metalinguistic Abilities in Specific Language Impairment (Developmental Dysphasia) and Dyslexia [Seite 788]
7.19.1 - 1. Metalinguistic Abilities: [Seite 788]
7.19.2 - 2. Populations Exhibiting Deficitsin Metalinguistic Awareness [Seite 790]
7.19.3 - 3. Relation Between Developmental Language Disorders and Reading Disabilities [Seite 790]
7.19.4 - 4. Experimental Studies of Metalinguistic Skills Evidenced by SLI Children [Seite 791]
7.19.5 - 5. Experimental Investigationsof the Relation Between Metalinguistic Skills and Reading Development/Disabilities [Seite 793]
7.19.6 - 6. Claims Regarding the Role of Metalinguistics in Language Disorders and Reading Disabilities [Seite 796]
7.19.7 - 7. Clinical Implications: Assessment and Remediation [Seite 797]
7.19.8 - 8. Directions for Future Research [Seite 798]
7.19.9 - 9. References [Seite 798]
7.20 - 76. Communicative Behavior with Neurotic Developmental Disorders:Elective Mutism [Seite 803]
7.20.1 - 1. Introduction [Seite 803]
7.20.2 - 2. Traumatic Mutism [Seite 803]
7.20.3 - 3. Elective Mutism [Seite 803]
7.20.4 - 4. References [Seite 808]
7.21 - 77. Language and Communicative Behavior in Childhood Psychosis [Seite 809]
7.21.1 - 1. Definition [Seite 809]
7.21.2 - 2. Symptomatology [Seite 810]
7.21.3 - 3. Speech and Language Behavior in Schizophrenic Children [Seite 811]
7.21.4 - 4. Differential Diagnosis [Seite 815]
7.21.5 - 5. Relationship between Language Disorders and Communicative Behavior [Seite 816]
7.21.6 - 6. Conclusions [Seite 817]
7.21.7 - 7. References [Seite 817]
7.22 - 78. Language and Communicative Behavior in Autistic Disorder [Seite 819]
7.22.1 - 1. Introduction [Seite 819]
7.22.2 - 2. Epidemiology and Classification [Seite 820]
7.22.3 - 3. Differential Diagnosis [Seite 820]
7.22.4 - 4. Etiology of Autistic Disorderand PDD [Seite 823]
7.22.5 - 5. Language and Communication Deficits in Autism [Seite 826]
7.22.6 - 6. Intervention Strategiesfor Communication [Seite 829]
7.22.7 - 7. Prognosis of Autistic Disorder [Seite 835]
7.22.8 - 8. References [Seite 835]
7.23 - 79. Speech Disordered Children [Seite 840]
7.23.1 - 1. Introduction [Seite 840]
7.23.2 - 2. Describing Phonological Errors [Seite 840]
7.23.3 - 3. Associated Underlying Deficits [Seite 842]
7.23.4 - 4. Causal Factors [Seite 844]
7.23.5 - 5. Psycholinguistic Implications of Phonological Disorder [Seite 846]
7.23.6 - 6. References [Seite 847]
7.24 - 80. Developmental Dysarthria [Seite 849]
7.24.1 - 1. Introduction [Seite 849]
7.24.2 - 2. Etiology and Behavioral Pathology [Seite 850]
7.24.3 - 3. Speech Pathology [Seite 854]
7.24.4 - 4. Clinical Evaluation [Seite 858]
7.24.5 - 5. Treatment [Seite 864]
7.24.6 - 6. Summary [Seite 869]
7.24.7 - 7. References [Seite 869]
7.25 - 81. Effects of Congenital Malformations on Speech Development [Seite 873]
7.25.1 - 1. Introduction [Seite 873]
7.25.2 - 2. Cleft Lip and Palate [Seite 873]
7.25.3 - 3. Apert Syndromeand Crouzon Disease [Seite 876]
7.25.4 - 4. References [Seite 878]
7.26 - 82. Stuttering: Physiological Correlates and Theoretical Perspectives [Seite 879]
7.26.1 - 1. Introduction [Seite 879]
7.26.2 - 2. Physiological Correlates of Stuttering [Seite 880]
7.26.3 - 3. Conclusion [Seite 883]
7.26.4 - 4. References [Seite 884]
7.27 - 83. Linguistic Phenomenology in Stuttering [Seite 885]
7.27.1 - 1. Introduction [Seite 885]
7.27.2 - 2. Stuttering Accompanied by Language Disorders [Seite 885]
7.27.3 - 3. Stuttering is a Language Disorder [Seite 886]
7.27.4 - 4. Language Systems [Seite 887]
7.27.5 - 5. Cognitive Grammar [Seite 888]
7.27.6 - 6. The Competition Model [Seite 888]
7.27.7 - 7. Research Implications [Seite 889]
7.27.8 - 8. References [Seite 890]
7.28 - 84. Psychological Aspects and Theories of Stuttering [Seite 891]
7.28.1 - 1. Introduction [Seite 891]
7.28.2 - 2. Psychological Aspects of Childhood Stuttering [Seite 892]
7.28.3 - 3. Psychological Aspectsof Adulthood Stuttering [Seite 896]
7.28.4 - 4. Discussion [Seite 898]
7.28.5 - 5. References [Seite 899]
7.29 - 85. Therapy of the Stuttering Child [Seite 900]
7.29.1 - 1. Introduction [Seite 900]
7.29.2 - 2. The Direct Treatment of Stuttering [Seite 900]
7.29.3 - 3. The Indirect Treatment of Stuttering [Seite 903]
7.29.4 - 4. References [Seite 906]
7.30 - 86. Therapy of the Stuttering Adult [Seite 908]
7.30.1 - 1. Speech Therapy and Fluency Training [Seite 908]
7.30.2 - 2. The Combination of Speechand Social Therapy Measures [Seite 911]
7.30.3 - 3. Multimodal Therapy [Seite 911]
7.30.4 - 4. Therapy Success and Prognosis [Seite 912]
7.30.5 - 5. Conclusion [Seite 912]
7.30.6 - 6. References [Seite 913]
7.31 - 87. Language Changes in Old Age [Seite 915]
7.31.1 - 1. Organizationof Semantic Information [Seite 915]
7.31.2 - 2. Language Comprehension [Seite 919]
7.31.3 - 3. Production of Discourse [Seite 923]
7.31.4 - 4. Language in Normal Aging, Aphasia, and Alzheimer's Disease [Seite 926]
7.31.5 - 5. References [Seite 928]
8 - VI. Indexes [Seite 934]
8.1 - 88. Editors and Contributors [Seite 934]
8.2 - 89. Index of Names [Seite 940]
8.3 - 90. Subject Index [Seite 970]
2 - Preface [Seite 5]
3 - I. Language Use in Normal Speakers and its Disorders [Seite 15]
3.1 - 1. The Architecture of Normal Spoken Language Use [Seite 15]
3.1.1 - 1. Introduction [Seite 15]
3.1.2 - 2. Speaking [Seite 15]
3.1.3 - 3. Speech Understanding [Seite 21]
3.1.4 - 4. Incrementality, Autonomyand Interaction [Seite 26]
3.1.5 - 5. References [Seite 27]
3.2 - 2. Morphosyntactic Characteristics of Spoken Language [Seite 15]
3.2.1 - 1. Introduction [Seite 30]
3.2.2 - 2. Language as an Interpersonal Activity [Seite 30]
3.2.3 - 3. The 'Oral-Written' Dimension [Seite 37]
3.2.4 - 4. Generation of Surface Structure [Seite 38]
3.2.5 - 5. 'Anomalies' in Spoken Language [Seite 41]
3.2.6 - 6. Concluding Remarks [Seite 44]
3.2.7 - 7. References [Seite 44]
3.3 - 3. Phonological and Articulatory Characteristics of Spoken Language [Seite 15]
3.3.1 - 1. Introduction [Seite 48]
3.3.2 - 2. Two Perspectives on Coarticulation [Seite 50]
3.3.3 - 3. Coordination [Seite 56]
3.3.4 - 4. Speech Dynamics [Seite 58]
3.3.5 - 5. References [Seite 58]
3.4 - 4. Characteristics of Hesitation Phenomena [Seite 60]
3.4.1 - 1. The Hesitant Nature of Speech [Seite 60]
3.4.2 - 2. Planning Units [Seite 61]
3.4.3 - 3. The Influence of Syntax [Seite 62]
3.4.4 - 4. The Influence of Content [Seite 63]
3.4.5 - 5. Cognitive Rhythms [Seite 64]
3.4.6 - 6. Implications for the Study of Language Pathology [Seite 65]
3.4.7 - 7. References [Seite 65]
3.5 - 5. Spontaneous and Evoked Slips of the Tongue [Seite 67]
3.5.1 - 1. Introduction [Seite 67]
3.5.2 - 2. Definitions and Typologies of Slips of the Tongue [Seite 68]
3.5.3 - 3. Conditioning Factors [Seite 70]
3.5.4 - 4. Experimental Procedures for Exploring Speech Errors [Seite 73]
3.5.5 - 5. Methodological Issues [Seite 75]
3.5.6 - 6. Conclusions [Seite 77]
3.5.7 - 7. References [Seite 78]
3.6 - 6. Slips of the Pen, Tongue, and Typewriter:A Contrastive Analysis [Seite 80]
3.6.1 - 1. Introduction [Seite 80]
3.6.2 - 2. Errors: General Considerations [Seite 80]
3.6.3 - 3. Typing Errors [Seite 81]
3.6.4 - 4. Classes of Pen Slips [Seite 82]
3.6.5 - 5. Error Detection [Seite 83]
3.6.6 - 6. Feedbackin Handwriting and Typing [Seite 83]
3.6.7 - 7. Comparisonsof Slips across Modalities [Seite 83]
3.6.8 - 8. References [Seite 85]
3.7 - 7. Errors and their Relevance for Models of Language Production [Seite 86]
3.7.1 - 1. Introduction [Seite 86]
3.7.2 - 2. Phrasal Processing [Seite 89]
3.7.3 - 3. Lexical Retrievaland Phrasal Construction [Seite 96]
3.7.4 - 4. Relations of Phrasal and Lexical Processes: Error Data and Experimental Evidence [Seite 101]
3.7.5 - 5. References [Seite 104]
3.8 - 8. Disordered Language in Creative Writing [Seite 106]
3.8.1 - 1. Introduction [Seite 106]
3.8.2 - 2. Rule-Breaking [Seite 107]
3.8.3 - 3. Chance and Choice [Seite 108]
3.8.4 - 4. Form and Meaning [Seite 110]
3.8.5 - 5. References [Seite 111]
4 - II. Acquired Organic Pathologies of Language Behavior: Neurolinguistic Disorders [Seite 112]
4.1 - 9. Clinical Symptoms and Syndromes of Aphasia [Seite 112]
4.1.1 - 1. Definition [Seite 112]
4.1.2 - 2. Epidemiology and Etiology [Seite 112]
4.1.3 - 3. Symptoms of Aphasia [Seite 112]
4.1.4 - 4. Syndromes of Aphasia [Seite 117]
4.1.5 - 5. References [Seite 129]
4.2 - 10. Cerebral Organization of Language [Seite 134]
4.2.1 - 1. Introduction [Seite 134]
4.2.2 - 2. Anatomical Issues [Seite 134]
4.2.3 - 3. Physiological Issues [Seite 135]
4.2.4 - 4. Functional Issues [Seite 137]
4.2.5 - 5. Biological Issues [Seite 138]
4.2.6 - 6. Language Functionand Lesion Localization [Seite 140]
4.2.7 - 7. Language Functionand Cortical Stimulation [Seite 145]
4.2.8 - 8. Conclusion [Seite 147]
4.2.9 - 9. References [Seite 147]
4.3 - 11. Diagnostic Methods in Aphasiology [Seite 152]
4.3.1 - 1. Introduction [Seite 152]
4.3.2 - 2. The Test Battery Approach [Seite 154]
4.3.3 - 3. The Single Case Study Approachin Cognitive Neuropsychology [Seite 160]
4.3.4 - 4. Two Specific Assessment Problems [Seite 163]
4.3.5 - 5. Conclusion [Seite 164]
4.3.6 - 6. References [Seite 165]
4.4 - 12. Semantic Disorders in Aphasia [Seite 168]
4.4.1 - 1. Introduction [Seite 168]
4.4.2 - 2. Lexical Semantics [Seite 169]
4.4.3 - 3. Category- and Modality-Specific Deficits [Seite 170]
4.4.4 - 4. Sentence Semantics and Logical Form [Seite 172]
4.4.5 - 5. Conclusions [Seite 173]
4.4.6 - 6. References [Seite 173]
4.5 - 13. Syntactic Disorders in Aphasia [Seite 175]
4.5.1 - 1. Introduction [Seite 175]
4.5.2 - 2. Major Historical Forerunners [Seite 176]
4.5.3 - 3. Agrammatismas a Central Syntactic Deficit [Seite 177]
4.5.4 - 4. Agrammatismas a Morpholexical Deficit [Seite 179]
4.5.5 - 5. Modality Specificityand Performance Disorders [Seite 180]
4.5.6 - 6. Current Syntactic Accounts [Seite 180]
4.5.7 - 7. Conclusion [Seite 181]
4.5.8 - 8. References [Seite 182]
4.6 - 14. Disorders of Word Class Processing in Aphasia [Seite 184]
4.6.1 - 1. Syntactic Categories [Seite 184]
4.6.2 - 2. Disorders of Language Processing in Aphasia [Seite 188]
4.6.3 - 3. Theories of Agrammatism Connected to Category Distinction [Seite 193]
4.6.4 - 4. References [Seite 195]
4.7 - 15. Disorders of Lexical Morphology in Aphasia [Seite 196]
4.7.1 - 1. Introduction [Seite 196]
4.7.2 - 2. Morphological Errors and their Interpretation [Seite 197]
4.7.3 - 3. Jargonaphasia and Word-Formation Mechanisms [Seite 199]
4.7.4 - 4. Morphological Deficits in Sentence Comprehension and Production [Seite 199]
4.7.5 - 5. Morphological Representationand Processing [Seite 200]
4.7.6 - 6. References [Seite 200]
4.8 - 16. Disorders of Word-Form Processing in Aphasia [Seite 202]
4.8.1 - 1. Introduction [Seite 202]
4.8.2 - 2. Productive Sources for Neologisms [Seite 202]
4.8.3 - 3. Production Models for Neologisms [Seite 204]
4.8.4 - 4. Conclusion [Seite 210]
4.8.5 - 5. References [Seite 210]
4.9 - 17. Segmental Disorders in Aphasia [Seite 212]
4.9.1 - 1. Introduction [Seite 212]
4.9.2 - 2. The Clinical Populationunder Examination [Seite 213]
4.9.3 - 3. An approach to the Interpretation of Segmental Output Errorsin Aphasia [Seite 214]
4.9.4 - 4. Segmental Error Patterns in Aphasia that Reflect Different Phonological Deficits [Seite 217]
4.9.5 - 5. Summary [Seite 222]
4.9.6 - 6. References [Seite 222]
4.10 - 18. Disorders of Prosody in Aphasia [Seite 224]
4.10.1 - 1. Characteristics of Prosody [Seite 224]
4.10.2 - 2. The Perception of Prosodic Features in Aphasia [Seite 225]
4.10.3 - 3. The Production of Stress and Pitch in Aphasia [Seite 227]
4.10.4 - 4. The Foreign Accent Syndrome [Seite 228]
4.10.5 - 5. References [Seite 229]
4.11 - 19. Nonpropositional Speech in Aphasia [Seite 230]
4.11.1 - 1. Introduction [Seite 230]
4.11.2 - 2. Characterization of Nonpropositional Language [Seite 231]
4.11.3 - 3. Nonpropositional Speech Production [Seite 233]
4.11.4 - 4. Nonpropositional Language Comprehension [Seite 235]
4.11.5 - 5. Discussion [Seite 236]
4.11.6 - 6. References [Seite 237]
4.12 - 20. Repetitive Phenomena in Aphasia [Seite 240]
4.12.1 - 1. Introduction [Seite 240]
4.12.2 - 2. Stereotypy or Recurrent Utterance [Seite 240]
4.12.3 - 3. Echolalia [Seite 243]
4.12.4 - 4. Contamination [Seite 244]
4.12.5 - 5. Perseveration [Seite 245]
4.12.6 - 6. Conclusions [Seite 251]
4.12.7 - 7. References [Seite 251]
4.13 - 21. Aphasia and Models of Language Production and Perception [Seite 253]
4.13.1 - 1. Introduction [Seite 253]
4.13.2 - 2. Lichtheim's Model [Seite 253]
4.13.3 - 3. Modern Box and Arrow Models [Seite 257]
4.13.4 - 4. A Comparison and Critique [Seite 259]
4.13.5 - 5. A Modern Treatment of Paraphasias [Seite 260]
4.13.6 - 6. Conclusion [Seite 264]
4.13.7 - 7. References [Seite 264]
4.14 - 22. Acquired Disorders of Reading [Seite 266]
4.14.1 - 1. Introduction [Seite 266]
4.14.2 - 2. Disorders of Written Word Perception and Identification [Seite 266]
4.14.3 - 3. Impairments of Phonological Reading [Seite 272]
4.14.4 - 4. Reading via Semantics [Seite 272]
4.14.5 - 5. References [Seite 274]
4.15 - 23. Acquired Disorders of Writing and Spelling [Seite 277]
4.15.1 - 1. Historical Introduction [Seite 277]
4.15.2 - 2. Modern Models of Writing [Seite 279]
4.15.3 - 3. Agraphia in Alzheimer's Disease [Seite 288]
4.15.4 - 4. References [Seite 289]
4.16 - 24. Multilingualism and Aphasia [Seite 293]
4.16.1 - 1. Introduction [Seite 293]
4.16.2 - 2. Patterns of Recovery [Seite 293]
4.16.3 - 3. Three Questions about Language Representation in the Brain [Seite 294]
4.16.4 - 4. Neurofunctional Organization of More Than One Language [Seite 297]
4.16.5 - 5. The Measure of Deficits [Seite 301]
4.16.6 - 6. Conclusion [Seite 301]
4.16.7 - 7. References [Seite 301]
4.17 - 25. Communicative Behavior in Aphasia [Seite 303]
4.17.1 - 1. Introduction [Seite 303]
4.17.2 - 2. Review of the Experimental Evidence [Seite 305]
4.17.3 - 3. Clinical Implications [Seite 312]
4.17.4 - 4. General Conclusions [Seite 314]
4.17.5 - 5. References [Seite 314]
4.18 - 26. Text Processing in Aphasia [Seite 318]
4.18.1 - 1. Introduction [Seite 318]
4.18.2 - 2. Sentence Level within Text [Seite 319]
4.18.3 - 3. Text Level Processing [Seite 320]
4.18.4 - 4. Dissociation between Language Levels [Seite 321]
4.18.5 - 5. Relationship between Language Levels [Seite 322]
4.18.6 - 6. Macrostructure in Text Processing [Seite 323]
4.18.7 - 7. Conclusion [Seite 324]
4.18.8 - 8. References [Seite 324]
4.19 - 27. Aphasia and Intelligence [Seite 325]
4.19.1 - 1. Introduction [Seite 325]
4.19.2 - 2. Intelligence or Intelligences? [Seite 326]
4.19.3 - 3. Intelligenceand Information-Processing [Seite 327]
4.19.4 - 4. Aphasia and Non-Verbal Deficits [Seite 329]
4.19.5 - 5. Conclusions [Seite 330]
4.19.6 - 6. References [Seite 331]
4.20 - 28. Aphasia and Apraxia [Seite 332]
4.20.1 - 1. Introduction [Seite 332]
4.20.2 - 2. Brain Localization [Seite 334]
4.20.3 - 3. Apraxia and Type of Aphasia [Seite 334]
4.20.4 - 4. Modality Specific Apraxia [Seite 334]
4.20.5 - 5. Testing for Apraxia [Seite 334]
4.20.6 - 6. 'Linguistic' Description and Analysis of Parapractic Errors [Seite 335]
4.20.7 - 7. Receptive Aspects of Apraxia [Seite 336]
4.20.8 - 8. Sequential Aspects of Aphasia and Apraxia [Seite 336]
4.20.9 - 9. Linguistic Models of Aphasia in Relation to Apraxia [Seite 337]
4.20.10 - 10. Conclusions [Seite 338]
4.20.11 - 11. References [Seite 338]
4.21 - 29. Aphasia and Acalculia [Seite 340]
4.21.1 - 1. Overview [Seite 340]
4.21.2 - 2. Introduction [Seite 340]
4.22 - 30. Short-Term Memory in Aphasia [Seite 347]
4.22.1 - 1. Introduction [Seite 347]
4.22.2 - 2. Memory Disordersin Aphasic Patients [Seite 347]
4.22.3 - 3. Do Memory Impairments Play a Specific Role in Sentence Repetition, Comprehension, and Expression? [Seite 349]
4.22.4 - 4. Summary [Seite 361]
4.22.5 - 5. References [Seite 362]
4.23 - 31. Aphasia Therapy [Seite 367]
4.23.1 - 1. Introduction [Seite 367]
4.23.2 - 2. Intuitive Therapies [Seite 367]
4.23.3 - 3. Model-Based Approaches [Seite 371]
4.23.4 - 4. Communication Therapy [Seite 376]
4.23.5 - 5. Evaluation [Seite 379]
4.23.6 - 6. Delivery of Services [Seite 380]
4.23.7 - 7. Conclusion [Seite 382]
4.23.8 - 8. References [Seite 383]
4.24 - 32. Psychosocial Aspects of Aphasia [Seite 387]
4.24.1 - 1. A Framework for Psychosocial Studies [Seite 387]
4.24.2 - 2. Adjusting to the Social Context [Seite 388]
4.24.3 - 3. Intervention and Rehabilitation [Seite 389]
4.24.4 - 4. Future Perspectives [Seite 390]
4.24.5 - 5. References [Seite 391]
4.25 - 33. Pathology of Nonaphasic Language Behavior after Focal Left Hemispheric Damage [Seite 393]
4.25.1 - 1. Frontal Lobe Language Disorders [Seite 393]
4.25.2 - 2. 'Latent Dysphasia' after Non-perisylvian Cortical Damage [Seite 395]
4.25.3 - 3. Subcortical Language Disorders [Seite 396]
4.25.4 - 4. Conclusion [Seite 396]
4.25.5 - 5. References [Seite 396]
4.26 - 34. Verbal Communication Deficits after Right-Hemisphere Damage [Seite 398]
4.26.1 - 1. Prosody [Seite 398]
4.26.2 - 2. Lexical Semantics [Seite 399]
4.26.3 - 3. Text and Pragmatics [Seite 400]
4.26.4 - 4. Specificity of the Verbal Communication Disorders [Seite 401]
4.26.5 - 5. Incidence of Verbal Communication Deficits [Seite 401]
4.26.6 - 6. References [Seite 401]
4.27 - 35. Pathology of Language Behavior in Dementia [Seite 403]
4.27.1 - 1. Introduction [Seite 403]
4.27.2 - 2. Alzheimer's Disease [Seite 404]
4.27.3 - 3. Parkinson's Disease [Seite 410]
4.27.4 - 4. Huntington's Disease [Seite 413]
4.27.5 - 5. Pick's Disease [Seite 416]
4.27.6 - 6. Progressive Aphasia and Dementia [Seite 417]
4.27.7 - 7. References [Seite 417]
4.28 - 36. Language Disorderswith Diffuse Brain Disease of Acute Onset [Seite 424]
4.28.1 - 1. Introduction [Seite 424]
4.28.2 - 2. General Neurological Outcomes [Seite 425]
4.28.3 - 3. Underlying Neurophysiological Mechanisms [Seite 425]
4.28.4 - 4. Language Characteristics of Patientswith Diffuse Brain Disease of Acute Onset [Seite 426]
4.28.5 - 5. Conclusions [Seite 428]
4.28.6 - 6. References [Seite 429]
5 - III. Acquired Organic Pathologies of Language Behavior:Neurophonetic Disorders [Seite 431]
5.1 - 37. Dynamical Systems and Speech [Seite 431]
5.1.1 - 1. Introductionand Historical Perspective [Seite 431]
5.1.2 - 2. Functional Constraints onMultiarticulator Coordination [Seite 432]
5.1.3 - 3. Coordination Dynamics of Speech [Seite 433]
5.1.4 - 4. Conclusions [Seite 437]
5.1.5 - 5. References [Seite 437]
5.2 - 38. Pathophysiology of Disordered Articulation [Seite 440]
5.2.1 - 1. Viewpoint [Seite 440]
5.2.2 - 2. Basic Speech Motor Actions [Seite 441]
5.2.3 - 3. Classificationof the Motor Speech Disorders [Seite 442]
5.2.4 - 4. Considerations for Classificationof Motor Speech Disorders [Seite 445]
5.2.5 - 5. References [Seite 446]
5.3 - 39. Assessment Methods in Neurophonetics:Speech Production [Seite 447]
5.3.1 - 1. Introduction [Seite 447]
5.3.2 - 2. Assessment Techniques [Seite 447]
5.3.3 - 3. Assessment Paradigms [Seite 454]
5.3.4 - 4. Neurophonetic Assessment:Means and Ends [Seite 455]
5.3.5 - 5. References [Seite 456]
5.4 - 40. Speech Apraxia [Seite 458]
5.4.1 - 1. Definition [Seite 459]
5.4.2 - 2. Related Conditions [Seite 459]
5.4.3 - 3. History [Seite 459]
5.4.4 - 4. Signs of Speech Apraxia [Seite 460]
5.4.5 - 5. A Contemporary Portraitof Speech Apraxia [Seite 462]
5.4.6 - 6. Subtypes of Speech Apraxia [Seite 462]
5.4.7 - 7. Localization [Seite 462]
5.4.8 - 8. Explanations [Seite 463]
5.4.9 - 9. Diagnosis [Seite 463]
5.4.10 - 10. Conclusions [Seite 464]
5.4.11 - 11. References [Seite 464]
5.5 - 41. Spastic Dysarthria [Seite 467]
5.5.1 - 1. Introduction [Seite 467]
5.5.2 - 2. Attributes of Spastic Dysarthria [Seite 468]
5.5.3 - 3. The Pathophysiology of Spasticity [Seite 469]
5.5.4 - 4. Management of the Individualwith Spastic Dysarthria [Seite 470]
5.5.5 - 5. References [Seite 471]
5.6 - 42. Flaccid Dysarthria [Seite 472]
5.6.1 - 1. Introduction [Seite 472]
5.6.2 - 2. PeripheralNeuromuscular Structuresand Speech CharacteristicsAssociatedwith Flaccid Dysarthria [Seite 472]
5.6.3 - 3. Neurological Causesof Flaccid Dysarthria [Seite 474]
5.6.4 - 4. Management [Seite 475]
5.6.5 - 5. References [Seite 476]
5.7 - 43. Hypo- and Hyperkinetic Dysarthria [Seite 476]
5.7.1 - 1. Types of Hypokineticand Hyperkinetic Dysarthria [Seite 476]
5.7.2 - 2. Disorder Characteristics [Seite 477]
5.7.3 - 3. Symptom Modulation [Seite 479]
5.7.4 - 4. Pathophysiology [Seite 480]
5.7.5 - 5. Characteristicsof the Speech Execution SystemBased on the Hypo-and Hyperkinetic Dysarthrias [Seite 481]
5.7.6 - 6. References [Seite 481]
5.8 - 44. Cerebellar Dysarthria [Seite 483]
5.8.1 - 1. Introduction [Seite 483]
5.8.2 - 2. Clinical Perceptual Attributesof Cerebellar Dysarthria [Seite 484]
5.8.3 - 3. Phonetic Attributes [Seite 485]
5.8.4 - 4. Acoustic Attributes [Seite 486]
5.8.5 - 5. Kinematic Attributes [Seite 486]
5.8.6 - 6. Pathophysiological Mechanismsin Cerebellar Dysarthria [Seite 489]
5.8.7 - 7. Management of Patientswith Cerebellar Dysarthria [Seite 489]
5.8.8 - 8. References [Seite 489]
5.9 - 45. Feedback Impairments in Dysarthria [Seite 491]
5.9.1 - 1. Background [Seite 491]
5.9.2 - 2. Possible Sensory Impairmentsin Dysarthria [Seite 492]
5.9.3 - 3. Clinical Assessmentof Sensorimotor Integrity [Seite 494]
5.9.4 - 4. Implications for Treatment [Seite 494]
5.9.5 - 5. Conclusions [Seite 495]
5.9.6 - 6. References [Seite 495]
5.10 - 46. Therapy of Dysarthrias and Speech Apraxia [Seite 495]
5.10.1 - 1. Definitions [Seite 495]
5.10.2 - 2. Therapy of the Dysarthrias [Seite 496]
5.10.3 - 3. Treatment of Speech Apraxia [Seite 499]
5.10.4 - 4. References [Seite 499]
5.11 - 47. Effects of Anatomical Alterations on Fully Developed Articulation [Seite 501]
5.11.1 - 1. Introduction [Seite 501]
5.11.2 - 2. Maxillary Resections [Seite 501]
5.11.3 - 3. Ablation of the Soft Palate [Seite 501]
5.11.4 - 4. Mandibulectomy [Seite 501]
5.11.5 - 5. Glossectomy [Seite 502]
5.11.6 - 6. References [Seite 504]
5.12 - 48. Disorders of Phonation [Seite 506]
5.12.1 - 1. Introduction [Seite 506]
5.12.2 - 2. Organic Voice Disorders [Seite 508]
5.12.3 - 3. Functional Voice Disorders [Seite 510]
5.12.4 - 4. Central Voice DisordersFollowing Craniocerebral Injury(CI) [Seite 511]
5.12.5 - 5. References [Seite 512]
5.13 - 49. Pure Word Deafness (Verbal Auditory Agnosia) [Seite 513]
5.13.1 - 1. Cortical Deafness [Seite 513]
5.13.2 - 2. Auditory Agnosia [Seite 514]
5.13.3 - 3. Pure Word Deafness [Seite 514]
5.13.4 - 4. References [Seite 517]
5.14 - 50. Speech Tics in Tourette's Syndrome [Seite 519]
5.14.1 - 1. Characteristicsof Tourette's Syndrome [Seite 519]
5.14.2 - 2. Characteristics of Ticsin Tourette's Syndrome [Seite 519]
5.14.3 - 3. Effects of Speech Behavioron Tic Frequency [Seite 520]
5.14.4 - 4. Position of Tics in Speech [Seite 521]
5.14.5 - 5. Are Tics Voluntary or Involuntary? [Seite 521]
5.14.6 - 6. Pathophysiology of Tic Behavior [Seite 521]
5.14.7 - 7. Associated Behaviors [Seite 522]
5.14.8 - 8. Relationships with Other Deficits [Seite 522]
5.14.9 - 9. Conclusions [Seite 523]
5.14.10 - 10. References [Seite 523]
6 - IV. Pathologies of Language Use in Psychiatric Disorders [Seite 525]
6.1 - 51. Language Behavior in Alexithymia [Seite 525]
6.1.1 - 1. Neurosisand Psychosomatic Disease [Seite 525]
6.1.2 - 2. Affect Verbalization and Alexithymia [Seite 525]
6.1.3 - 3. Communication of Emotional Meaning [Seite 526]
6.1.4 - 4. Content Analysis and Emotional Meaning [Seite 526]
6.1.5 - 5. Concluding Remarks [Seite 527]
6.1.6 - 6. References [Seite 527]
6.2 - 52. Pathology of Language Behavior in Affective Psychoses [Seite 528]
6.2.1 - 1. Introduction [Seite 528]
6.2.2 - 2. Speech Production [Seite 528]
6.2.3 - 3. Syntax and Text [Seite 530]
6.2.4 - 4. Lexicon and Semantics [Seite 530]
6.2.5 - 5. Fluency and Speech Disruptions [Seite 531]
6.2.6 - 6. Conclusion [Seite 534]
6.2.7 - 7. References [Seite 534]
6.3 - 53. Thought Disorders and Language Behavior in Schizophrenia [Seite 537]
6.3.1 - 1. Introduction [Seite 537]
6.3.2 - 2. The Descriptionand Quantitative Measurement of Schizophrenic Utterance [Seite 539]
6.3.3 - 3. Language and Motor Behavior [Seite 541]
6.3.4 - 4. Associational Processes [Seite 542]
6.3.5 - 5. Memory and Language [Seite 544]
6.3.6 - 6. A Model of Schizophrenic Utterance: The Association Activation Hypothesis [Seite 545]
6.3.7 - 7. References [Seite 547]
6.4 - 54. Linguistic Aspects of Language Behavior in Schizophrenia [Seite 549]
6.4.1 - 1. Linguistic Deviations in Schizophrenic Speech [Seite 549]
6.4.2 - 2. Systematic Studies of Naturally Occurring Schizophrenic Speech [Seite 552]
6.4.3 - 3. Experimental Studies [Seite 555]
6.4.4 - 4. Conclusions [Seite 556]
6.4.5 - 5. References [Seite 557]
6.5 - 55. Glossomania and Glossolalia in Schizophasia and their Linguistic Kinships to the Jargonaphasias [Seite 558]
6.5.1 - 1. Schizophrenic Speech [Seite 558]
6.5.2 - 2. Schizophasia [Seite 559]
6.5.3 - 3. Schizophrenic Speech, [Seite 563]
6.5.4 - 4. References [Seite 563]
6.6 - 56. Communicative Behavior in Schizophrenia [Seite 564]
6.6.1 - 1. Introduction [Seite 564]
6.6.2 - 2. Description of Deviances [Seite 564]
6.6.3 - 3. Conditions of the Occurrence of Deviances [Seite 567]
6.6.4 - 4. Summary [Seite 568]
6.6.5 - 5. References [Seite 568]
7 - V. Pathologies and Disorders of Language Development [Seite 573]
7.1 - 57. Landmarks in Children's Language Development [Seite 573]
7.1.1 - 1. Introduction [Seite 573]
7.1.2 - 2. The Developmentof Linguistic Competence [Seite 573]
7.1.3 - 3. The Development of Communicative Competence [Seite 582]
7.1.4 - 4. Some Closing Words [Seite 584]
7.1.5 - 5. References [Seite 585]
7.2 - 58. Definition and Diagnosis of Language Development Disorders [Seite 589]
7.2.1 - 1. Introduction [Seite 589]
7.2.2 - 2. Decline of the Medical Model [Seite 589]
7.2.3 - 3. The Psychology of Language Development Disorder [Seite 592]
7.2.4 - 4. References [Seite 597]
7.3 - 59. Neurological Aspects of Language Development Disorders [Seite 600]
7.3.1 - 1. Introduction [Seite 600]
7.3.2 - 2. Hemisphere Structure [Seite 602]
7.3.3 - 3. Associated Neurological Abnormalities [Seite 604]
7.3.4 - 4. A Critical Period for Language Acquisition? [Seite 606]
7.3.5 - 5. References [Seite 607]
7.4 - 60. Psychiatric and Psychological Aspects of Language Development Disorders [Seite 610]
7.4.1 - 1. Introduction [Seite 610]
7.4.2 - 2. Influenceson Normal Language Development [Seite 610]
7.4.3 - 3. Psychosocial Sequelae [Seite 615]
7.4.4 - 4. References [Seite 618]
7.5 - 61. Children with Specific Language Impairment (Developmental Dysphasia): Linguistic Aspects [Seite 621]
7.5.1 - 1. Introduction [Seite 621]
7.5.2 - 2. Characteristics of Dysphasic Children [Seite 622]
7.5.3 - 3. Patterns of Language Behaviorand Development [Seite 623]
7.5.4 - 4. Information Processing Problems [Seite 636]
7.5.5 - 5. References [Seite 638]
7.6 - 62. Children with Specific Language Impairment (Developmental Dysphasia): Perceptual and Cognitive Aspects [Seite 640]
7.6.1 - 1. Introduction [Seite 640]
7.6.2 - 2. Perceptual Aspects [Seite 640]
7.6.3 - 3. Conceptualand Representational Aspects [Seite 645]
7.6.4 - 4. The Search for Causal Factors:Conclusions and Future Directions [Seite 650]
7.6.5 - 5. References [Seite 652]
7.7 - 63. Children with Specific Language Impairment (Developmental Dysphasia): Treatment [Seite 655]
7.7.1 - 1. Introduction [Seite 655]
7.7.2 - 2. The Effectiveness of Language Treatment [Seite 655]
7.7.3 - 3. The Focus of Treatment [Seite 659]
7.7.4 - 4. Summary [Seite 660]
7.7.5 - 5. References [Seite 660]
7.8 - 64. Acquired Aphasia in Children [Seite 661]
7.8.1 - 1. Incidence of Childhood Aphasia [Seite 662]
7.8.2 - 2. Ontogenyof Hemispheric Dominance [Seite 662]
7.8.3 - 3. Symptoms of Childhood Aphasia [Seite 665]
7.8.4 - 4. Recovery and Sparing of Function [Seite 669]
7.8.5 - 5. Conclusions [Seite 672]
7.8.6 - 6. References [Seite 672]
7.9 - 65. Language Acquisition and Development with Sensory Impairment: Hearing-Impaired Children [Seite 675]
7.9.1 - 1. Factors Affecting Language Acquisition [Seite 675]
7.9.2 - 2. Conductive Hearing Loss [Seite 678]
7.9.3 - 3. Prelingual Hearing Loss:Research Questions [Seite 680]
7.9.4 - 4. Oral Language [Seite 681]
7.9.5 - 5. Written Language [Seite 685]
7.9.6 - 6. Lip-Reading [Seite 686]
7.9.7 - 7. Sign Language Acquisition [Seite 689]
7.9.8 - 8. Summary and Conclusions [Seite 690]
7.9.9 - 9. References [Seite 691]
7.10 - 66. Language Acquisition and Development with Sensory Impairment:Blind Children [Seite 694]
7.10.1 - 1. Theoreticaland Methodological Issues [Seite 694]
7.10.2 - 2. Phonology [Seite 695]
7.10.3 - 3. Morphology and Syntax [Seite 696]
7.10.4 - 4. Semantics [Seite 697]
7.10.5 - 5. Pragmatics, Input, and Interaction [Seite 698]
7.10.6 - 6. Conclusions [Seite 701]
7.10.7 - 7. References [Seite 701]
7.11 - 67. Language Acquisition and Developmentin Persons with Mental Retardation [Seite 703]
7.11.1 - 1. Introduction [Seite 703]
7.11.2 - 2. Elements of Language Acquisition [Seite 703]
7.11.3 - 3. Specific Syndromes [Seite 707]
7.11.4 - 4. Summary [Seite 709]
7.11.5 - 5. References [Seite 709]
7.12 - 68. Patterns of Interactionand Communication in Language Development Disorders [Seite 712]
7.12.1 - 1. Introduction [Seite 712]
7.12.2 - 2. Input: Mothers' Speechto Language Disordered Children [Seite 714]
7.12.3 - 3. Discourse Features in Language Disordered Children [Seite 719]
7.12.4 - 4. The Conceptof Maternal Adjustment Revisited [Seite 721]
7.12.5 - 5. References [Seite 723]
7.13 - 69. Disorders of Written Language Development:Definitions and Overview [Seite 726]
7.13.1 - 1. Learning to Read:The Alphabetic Principleand Stage Models of Reading Development [Seite 726]
7.13.2 - 2. Reading Disorders: Definitions, Methods and Some History [Seite 728]
7.13.3 - 3. Reading Disorders: Alternative Conceptions [Seite 732]
7.13.4 - 4. References [Seite 735]
7.14 - 70. Developmental Dyslexia and Language Disorders [Seite 739]
7.14.1 - 1. Introduction [Seite 739]
7.14.2 - 2. Spoken Language Deficits in Dyslexic Children [Seite 739]
7.14.3 - 3. Written Language Deficits in Dyslexic Children [Seite 742]
7.14.4 - 4. Individual DifferencesAmongst Dyslexic Children [Seite 742]
7.14.5 - 5. Higher-Level Language Difficulties in Dyslexic Children? [Seite 744]
7.14.6 - 6. Treatment Implications [Seite 744]
7.14.7 - 7. Conclusions and Future Directions [Seite 746]
7.14.8 - 8. References [Seite 746]
7.15 - 71. Developmental Dyslexia and Cognitive Processes [Seite 748]
7.15.1 - 1. Methodological Issues: Trying to Establish Causes [Seite 748]
7.15.2 - 2. Visual Problems [Seite 749]
7.15.3 - 3. Verbal Memory Problems [Seite 751]
7.15.4 - 4. Conclusions and Future Directions [Seite 754]
7.15.5 - 5. References [Seite 755]
7.16 - 72. Single and Multiple Component Developmental Dyslexias [Seite 757]
7.16.1 - 1. History and Background [Seite 757]
7.16.2 - 2. Surface Dyslexia [Seite 758]
7.16.3 - 3. Phonological Dyslexia [Seite 762]
7.16.4 - 4. Deep Dyslexia [Seite 765]
7.16.5 - 5. References [Seite 766]
7.17 - 73. Treatment of Developmental Reading and Spelling Disorders [Seite 768]
7.17.1 - 1. The Scope of Remedial Approaches [Seite 768]
7.17.2 - 2. Methodological Issues in Evaluating Intervention [Seite 768]
7.17.3 - 3. Psychological and Educational Approaches [Seite 769]
7.17.4 - 4. Medicaland Neurological Approaches [Seite 777]
7.17.5 - 5. Future Research [Seite 778]
7.17.6 - 6. References [Seite 778]
7.18 - 74. Hyperlexia and Precocious Reading [Seite 783]
7.18.1 - 1. Definitions and Issues [Seite 783]
7.18.2 - 2. Mechanisms Underlying Hyperlexic Reading [Seite 784]
7.18.3 - 3. Parallels with Normal Precocious Reading [Seite 785]
7.18.4 - 4. Conclusions [Seite 786]
7.18.5 - 5. References [Seite 787]
7.19 - 75. Aspects of Metalinguistic Abilities in Specific Language Impairment (Developmental Dysphasia) and Dyslexia [Seite 788]
7.19.1 - 1. Metalinguistic Abilities: [Seite 788]
7.19.2 - 2. Populations Exhibiting Deficitsin Metalinguistic Awareness [Seite 790]
7.19.3 - 3. Relation Between Developmental Language Disorders and Reading Disabilities [Seite 790]
7.19.4 - 4. Experimental Studies of Metalinguistic Skills Evidenced by SLI Children [Seite 791]
7.19.5 - 5. Experimental Investigationsof the Relation Between Metalinguistic Skills and Reading Development/Disabilities [Seite 793]
7.19.6 - 6. Claims Regarding the Role of Metalinguistics in Language Disorders and Reading Disabilities [Seite 796]
7.19.7 - 7. Clinical Implications: Assessment and Remediation [Seite 797]
7.19.8 - 8. Directions for Future Research [Seite 798]
7.19.9 - 9. References [Seite 798]
7.20 - 76. Communicative Behavior with Neurotic Developmental Disorders:Elective Mutism [Seite 803]
7.20.1 - 1. Introduction [Seite 803]
7.20.2 - 2. Traumatic Mutism [Seite 803]
7.20.3 - 3. Elective Mutism [Seite 803]
7.20.4 - 4. References [Seite 808]
7.21 - 77. Language and Communicative Behavior in Childhood Psychosis [Seite 809]
7.21.1 - 1. Definition [Seite 809]
7.21.2 - 2. Symptomatology [Seite 810]
7.21.3 - 3. Speech and Language Behavior in Schizophrenic Children [Seite 811]
7.21.4 - 4. Differential Diagnosis [Seite 815]
7.21.5 - 5. Relationship between Language Disorders and Communicative Behavior [Seite 816]
7.21.6 - 6. Conclusions [Seite 817]
7.21.7 - 7. References [Seite 817]
7.22 - 78. Language and Communicative Behavior in Autistic Disorder [Seite 819]
7.22.1 - 1. Introduction [Seite 819]
7.22.2 - 2. Epidemiology and Classification [Seite 820]
7.22.3 - 3. Differential Diagnosis [Seite 820]
7.22.4 - 4. Etiology of Autistic Disorderand PDD [Seite 823]
7.22.5 - 5. Language and Communication Deficits in Autism [Seite 826]
7.22.6 - 6. Intervention Strategiesfor Communication [Seite 829]
7.22.7 - 7. Prognosis of Autistic Disorder [Seite 835]
7.22.8 - 8. References [Seite 835]
7.23 - 79. Speech Disordered Children [Seite 840]
7.23.1 - 1. Introduction [Seite 840]
7.23.2 - 2. Describing Phonological Errors [Seite 840]
7.23.3 - 3. Associated Underlying Deficits [Seite 842]
7.23.4 - 4. Causal Factors [Seite 844]
7.23.5 - 5. Psycholinguistic Implications of Phonological Disorder [Seite 846]
7.23.6 - 6. References [Seite 847]
7.24 - 80. Developmental Dysarthria [Seite 849]
7.24.1 - 1. Introduction [Seite 849]
7.24.2 - 2. Etiology and Behavioral Pathology [Seite 850]
7.24.3 - 3. Speech Pathology [Seite 854]
7.24.4 - 4. Clinical Evaluation [Seite 858]
7.24.5 - 5. Treatment [Seite 864]
7.24.6 - 6. Summary [Seite 869]
7.24.7 - 7. References [Seite 869]
7.25 - 81. Effects of Congenital Malformations on Speech Development [Seite 873]
7.25.1 - 1. Introduction [Seite 873]
7.25.2 - 2. Cleft Lip and Palate [Seite 873]
7.25.3 - 3. Apert Syndromeand Crouzon Disease [Seite 876]
7.25.4 - 4. References [Seite 878]
7.26 - 82. Stuttering: Physiological Correlates and Theoretical Perspectives [Seite 879]
7.26.1 - 1. Introduction [Seite 879]
7.26.2 - 2. Physiological Correlates of Stuttering [Seite 880]
7.26.3 - 3. Conclusion [Seite 883]
7.26.4 - 4. References [Seite 884]
7.27 - 83. Linguistic Phenomenology in Stuttering [Seite 885]
7.27.1 - 1. Introduction [Seite 885]
7.27.2 - 2. Stuttering Accompanied by Language Disorders [Seite 885]
7.27.3 - 3. Stuttering is a Language Disorder [Seite 886]
7.27.4 - 4. Language Systems [Seite 887]
7.27.5 - 5. Cognitive Grammar [Seite 888]
7.27.6 - 6. The Competition Model [Seite 888]
7.27.7 - 7. Research Implications [Seite 889]
7.27.8 - 8. References [Seite 890]
7.28 - 84. Psychological Aspects and Theories of Stuttering [Seite 891]
7.28.1 - 1. Introduction [Seite 891]
7.28.2 - 2. Psychological Aspects of Childhood Stuttering [Seite 892]
7.28.3 - 3. Psychological Aspectsof Adulthood Stuttering [Seite 896]
7.28.4 - 4. Discussion [Seite 898]
7.28.5 - 5. References [Seite 899]
7.29 - 85. Therapy of the Stuttering Child [Seite 900]
7.29.1 - 1. Introduction [Seite 900]
7.29.2 - 2. The Direct Treatment of Stuttering [Seite 900]
7.29.3 - 3. The Indirect Treatment of Stuttering [Seite 903]
7.29.4 - 4. References [Seite 906]
7.30 - 86. Therapy of the Stuttering Adult [Seite 908]
7.30.1 - 1. Speech Therapy and Fluency Training [Seite 908]
7.30.2 - 2. The Combination of Speechand Social Therapy Measures [Seite 911]
7.30.3 - 3. Multimodal Therapy [Seite 911]
7.30.4 - 4. Therapy Success and Prognosis [Seite 912]
7.30.5 - 5. Conclusion [Seite 912]
7.30.6 - 6. References [Seite 913]
7.31 - 87. Language Changes in Old Age [Seite 915]
7.31.1 - 1. Organizationof Semantic Information [Seite 915]
7.31.2 - 2. Language Comprehension [Seite 919]
7.31.3 - 3. Production of Discourse [Seite 923]
7.31.4 - 4. Language in Normal Aging, Aphasia, and Alzheimer's Disease [Seite 926]
7.31.5 - 5. References [Seite 928]
8 - VI. Indexes [Seite 934]
8.1 - 88. Editors and Contributors [Seite 934]
8.2 - 89. Index of Names [Seite 940]
8.3 - 90. Subject Index [Seite 970]
