International Competition Litigation

Name: International Competition Litigation | A Multi-jurisdictional Handbook
Brand: Kluwer Law International
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A Multi-jurisdictional Handbook

Gordon Blanke Renato Nazzini(Author)

Kluwer Law International (Publisher)

Published on 1. August 2012

1064 pages

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978-90-411-4693-9 (ISBN)

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Content

Intro
Title
Copyright
Summary of Contents
Table of Contents
List of Editors
List of Contributors
List of Country Codes
Preface
Austria
1. Introduction
2. Legal Basis and Causes of Action
2.1. Tort
2.2. Contract
2.3. Restitution
2.4. Any Other Legal Bases/Causes of Action
2.4.1. Austrian Cartel Act
2.4.2. Federal Act against Unfair Competition
3. Standing of the Claimant
3.1. Conditions for Standing
3.2. Types of Claimant
3.2.1. Direct Purchasers
3.2.2. Indirect Purchasers
3.2.3. Possible Conflicts between Direct and Indirect Purchasers
3.2.4. Competitors
4. Remedies
4.1. Declarations
4.2. Compensatory Damages
4.3. Restitutionary Damages
4.4. Punitive/Exemplary/Aggravated/Multiple Damages
4.6. Interim Injunctions
4.7. Permanent Injunctions
4.7.1. Cease-and-Desist Orders Based on the Cartel Act
4.7.2. Cease-and-Desist Orders Based on the Act against Unfair Competition
5. Defences
5.1. Passing on Defence
5.2. Contribution
6. Limitation Periods
6.1. Limitation Periods by Cause of Action
6.2. When Does the Limitation Period Start Running?
6.3. Secret/Covert/Concealed Infringements
6.4. Continuing Infringements
6.5. Interruption of the Limitation Period
6.6. Suspension of the Limitation Period
6.7. Effect of Public Law Proceedings on the Limitation Period
7. Jurisdiction and Venue
7.1. Jurisdiction
7.2. Venue
7.3. Specialist Courts or Tribunals
7.4. Agreement on Jurisdiction
8. Procedure
8.1. Pre-action Procedures
8.2. Commencing Proceedings
8.3. Pleadings
8.4. Hearings
8.5. Judgments
8.6. Appeals
8.7. Enforcement/Execution of Judgments
9. Burden and Standard of Proof
9.1. Burden of Proof
9.2. Standard of Proof
9.3. Special Rules (eg Presumptions, Reversals of the Burden of Proof and Prima Facie Evidence)
9.4. The Court's Evaluation of the Evidence
10. Production and Presentation of Evidence
10.1. Types of Evidence
10.2. Disclosure
10.3. Privileges/Confidential Information
10.4. Expert Evidence
10.5. Presentation of Evidence at the Hearing
11. Funding and Costs
11.1. General Rules on Costs
11.2. Third-Party Funders
11.3. Conditional Fees
11.4. Contingency Fees
11.5. Availability of Public Funding (Legal Aid or Other Publicly Funded Schemes)
12. Concurrent Proceedings
12.1. Stays: Private Actions and Administrative Proceedings/Cartel Court Proceedings
12.2. Stays: Private Actions and Criminal Proceedings
12.3. Effect of Decisions by Competition Authorities and Civil Claims
12.3.1. European Commission Decisions
12.3.2. Decisions of the Cartel Court
12.4. Use of Evidence of the Competition Authority's File for Private Actions
12.5. Use of Evidence Adduced in Criminal Proceedings for Civil Claims
13. Collective Actions
14. Arbitration and ADR
14.1. Arbitrability
14.2. The Arbitrator's Ex Officio Duty to Raise Competition Law Issues
14.3. The Determination of the Applicable Competition Law(s)
14.4. The Arbitrator's Powers to Award Civil Law Remedies
14.5. Fact-Finding and Evidence
14.6. The Status of Previous Decisions by the Competent National Competition Authorities or Courts and Parallel Proceedings
14.7. The Arbitrator's Cooperation with Competition Authorities and the Courts
14.8. Availability of Class Actions
14.9. Review of Competition Law Awards by National Courts
14.10. ADR
Bibliography
Table of Cases
Table of Legislation
Croatia
1. Introduction
1.1. General
1.2. Substantive Law
2. Legal Basis and Causes of Action
2.1. Tort
2.2. Contract
2.3. Restitution
2.4. Other Private Law Legal Bases/Causes of Action
3. Standing of the Claimant
3.1. Conditions for Standing
3.2. Types of Claimant
3.2.1. Direct Purchasers
3.2.2. Indirect Purchasers
3.2.3. Possible Conflicts between Direct and Indirect Purchasers
3.2.4. Competitors
4. Remedies
4.1. Declarations
4.2. Compensatory Damages
4.3. Restitutionary Damages
4.4. Punitive/Exemplary/Aggravated/Multiple Damages
4.5. Restitution
4.6. Account for Profits
4.7. Interest
4.8. Interim Injunctions
4.9. Other Interim Remedies
4.10. Permanent Injunctions
5. Defences
5.1. Passing on Defence
5.2. Contribution
5.3. Other Available Defences
6. Limitation Periods
6.1. Limitation Periods by Cause of Action
6.2. When Does the Limitation Period Start Running?
6.3. Secret/Covert/Concealed Infringements
6.4. Continuing Infringements
6.5. Interruption of the Limitation Period
6.6. Suspension of the Limitation Period
6.7. Effect of Public Law Proceedings on the Limitation Periods
7. Jurisdiction and Venue
7.1. Jurisdiction
7.2. Venue
7.3. Specialist Courts or Tribunals
8. Procedure
8.1. Pre-action Procedures
8.2. Commencing the Proceedings
8.3. Pleadings
8.4. Hearings
8.5. Judgments
8.6. Appeals
8.7. Enforcement/Execution of Judgments
9. Burden and Standard of Proof
9.1. Burden of Proof
9.2. Standard of Proof
9.3. Legal and Evidential Burden
9.4. Special Rules
9.5. The Court's Evaluation of the Evidence
10. Production and Presentation of Evidence
10.1. Types of Evidence
10.2. Procedure for the Production of Evidence
10.3. Disclosure
10.4. Privileges
10.5. Confidential Information
10.6. Economic Evidence
10.7. Presentation of Evidence at the Hearing
11. Funding and Costs
11.1. Funding
11.2. Third-Party Funders
11.3. After-the-Event Insurance
11.4. Conditional Fees
11.5. Contingency Fees
11.6. Availability of Public Funding
11.7. Legal Costs
11.7.1. General Rules on Costs
11.7.2. Court's Discretion and Power to Depart from the General Rules
11.7.3. Protective Cost Orders
12. Concurrent Proceedings
12.1. Stays: Private Actions and Administrative Proceedings
12.2. Stays: Private Actions and Criminal Proceedings
12.3. Status of Decisions by Competition Authorities in Private Actions
12.4. Disclosure/Use of Evidence on the Competition Authority's File for Private Actions
12.5. Disclosure/Use of Evidence Adduced in Criminal Proceedings for Private Actions
13. Collective Actions
14. Arbitration and ADR
14.1. Arbitrability
14.2. The Arbitrator's Ex Officio Duty to Raise Competition Law Issues
14.3. The Determination of the Applicable Competition Law(s)
14.4. The Arbitrator's Powers to Award Civil Law Remedies
14.5. Fact-Finding and Evidence
14.6. The Status of Previous Decisions by the Competent National Competition Authorities or Courts and Parallel Proceedings
14.7. The Arbitrator's Cooperation with the Competition Authorities and the Courts
14.8. Availability of Class Actions
14.9. Review of Competition Law Awards by National Courts
14.10. ADR
Bibliography
Table of Cases
Table of Legislation
Czech Republic
1. Introduction
2. Legal Basis and Causes of Action
2.1. Tort
2.2. Contract
2.3. Restitution
2.4. Any Other Private Law Legal Bases/Causes of Action
3. Standing of the Claimant
3.1. Conditions for Standing
3.2. Direct and Indirect Purchasers
3.3. Possible Conflicts between Direct and Indirect Purchasers
3.4. Competitors
4. Remedies
4.1. Declarations
4.2. Compensatory Damages
4.3. Punitive/Exemplary/Aggravated/Multiple Damages
4.4. Restitution
4.5. Account for Profits (and forms of disgorgement of profits)
4.6. Interest
4.7. Interim Injunctions
4.8. Other Interim Remedies (e.g. Interim Payment Orders)
4.9. Permanent Injunctions
5. Defences
5.1. Passing-on Defence
5.2. Contribution
5.3. Any Other Defence Available
6. Limitation Periods
6.1. Limitation Periods by Cause of Action
6.2. When does the Limitation Period Start Running?
6.3. Secret/Covert/Concealed Infringements
6.4. Continuing Infringements
6.5. Interruption of the Limitation Period
6.6. Suspension of the Limitation Period
6.7. Effect of Public Law Proceedings on the Limitation Periods
7. Jurisdiction and Venue
7.1. Jurisdiction
7.2. Venue
7.3. Specialist Courts or Tribunals
8. Procedure
8.1. Pre-action Procedures
8.2. Commencing the Proceedings
8.3. Pleadings
8.4. Hearings
8.5. Judgments
8.6. Appeals
8.7. Enforcement/Execution of Judgments
9. Burden and Standard of Proof
9.1. Burden of Proof
9.2. Standard of Proof
9.3. Legal and Evidential Burden
9.4. Special Rules (Presumptions, Reversals of the Burden of Proof and Prima Facie Evidence, etc.)
9.5. The Court's Evaluation of the Evidence
10. Production and Presentation of Evidence
10.1. Types of Evidence
10.2. Procedure for the Production of Evidence
10.3. Disclosure
10.4. Privileges (in Particular, Legal Professional Privilege) and Confidential Information
10.5. Economic Evidence
10.6. Presentation of Evidence at the Hearing
11. Funding and Costs
12. Concurrent Proceedings
12.1. Stays: Private Actions and Administrative Proceedings
12.2. Stays: Private Actions and Criminal Proceedings
12.3. Status of Decisions by Competition Authorities (or Judgments by Courts in Public Law Proceedings) in Private Actions
12.4. Disclosure/Use of Evidence on the Competition Authority's File for Private Actions
12.5. Disclosure/Use of Evidence Adduced in Criminal Proceedings for Private Actions
13. Collective Actions
14. Arbitration and ADR
Bibliography
Table of Cases
Table of Legislation
England and Wales
1. Introduction
2. Legal Basis and Causes of Action
2.1. Tort
2.1.1. Causation
2.1.2. Quantum of Damages
2.2. Contract
2.3. Restitution
2.4. Statutory Cause of Action
3. Standing of the Claimant
3.1. Conditions for Standing
3.1.1. Breach of Statutory Duty
3.1.2. Section 47A CA98
3.1.3. Section 47B CA98
3.2. Types of claimant
3.2.1. Direct Purchasers
3.2.2. Potential Purchasers
3.2.3. Indirect Purchasers
3.2.4. Possible Conflicts between Direct and Indirect Purchasers
3.2.5. Competitors
3.2.6. Parties to Unlawful Agreements
4. Remedies
4.1. Declarations
4.2. Compensatory Damages
4.3. Restitutionary Remedies
4.4. Exemplary Damages
4.5. Interest
4.6. Interim Injunctions
4.6.1. Court's Jurisdiction
4.6.2. Cross-Undertaking in Damages
4.6.3. Criteria for the Grant of an Interim Injunction
4.6.4. Exceptions to the American Cyanamid Test
4.6.5. High Court Practice
4.6.6. CAT's Jurisdiction
4.7. Interim Payment Orders
4.8. Permanent Injunctions
5. Defences
5.1. Passing-On Defence
5.1.1. Arguments in Favour of the Existence of a Passing-on Defence
5.1.2. Arguments against the Existence of a Passing-on Defence
5.2. Contribution
5.3. Liability Not Attributable to Others
6. Limitation Periods
6.1. Limitation Periods by Cause of Action
6.2. When Does the Limitation Period Start Running?
6.3. Secret/Covert/Concealed Infringements
6.4. Continuing Infringements
6.5. Suspension of the Limitation Period
6.6. Effect of Public Law Proceedings on the Limitation Periods
7. Jurisdiction and Venue
7.1. Jurisdiction
7.1.1. The Brussels I Regulation
7.1.2. English Law
7.2. Venue
7.3. Specialist Courts or Tribunals
7.4. Transfer of Proceedings
8. Procedure
8.1. Legal Framework
8.2. Pre-action Procedures
8.3. Commencing Proceedings
8.3.1. High Court Proceedings
8.3.2. CAT Proceedings
8.4. Pleadings
8.4.1. High Court Proceedings
8.4.2. CAT Proceedings
8.5. Hearings
8.5.1. High Court Hearings
8.5.2. CAT Hearings
8.5.3. Interlocutory Hearings
8.5.3.1. Settlement
8.5.3.1.1. High Court
8.5.3.1.2. CAT
8.6. Judgments
8.6.1. Judgments and Orders of the High Court
8.6.2. Judgments and Orders of the CAT
8.7. Appeals
8.7.1. Appeals from the High Court
8.7.2. Appeals from the CAT
8.7.3. Appeals before the Court of Appeal
8.7.4. The Uk Supreme Court
8.8. Enforcement/Execution of Judgments
8.8.1. Judgments of the Civil Courts
8.8.2. Judgments of the CAT
9. Burden and Standard of Proof
9.1. Burden of Proof
9.2. Standard of Proof
10. Production and Presentation of Evidence
10.1. Types of Evidence
10.2. Disclosure
10.2.1. Standard Disclosure
10.2.1.1. Disclosure in the CAT
10.2.2. Pre-action Disclosure
10.2.3. Third-Party Disclosure
10.3. Privileges
10.3.1. Public-Interest Immunity
10.3.2. Legal Professional Privilege
10.3.3. Privilege against Self-Incrimination
10.4. Confidential Information
10.5. Expert Evidence
10.6. Presentation of Evidence at the Hearing
11. Funding and Costs
11.1. Funding
11.2. Third-Party Funders
11.3. After-the-Event Insurance
11.4. Conditional Fees
11.5. Contingency Fees
11.6. Availability of Public Funding (Legal Aid and Other Publicly Funded Schemes)
11.7. Legal Costs
11.7.1. Costs in the Ordinary Courts
11.7.2. Costs in the CAT
11.7.3. Bases for Awarding Costs
11.8. Cost Capping
11.9. Protective Cost Orders
11.10. Methods of Assessment
12. Concurrent Proceedings
12.1. Stays
12.1.1. Private Actions and Administrative Proceedings
12.1.2. Civil Claims and European Commission Proceedings
12.1.3. Civil Claims and OFT Proceedings
12.2. Stays: Civil Claims and Criminal Proceedings
12.3. Effect of Decisions by Competition Authorities and Civil Claims
12.3.1. European Commission Decisions
12.3.2. Decisions of the OFT
12.4. Use of Evidence Obtained in Public Law Proceedings for Civil Claims
12.4.1. Use of Evidence Obtained in European Commission Proceedings for Civil Claims
12.4.2. Use of Evidence Obtained in OFT Proceedings for Civil Claims
12.5. Use of Evidence Adduced in Criminal Proceedings for Civil Claims
13. Collective Actions
13.1. Collective Actions in the High Court
13.2. Representative Proceedings in the High Court
13.3. Group Litigation Orders
13.4. Representative Actions in the CAT
13.5. Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Judgments in Collective Actions
14. Arbitration and ADR
14.1. Legal Framework
14.2. Arbitrability
14.3. The Arbitrator's Duty to Raise Competition Law Issues Ex Officio
14.3.1. Duty to Render an Enforceable Award and Mandatory Rules
14.3.2. Challenges to the Arbitrator's Jurisdiction over Competition Law Issues
14.3.3. Arbitrator's Potential Liability
14.3.4. Potential Liability of an Arbitral Institution and Arbitration Counsel
14.4. The Determination of the Applicable Competition Laws
14.5. The Arbitrator's Powers to Award Civil Law Remedies
14.6. Fact-Finding and Evidence
14.7. The Status of Previous Decisions by the Competent National Competition Authorities or Courts and Parallel Proceedings
14.7.1. Commission or OFT Decisions
14.7.2. Parallel Proceedings
14.7.3. Anti-suit Injunctions
14.8. The Arbitrator's Cooperation with Competition Authorities and the Courts
14.8.1. Section 45 AA 1996
14.8.2. Indirect Preliminary References
14.8.3. Cooperation with the OFT or the European Commission
14.9. Availability of Class Actions
14.10. Review of Competition Law Awards by National Courts
14.10.1. Jurisdictional Challenges
14.10.2. Procedural Challenges and Appeals on Points of Law
14.10.3. Recognition and Enforcement of Awards
14.11. ADR
Bibliography
Table of Cases
Table of Legislation
France
1. Introduction
2. Legal Basis and Causes of Action
2.1. Misconduct
2.1.1. Breach of a Provision
2.1.1.1. Restrictive Agreements
2.1.1.2. Abuse of Dominant Position
2.1.2. Where there Is No Legal Provision, Breach of a General Principle?
2.2. Harm
2.2.1. Harm must be Certain
2.2.1.1. Actual Harm must give Rise to Damages
2.2.1.1.1. Harm Suffered by Reason of a Loss
2.2.1.1.2. Harm Suffered by Reason of Lost Earnings
2.2.1.2. Future Harm that Is Certain must give Rise to Damage
2.2.1.3. Purely Potential Harm must be Set Aside
2.2.2. The Harm must be Direct
2.3 Causal Link
2.3.1. Overcharge caused by the Anticompetitive Practice
2.3.2. Overcharge caused by the Loss of Customers
2.3.3. Overcharges caused by the Loss of Value of the Undertaking or of the Business (fonds de commerce)
3. Standing of the Claimant
3.1. Interest in Bringing Proceedings
3.1.1. Examples in Matters Relating to Anticompetitive Practices
3.1.2. Examples Regarding Cancellation of a Contract Having an Anticompetitive Object or Effect
3.2. Standing to Bring Proceedings
3.2.1. Action for the Defence of a Collective Interest
3.2.1.1. Trade Unions and Professional Organizations
3.2.1.2. Associations
3.2.2. Action for the Defence of Interests of Other Persons
3.2.3. Example of the Action of a Taxpayer in Case of Restrictive agreement in a Tender Bid and Contract with a Public Person and Default on his Part
4. Remedies
4.1. Approach Retained under French Law
4.2. Resorting to an Expert
4.3. Losses Regarded as Likely to be Remedied by Case Law
4.3.1. Loss of Opportunity to enter the Market More Quickly and More Efficiently
4.3.2. Loss or Capturing of Customers
4.3.3. Financial Loss
4.3.4. Delay in the Negotiation of a Contract by Reason of a Concerted Practice Resulting in a Loss of Opportunity to have a New Outstanding Technology Authorized
4.3.5. Material and Non-Material Damage by Reason of Market Foreclosure
4.4. Origin of Loss
5. Defences and the Passing-on Defence
5.1. Elements of Justification
5.1.1. Elements of Justification under General Law
5.1.1.1. Force Majeure or Unforeseeable Circumstances
5.1.1.2. Act of the Victim
5.1.1.3. Act of Third Party'S Act
5.1.1.4. Act of Public Authority
5.1.2. Elements of Justification Specific to Restrictive Agreements
5.2. Specific Case of the 'Passing-On Defence'
5.2.1. The Solution Adopted under French Law
5.2.2. Compatibility of the Remedy under French Law with the Commission's Position
5.2.2.1. Relationship between Perpetrator of the Anticompetitive Practice and Indirect Victim
5.2.2.2. Relationship between Perpetrator of the Anticompetitive Practice and Direct Victim
6. Limitation Periods
6.1. Starting point
6.2. Duration of the Limitation Period
6.3. Interruption
7. Jurisdiction
8. Procedure
8.1. Right to Bring an Action
8.2. French System of Justice
8.2.1. Allocated Jurisdiction
8.2.1.1. The System of Jurisdiction (Degree)
8.2.1.2. Level of the Court
8.2.1.3. Type of Court
8.2.2. Territorial Jurisdiction
8.3. The Proceedings
8.3.1. Modes of Referring to the Competent Courts in Applications for the Award of Damages
8.3.2. Investigation of Damages Actions
8.3.3. Legal Force of the Judgment Rendered in a Damages Action
8.3.4. Exercise of Rights of Recourse
8.3.4.1. Different Recourses and their Effects
8.3.4.2. Specific Nature of Appeal in Cassation
9. Burden and Standard of Proof
10. Production and Presentation of Evidence
10.1. Preliminary Referral of a Competition Authority
10.1.1. The European Commission
10.1.2. The Competition Authority
10.1.2.1. Uncertainty as to the Authority of Res Judicata of the Authority's Decision
10.1.2.2. Collection of Evidence by the Competition Authority
10.1.2.2.1. General Power of Inquiry of the Competition Authority
10.1.2.2.2. Establishing Proof
10.1.2.2.3. General Obligation to Establish Minutes
10.1.2.2.4. Duty of Active Cooperation
10.1.3. Decision by a Competition Authority of Another Country
10.2. Direct Referral of the General Law Court
10.2.1. Victim's Investigations in Compliance with the Rules on Evidence
10.2.2. The Court's Part in the Gathering of Evidence
10.2.3. Referral to the Competition Authority
10.2.3.1. Rare Case Law on the Referral to the Competition Authority
10.2.3.2. Particular Case of Leniency Programmes
10.2.4 Resorting to an Expert
10.2.4.1. Quasi-Necessity for Expert Assessment
10.2.4.2. The Need for the Courts to Determine the Expert's Mission
11. Costs
12. Concurrent Proceedings
12.1. Actions before the Civil or Commercial Courts
12.1.1. Action on the Merits
12.1.2. Action for Interim Measures
12.2. Proceedings Brought before Criminal Courts
12.3. Proceedings Brought before the Administrative Courts
13. Collective Actions
13.1. Stakes
13.1.1. Arguments against the Introduction of Class Actions in French Law
13.1.1.1. Class Actions are Mostly Profitable for Lawyers
13.1.1.2. Class Actions go against Fundamental Principles of French Procedural, even Constitutional, Law
13.1.2. Arguments in Favour of the Introduction of Class Actions in French Law
13.1.2.1. Damages That Are Not Compensated Whilst They May Cover Very High Amounts Incurred by a Large Number of Persons
13.1.2.2. Existence of Ineffective Techniques for Compensating Multiple Individual Damages
13.2. Means
13.2.1. Consumer Associations' Class Action
13.2.2. Class Action
13.2.3. Under French Law
13.2.4. Under EU Law
13.2.5. Conclusion on Class Actions
14. Arbitration and ADR
14.1. Arbitrability of Competition Law
14.2. Particularities of the Arbitral Procedure in Competition Law
14.2.1. Jurisdiction of the Arbitrator: the Arbitration Agreement
14.2.2. Interpretation and Implementation in Competition Law
14.2.3. Sanctions that may be Ordered by the Arbitrator
14.2.4. Review of the Arbitration Award
14.3. Cooperation with the European Commission
Bibliography
Table of Cases
Table of Legislation
Germany
1. Introduction
2. Legal Basis and Causes of Action
2.1. Tort
2.2. Contract
2.3. Restitution
3. Standing of the Claimant
3.1. Conditions for Standing
3.2. Types of Claimant
3.2.1. Direct Purchasers
3.2.2. Potential Purchasers
3.2.3. Indirect Purchasers
3.2.4. Possible Conflicts between Direct and Indirect Purchasers
3.2.5. Competitors
3.2.6. Parties to Unlawful Agreements
4. Remedies
4.1. Declarations
4.2. Compensatory Damages
4.3. Restitutionary Damages
4.4. Punitive / Exemplary / Aggrieved / Multiple Damages
4.5. Restitution
4.6. Interests
4.7. Interim Injunctions
5. Defences
5.1. Passing on Defence
5.2. Contribution
6. Limitation Periods
6.1. Limitation Periods by Cause of Action
6.2. When Does the Limitation Period Start Running?
6.3. Secret / Covert / Concealed Infringements
6.4. Suspension of the Limitation Periods
6.5. Effect of Public Law Proceedings on the Limitation Period
7. Jurisdiction and Venue
7.1. Jurisdiction
7.2. Joining of Cases against Multiple Defendants
7.3. Venue
8. Procedure
8.1. Legal Framework
8.2. Pre-Action Procedures
8.3. Commencing Proceedings
8.4. Pleadings
8.5. Hearings
8.6. Participation of Third Parties
8.7. Judgments
8.8. Appeals
8.9. Enforcement/Execution of Judgments
9. Burden and Standard of Proof
9.1. Burden of Proof
9.2. Standard of Proof
9.3. Legal and Evidential Burden
9.4. Special Rules
9.4.1. Prima Facie Evidence of Loss
9.4.2. Damage Estimation (Section 287 ZPO)
9.5. The Court's Evaluation of the Evidence
10. Production and Presentation of Evidence
10.1. Types of Evidence
10.2. Procedure for the Production of Evidence
10.3. Disclosure
10.3.1. Action by Stages/Claim for Information
10.3.2. Access to the Federal Cartel Office's Files and Evidence (Bundeskartellamt)
10.3.3. Court Order for Disclosure
10.4. Privileges
10.4.1. Action by Stages / Claim for Information
10.4.2. Files and Evidence collected by the Federal Cartel Office
10.4.3. Court order for Disclosure
10.5. Confidential Information
10.6. Economic Evidence
10.7. Presentation of Evidence at the Hearing
11. Funding and Costs
11.1. Funding
11.2. Third-Party Funders
11.3. Conditional / Contingency Fees
11.4. Availability of Public Funding
11.5. General Rules on Costs
11.5.1. Cost Calculation
11.5.2. Cost Distribution
11.6. Court's Discretion and Power to Depart from the General Rules
11.7. Methods of Assessment
12. Concurrent Proceedings
12.1. Stays: Private Actions and Administrative Proceedings
12.2. Status of Decisions by Competition Authorities in Private Actions
12.3. Use of Evidence on the Competition Authority's File for Private Actions
13. Collective Actions
13.1. Bundling of Claims Through Assignment Agreements
13.2. Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Judgments in Collective Actions
14. Arbitration and ADR
14.1. Arbitrability
14.1.1. Construction of Scope of Arbitration Clauses
14.1.2. Arbitrability of National and EU Competition Law
14.1.2.1. Sections 1, 19-21 GWB and Articles 101(1), 102 TFEU
14.1.2.2. Section 2 GWB and Article 101(3) TFEU
14.2. The Arbitrator's Ex Officio Duty to Raise Competition Law Issues
14.3. The Determination of the Applicable Competition Law(s)
14.3.1. Competition Laws Forming Part of the Lex Contractus
14.3.2. Competition Laws other Than Those of the Lex Contractus
14.4. The Arbitrator's Powers to Award Civil Law Remedies
14.5. Fact-Finding and Evidence
14.5.1. The Arbitrator's Fact-Finding Powers
14.5.2. The Allocation of Burden of Proof
14.5.3. Confidentiality
14.6. The Status of Previous Decisions by the Competent National Competition Authorities or Courts and Parallel Proceedings
14.6.1. The Status of Previous Decisions by the Competent National Competition Authorities
14.6.2. The Status of Previous Decisions by the Competent National Courts and Parallel Proceedings
14.6.2.1. The Status of Previous Decisions by the Competent National Courts
14.6.2.2. Parallel Proceedings
14.7. The Arbitrator's Cooperation with the Competition Authorities and the Courts
14.7.1. The Arbitrator's Cooperation with the Competition Authorities
14.7.2. The Arbitrator's Cooperation with the Courts
14.8. Availability of Class Actions
14.9. Review of Competition Law Awards by National Courts
14.9.1. Overview of the Proceedings Available
14.9.2. Competition Law as a Part of Public Policy
14.9.3. Violation of Public Policy
14.9.3.1. Complete Examination of the Arbitral Award
14.9.3.2. Notion of 'Contradiction to Public Policy'
14.9.3.3. Particularity of the Public Policy Control in Competition Matters
14.10. ADR
14.10.1. Mediation and Conciliation
14.10.2. Expert Determination
Bibliography
Table of Cases
Table of Legislation
Greece
1. Introduction
2. Legal Basis and Causes of Action
2.1. Tort
2.2. Contract
2.3. Restitution
2.4. Article 919 GCC
3. Standing of the Claimant
3.1. Conditions for Standing
3.2. Types of Claimant
3.2.1. Direct Purchasers
3.2.2. Indirect Purchasers
3.2.3. Possible Conflicts between Direct and Indirect Purchasers
3.2.4. Competitors
3.2.5. Potential Purchasers
4. Remedies
4.1. Declarations
4.2. Compensatory Damages
4.3. Restitutionary Remedies
4.4. Punitive or Exemplary Damages
4.5. Account for Profits
4.6. Interest
4.7. Interim Injunctions
4.8. Other Interim Remedies
4.9. Permanent Injunctions
5. Defences
5.1. Passing on Defence
5.2. Contribution
5.3. Other Defences
6. Limitation Periods
6.1. Limitation Periods by Cause of Action
6.2. When Does the Limitation Period Start Running?
6.3. Secret/Covert/Concealed Infringements
6.4. Continuing Infringements
6.5. Interruption of the Limitation Period
6.6. Suspension of the Limitation Period
6.7. Effect of Public Law Proceedings on the Limitation Periods
7. Jurisdiction and Venue
7.1. Jurisdiction
7.2. Venue
7.3. Specialist Courts or Tribunals
7.4. Transfer of Proceedings
8. Procedure
8.1. Legal Framework
8.2. Pre-action Procedures
8.3. Commencing Proceedings
8.4. Pleadings
8.5. Hearings
8.6. Judgments
8.7. Appeals
8.8. Enforcement/Execution of Judgments
9. Burden and Standard of Proof
9.1. Burden of Proof
9.1.1. Evidential and Legal Burden
9.1.2. General Rule on the Legal Burden of Proof
9.1.3. Special Rules on the Legal Burden of Proof
9.2. Standard of Proof
10. Production and Presentation of Evidence
10.1. Types of Evidence
10.2. Disclosure
10.2.1. Pre-action Disclosure
10.2.2. Disclosure during Judicial Proceedings
10.3. Privileges
10.4. Confidential Information
10.5. Expert Evidence
10.6. Presentation of Evidence at the Hearing
11. Funding and Costs
11.1. Funding
11.2. Third-Party Funders
11.3. After-the-Event Insurance
11.4. Conditional Fees
11.5. Contingency Fees
11.6. Availability of Public Funding
11.6.1. Legal aid pursuant to Law 3226/2004
11.6.2. Legal aid pursuant to Articles 194-204 GCCP
11.7. Legal Costs
11.7.1. General Rules on Costs
11.7.2. Court's Discretion and Power to Depart from the General Rules
11.8. Cost Capping
11.9. Protective Cost Orders
11.10. Methods of Assessment
12. Concurrent Proceedings
12.1. Stays: Civil Claims and Administrative Proceedings
12.1.1. Administrative Proceedings before the Greek Competition Commission
12.1.2. Administrative Proceedings before the European Commission
12.2. Stays: Civil Claims and Criminal Proceedings
12.3. Effect of Decisions by Competition Authorities and Civil Claims
12.3.1. Decisions of the Greek Competition Commission
12.3.2. Decisions of the European Commission
12.4. Use of Evidence Obtained in Public Law Proceedings for Civil Claims
12.4.1. Evidence Obtained in Proceedings before the Greek Competition Commission
12.4.2. Evidence Obtained in Proceedings before the European Commission
12.5. Use of Evidence Adduced in Criminal Proceedings for Civil Claims
13. Collective Actions
13.1. Forms of Collective Actions Available in Competition Cases
13.1.1. Opt-in Actions
13.1.2. Opt-out Actions and Collective Actions
13.1.3. Standing in Collective Actions
13.1.4. Funding in Opt-out Actions and Collective Actions
13.1.5. Consolidation of Multiple Collective Actions
13.1.6. Disclosure in Collective Actions
13.1.7. Remedies in Collective Actions
13.1.8. Distribution of Damages Awarded in Collective Actions
13.1.9. Res Judicata Effects of the Judgment in Collective Actions
13.1.10. Appeals in Collective Actions
13.1.11. Other Forms of Collective Redress
13.2. Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Judgments in Collective Actions
14. Arbitration and ADR
14.1. Legal Framework
14.2. Arbitrability
14.3. The Arbitrator's Duty to Raise Competition Law Issues Ex Officio
14.4. The Determination of the Applicable Competition Law(s)
14.5. The Arbitrator's Powers to Award Civil Law Remedies
14.6. Fact-Finding and Evidence
14.7. The Status of Previous Decisions by the Competent National Competition Authorities or Courts and Parallel Proceedings
14.8. The Arbitrator's Cooperation with the Competition Authorities and the Courts
14.9. Availability of Class Actions
14.10. Review of Competition Law Awards by National Courts
14.11. ADR
14.11.1. Mediation in Civil and Commercial Matters
14.11.2. Settlement before Civil Courts
14.11.3. Disputes between Suppliers and Consumers
Bibliography
Table of Cases
Table of Legislation
Japan
1. Introduction
1.1. Overview of the Japanese Antimonopoly Act
1.2. Overview of Private Enforcement
2. Legal Basis and Cause of Action
2.1. Tort
2.2. Contract
2.3. Restitution
2.4. Any Other Private Law Legal Basis/Cause of Action in Japan
2.4.1. Private Action under Article 25 of the JAA
2.4.2. Undue Profit Claim
3. Standing of the Claimant
3.1. Condition for Standing
3.2. Direct Purchasers
3.3. Indirect Purchasers
3.4. Possible Conflicts between Direct and Indirect Purchasers
3.5. Competitors
4. Remedies
4.1. Declaration
4.2. Compensatory Damages
4.3. Restitutionary Damages
4.4. Punitive/Exemplary/Aggravated/Multiple Damages
4.5. Restitution
4.6. Account for Profits (and Forms of Disgorgement of Profits)
4.7. Interest
4.7.1. Contract Claim
4.7.2. Claim other than Contract Claim
4.8. Interim Injunction
4.9. Other Interim Remedies
4.10. Permanent Injunction
4.10.1. Cause of Action
4.10.2. Standing
4.10.3. Jurisdiction and Venue
4.10.4. Burden and Standard of Proof
4.10.5. Other Procedural Characteristics
5. Defences
5.1. Passing-on Defence
5.2. Contribution
5.3. Other Defences Available in Japan
5.3.1. Tort
5.3.1.1. Offset
5.3.1.2. Justification
5.3.1.2.1. Statute of Limitation
5.3.2. Contract
5.3.2.1. Offset
5.3.2.2. Statute of Limitation
5.3.3. Private Action under Article 25 of the JAA
5.3.4. Undue Profit Claim
6. Limitation Period
6.1. Limitation Period by Cause of Action
6.1.1. Tort
6.1.2. Contract
6.1.3. Private Action under Article 25 of the JAA
6.1.4. Undue Profit Claim
6.2. When Does the Limitation Period Start Running?
6.2.1. Tort
6.2.2. Contract
6.2.3. Private Action under Article 25 of the JAA
6.2.4. Undue Profit Claim
6.3. Secret/Covert/Concealed Infringements
6.3.1. Tort
6.3.2. Contract
6.3.3. Private Action under Article 25 of the JAA
6.3.4. Undue Profit Claim
6.4. Continuing Infringements
6.4.1. Tort
6.4.2. Contract
6.4.3. Private Action under Article 25 of the JAA
6.4.4. Undue Profit Claim
6.5. Interruption of the Limitation Period
6.6. Suspension of the Limitation Period
6.7. Effect of Public Law Proceedings on the Limitation Period
6.7.1. Tort
6.7.2. Contract
6.7.3. Private Action under Article 25 of the JAA
6.7.4. Undue Profit Claim
7. Jurisdiction and Venue
7.1. Introduction
7.1.1. Tort
7.1.2. Contract and Undue Profit Claim
7.1.3. Private Action under Article 25 of the JAA
7.2. Venue
7.3. Specialist Court or Tribunal
8. Procedure
8.1. Pre-action Procedures
8.2. Commencing Proceedings
8.3. Pleadings
8.4. Hearings
8.4.1. The First Hearing
8.4.2. Issue Arrangement
8.4.3. Preliminary Oral Proceedings
8.4.4. Preparatory Proceedings
8.4.5. Preparatory Proceedings by Means of Documents
8.4.6. Date for Scheduling Conference
8.4.7. Examination of Witnesses and Parties
8.5. Judgment
8.6. Appeals
8.7. Enforcement/Execution of Judgments
9. Burden of Proof
9.1. Introduction
9.1.1. Tort
9.1.2. Contract
9.1.3. Private Action under Article 25 of the JAA
9.1.4. Undue Profit Claim
9.2. Standard of Proof
9.3. Legal and Evidential Burden
9.4. Special Rules
9.5. The Court's Evaluation of the Evidence
10. Production and Presentation of Evidence
10.1. Types of Evidence
10.2. Procedure for Production of Evidence
10.3. Disclosure
10.4. Privileges
10.5. Confidential Information
10.6. Economic Evidence
10.7. Presentation of Evidence at the Hearing
11. Funding and Cost
11.1. Funding
11.2. Third-Party Funders
11.3. After-the-Event Insurance
11.4. Conditional Fees
11.5. Contingency Fees
11.6. Availability of Public Funding
11.7. General Rules on Costs
11.8. Court's Discretion and Power to Depart from the General Rules
11.9. Protective Cost Orders
12. Concurrent Proceedings
12.1. Stays: Private Actions and Administrative Proceedings
12.2. Stays: Private Actions and Criminal Proceedings
12.3. Status of Decisions by Competition Authorities in Private Actions
12.4. Disclosure/Use of Evidence on the Competition Authority's Filing for Private Actions
12.5. Disclosure/Use of Evidence Adduced in Criminal Proceedings for Private Actions
13. Collective Actions
13.1. Forms of Collective Actions Available in Competition Cases
13.2. Standing
13.3. Funding
13.4. Permission/Certification Stage
13.5. Choice/Appointment of the Lawyer/Lead Counsel
13.6. Consolidation of Multiple Collective Actions
13.7. Disclosure
13.8. Remedies
13.9. Distribution of Damages
13.10. Settlement
13.11. Res Judicata Effects of the Judgment
13.12. Appeals (Interlocutory and Final Appeals)
13.13. Cost
13.14. Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Judgments in Collective Actions
13.15. Any Other Collective Redress
14. Arbitration and ADR
14.1. Arbitrability
14.1.1. Overview of Commercial Arbitration of Antitrust-Related Dispute
14.1.2. Characteristics of the Japanese Arbitration Act
14.1.3. Procedural Cost
14.1.4. Arbitrability
14.2. The Arbitrator's Ex-Officio Duty to Raise Competition Law Issues
14.3. The Determination of the Applicable Competition Laws
14.4. The Arbitrator's Powers to Award Civil Law Remedies
14.5. Fact-Finding and Evidence
14.6. The Status of Previous Decisions by the Competent National Competition Authorities or Courts and Parallel Proceedings
14.7. The Arbitrator's Cooperation with the Competition Authorities and the Courts
14.8. Availability of Class Action
14.9. Review of Competition Law Awards by National Courts
14.10. ADR
Bibliography
Table of Cases
Table of Legislation
Peru
1. Introduction
2. Legal Basis and Causes of Action
2.1. Tort
2.2. Contract
2.3. Restitution
2.4. Other Legal Basis or Causes of Action
3. Standing of the Claimant
3.1. Conditions for Standing
3.1.1. Breach of Antitrust Prohibitions
3.1.2. Torts
3.2. Types of Claimant
3.2.1. Direct Purchasers
3.2.2. Indirect Purchasers
3.2.3. Possible Conflicts between Direct and Indirect Purchasers
3.2.4. Competitors
4. Remedies
4.1. Declarations
4.2. Compensatory Damages
4.3. Disgorgement or Account for Profits
4.4. Restitution
4.5. Punitive, Exemplary, Aggravated or Multiple Damages
4.6. Interest
4.7. Interim Injunctions or Preliminary Measures
4.7.1. In Administrative Proceedings
4.7.1.1. The Commission's Jurisdiction
4.7.1.2. Requirements
4.7.1.3. Criteria for the Grant of an Interim Injunction
4.7.1.4. Interim Payment Orders
4.7.2. Judicial Proceedings
4.7.2.1. The Courts Jurisdiction
4.7.2.2. Requirements
4.7.2.3. Criteria for the Grant
4.7.3. Practice
4.8. Permanent Injunctions
5. Defences
5.1. Legal Basis
5.2. Types of Defences
5.2.1. Defences in Administrative Proceedings
5.2.2. Judicial Proceedings
5.3. Passing-on Defence
5.4. Contribution
5.4.1. Administrative Proceedings
5.4.2. Private Damages Actions
5.5. Other Defences
6. Limitation Periods
6.1. Limitation Periods by Cause of Action
6.2. When does the Limitation Period Start Running?
6.3. Secret/Covert/Concealed Infringements
6.4. Continuing Infringements
6.5. Interruption and Suspension of the Limitation Period
6.5.1. Interruption
6.5.2. Suspension of Limitation Periods
6.6. Effect of Public Law Proceedings
7. Jurisdiction and Venue
7.1. Jurisdiction
7.2. Venue
7.3. Specialist Courts or Tribunals
8. Procedure
8.1. Legal Framework
8.2. Administrative Proceedings
8.2.1. Pre-action Procedures
8.2.2. Commencing the Proceedings
8.2.3. Pleadings
8.2.4. Hearings
8.2.5. Judgments
8.2.6. Appeals
8.2.6.1. Competition Tribunal
8.2.6.2. Courts
8.2.7. Enforcement/Execution of Judgments
8.3. Follow-on Damages Actions
8.3.1. Legal Framework
8.3.2. Pre-action Procedures
8.3.3. Commencing the Proceedings
8.3.4. Pleadings
8.3.5. Hearings
8.3.6. Judgments
8.3.7. Appeals
8.3.8. Enforcement and Execution of Judgments
9. Burden and Standard of Proof
9.1. Statutory Standards for Antitrust Liability
9.2. Burden of Proof
9.3. Standard of Proof
10. Production and Presentation of Evidence
10.1. Types of Evidence
10.2. Procedure for the Production of Evidence
10.2.1. Administrative Proceedings
10.2.2. Judicial Proceedings
10.3. Disclosure
10.4. Privileges
10.5. Confidential Information
10.6. Economic Evidence
11. Funding and Costs
11.1. Funding
11.2. Third-Party Funders
11.3. After-the-Event Insurance
11.4. Conditional Fees
11.5. Contingency Fees
11.6. Availability of Public Funding
11.7. General Rules on Costs
11.7.1. In Administrative Proceedings
11.7.2. Judicial Proceedings
11.8. Cost Capping
11.9. Protective Cost Orders
12. Concurrent Proceedings
12.1. Stays: Private Actions and Administrative Proceedings
12.1.1. Stay of Private Actions
12.1.2. Grounds for Staying Administrative Proceedings
12.2. Stays: Private Actions and Criminal Proceedings
12.3. Status of Decisions by Competition Authorities in Private Actions
12.4. Use of Evidence Obtained in Public Law Proceedings for Civil Claims
12.5. Use of Evidence Adduced in Criminal Proceedings for Civil Claims
13. Collective Actions
13.1. Collective Actions
13.1.1. In Cases before INDECOPL
13.1.2. Collective Actions in the Judicial Proceedings
13.2. Standing
13.3. Funding
13.4. Permission/Certification Stage
13.5. Choice/Appointment of the Lawyer/Lead Counsel
13.6. Consolidation of Multiple Collective Actions
13.7. Disclosure
13.8. Remedies
13.9. Distribution of Damages
13.10. Settlements
13.11. Res Judicata Effects of the Judgment
13.12. Appeals
13.13. Costs
13.14. Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Judgments in Collective Actions
13.15. Any Other Form of Collective Redress
14. Arbitration and ADR
14.1. Legal Framework
14.2. Arbitrability
14.3. The Arbitrator's Duty to Raise Competition Law Issues Ex Officio
14.4. The Determination of the Applicable Competition Law
14.5. The Arbitrator's Powers to Award Civil Law Remedies
14.6. Fact-Finding and Evidence
14.7. The Status of Previous Decisions by the Competent National Competition Authorities or Courts and Parallel Proceedings
14.8. The Arbitrator's Cooperation with Competition Authorities and the Courts
14.9. Availability of Class Actions
14.10. Review of Competition Law Awards by National Courts
14.10.1. Annulment
14.10.2. Recognition and Enforcement of Awards
14.11. ADR
Table of Cases
Table of Legislation
Poland
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. General Remarks on Polish Competition Law Regime
2. LEGAL BASIS AND CAUSES OF ACTION
2.1. Introductory Remarks
2.2. Relevant Provisions of the Polish Competition Law
2.3. The Civil Code
2.3.1 General Rules on Liability in Tort (Article 415 Civil Code)
2.3.2 General Principles of Contractual Liability (Article 417 Civil Code)
2.3.3 Unjust Enrichment (Article 405 Civil Code)
2.3.4 Other Laws
3. STANDING OF THE CLAIMANT
3.1. Conditions for Standing
3.1.1 Liability in Tort
3.1.2 Liability in Contract
3.1.3 Specific Laws
3.1.4 Other Actors
3.2. Types of Claimant
3.2.1 Direct Purchasers
3.2.2 Potential Purchasers
3.2.3 Indirect Purchasers
3.2.4 Possible Conflicts between Direct and Indirect Purchasers
3.2.5 Competitors
3.2.6 Parties to Unlawful Agreements
4. REMEDIES
4.1. Damages Claims
4.1.1 General Comments
4.1.2 Punitive and Exemplary Damages
4.1.3 Interest
4.2. Other Remedies
4.2.1 Claim for Return of Unjust Benefits
4.2.2 Injunctive Relief
4.2.3. Claim for Publication
4.2.4 Claim to Make Payment in Support of a Specific Social Cause
4.2.4.1. Interim Injunctions
5. DEFENCES
5.1. Passing on Defence
5.2. Contributory Negligence
6. LIMITATION PERIODS
6.1. General Rules on Prescription of Claims
6.2. Length of the Limitation Periods
6.3. When Does the Limitation Period Start Running?
6.4. Suspension of the Limitation Period
6.5. Interruption of the Limitation Period
6.6. Effect of Public Law Proceedings on the Limitation Periods
7. JURISDICTION AND VENUE
7.1. Jurisdiction
7.1.1 The Brussels: Regulation and other Sources of Law
7.1.2 Polish Law
7.1.3 Venue
7.1.4 Specialist Courts or Tribunals
8. PROCEDURE
8.1. Legal Framework
8.2. Pre-action Procedures
8.3. Commencing Proceedings
8.4. Pleadings
8.5. Hearings
8.6. Judgments
8.7. Appeals
8.8. Cassation Appeals before the Supreme Court
8.9. Enforcement/Execution of Judgments
9. BURDEN AND STANDARD OF PROOF
9.1. Burden of Proof
9.2. Standard of Proof
10. PRODUCTION AND PRESENTATION OF EVIDENCE
10.1. Types of Evidence
10.2. Disclosure
10.2.1 Standard Disclosure
10.2.2. Pre-action Disclosure
10.2.3 Third-party Disclosure
10.3. Privileges
10.3.1 Public-Interest Immunity
10.3.2 Legal Professional Privilege
10.3.3 Privilege Against Self-Incrimination
10.3.4 Confidential Information
11. FUNDING AND COSTS
11.1. Court Fees
11.2. Legal Costs
11.3. Funding
11.4. Contingency Fees
12. CONCURRENT PROCEEDINGS
12.1. Stays: Private Actions and Administrative Proceedings
12.1.1. Civil Claims and European Commission Proceedings
12.1.2. Civil Claims and OCCP Proceedings
12.2. Stays: Civil Claims and Criminal Proceedings
12.3. Use of Evidence Obtained in Public Law Proceedings for Civil Claims
13. COLLECTIVE ACTIONS
13.1. Class Actions
13.2. Co-participation Procedure
14. ARBITRATION AND ADR
14.1. Legal Framework
14.2. Arbitrability
14.3. The Arbitral Tribunal's Duty to Raise Competition Law Issues Ex Officio
14.3.1. Duty to Render an Enforceable Award and Mandatory Rules
14.3.2. Challenges to the Arbitral Tribunal's Jurisdiction over Competition Law Issues
14.3.3. Arbitrator's Potential Liability
14.3.4. Potential Liability of Arbitral Institutions
14.4. Determination of Applicable Competition Laws
14.5. Arbitral Tribunal's Powers to Award Civil Law Remedies
14.6. Fact-Finding and Evidence
14.7. Status of Previous Decisions by the Competent National Competition Authorities or Courts and Parallel Proceedings
14.7.1. Decisions of the Commission and of the OCCP
14.7.2. Parallel Proceedings
14.8. Cooperation of Arbitral Tribunals with Competition Authorities and Courts
14.9. Availability of Class Actions
14.10. ADR
Bibliography
Table of Cases
Table of Legislation
Scotland
1. Introduction
1.1. The Scottish Legal System
1.2. Principal Competition Laws Applicable in Scotland
1.3. Competition Litigation in Scotland
1.3.1. Competition Litigation in the CAT
1.3.2. Competition Litigation in the Civil Courts
2. Legal Basis and Causes of Action
2.1. Delict
2.2. Contract
2.3. Restitution
2.4. Other Causes of Action
3. Standing of the Claimant
3.1. Conditions for Standing
3.2. Direct Purchasers
3.3. Indirect Purchasers
3.4. Possible Conflicts between Direct and Indirect Purchasers
3.5. Competitors
4. Remedies
4.1. Declarations
4.2. Compensatory Damages
4.3. Restitutionary Damages
4.4. Punitive/Exemplary/Aggravated/Multiple Damages
4.5. Restitution
4.6. Account for Profits (Forms of Disgorgement of Profits)
4.7. Interest
4.8. Interim Interdict
4.9. Other Interim Remedies (e.g. Interim Payment Orders)
4.10. Permanent Interdict
5. Defences
5.1. Passing-on Defence
5.2. Contribution
5.3. Other Defences
5.4. Joint and Several Liability
6. Limitation Periods
6.1. Limitation Periods by Cause of Action
6.2. When Does the Limitation Period Start Running?
6.3. Secret/Covert/Concealed Infringements
6.4. Continuing Infringements
6.5. Interruption of Limitation Period
6.6. Extension of the Limitation Period
6.7. Effect of Public Law Proceedings on the Limitation Periods
7. Jurisdiction and Venue
7.1. Jurisdiction
7.1.1. General: Domicile
7.1.2. Special Jurisdiction: Multiple Defendants
7.1.3. Special Jurisdiction: Place of Harmful Event
7.1.4. Jurisdiction Clauses
7.1.5. Lis Pendens
7.1.6. Law Applicable to the Claim
7.2. Venue
7.3. Specialist Courts or Tribunals
8. Procedure
8.1. Pre-Action Procedures
8.2. Commencing the Proceedings
8.2.1. Court of Session
8.2.2. Sheriff Court
8.2.3. CAT
8.3. Pleadings
8.4. Hearings
8.5. Judgments
8.6. Appeals
8.6.1. The Sheriff Court
8.6.2. The Court of Session
8.7. Enforcement/Execution of Judgments
9. Burden/Standard of Proof
9.1. Burden of Proof
9.2. Standard of Proof
9.3. Legal and Evidential Burden
9.4. Special Rules (Presumptions, Reversals of the Burden of Proof, Prima Facie Evidence, etc.)
10. Production and Presentation of Evidence
10.1. Types of Evidence
10.2. Procedure for the Production of Evidence
10.3. Disclosure
10.4. Privileges
10.5. Confidential Information
10.6. Economic Evidence
10.7. Presentation of Evidence at the Hearing
11. Funding and Costs
11.1. Funding
11.2. Third-Party Funders
11.3. After-the-Event Insurance
11.4. Conditional Fees
11.5. Contingency Fees
11.6. Availability of Public Funding
11.7. General Rules on Costs
11.8. Court's Discretion and Power to Depart from the General Rules
11.9. Protective Cost Orders
12. Concurrent Proceedings
12.1. Stays: Private Actions and Administrative Proceedings
12.2. Stays: Private Actions and Criminal Proceedings
12.3. Status of Decisions by Competition Authorities (Or Judgments by Courts in Public Law Proceedings) in Private Actions
12.4. Disclosure/Use of Evidence on the Competition Authority's File for Private Actions
12.5. Disclosure/Use of Evidence Adduced in Criminal Proceedings for Private Actions
13. Collective Actions
13.1. Forms of Collective Actions Available in Competition Cases
13.2. Standing
13.3. Funding
13.4. Permission/Certification Stage
13.5. Consolidation of Multiple Collective Actions
13.6. Disclosure
13.7. Remedies
13.8. Distribution of Damages
13.9. Settlements
13.10. Appeals (Interlocutory and Final Appeals)
13.11. Costs
14. Arbitration
14.1. Arbitrability
14.2. The Arbitrator's Ex Officio Duty to Raise Competition Law Issues
14.3. The Determination of the Applicable Competition Law(s)
14.4. Arbitrator's Powers to Award Civil Law Remedies
14.5. Fact-Finding and Evidence
14.6. The Status of Previous Decisions by the Competent National Competition Authorities or Courts and Parallel Proceedings
14.7. The Arbitrator's Co-operation with the Competition Authorities and the Courts
14.7.1. Cooperation with the Courts
14.7.2. Cooperation with the OFT and Commission
14.8. Availability of Class Actions
14.9. Review of Competition Law Awards by National Courts
14.10. ADR
Bibliography
Table of Cases
Table of Legislation
Spain
1. Introduction
2. Legal Basis and Causes of Action
2.1. Non-Contractual Causes of Action
2.2. Contractual Causes of Action
2.3. Restitution
2.4. Statutory Causes of Action
3. Legal Standing of the Claimant
3.1. Conditions to be Met for Legal Standing to Exist
3.2. Types of Claimant
3.2.1. Direct Purchasers
3.2.2. Indirect Purchasers
3.2.3. Possible Conflicts between Direct and Indirect Purchasers
3.2.4. Competitors
4. Remedies
4.1. Declarations
4.2. Restitution
4.3. Compensatory Damages
4.3.1. Damages in Contractual Claims
4.3.2. Damages in Non-Contractual Claims
4.4. Punitive/Exemplary/Aggravated/Multiple Damages
4.5. Interest
4.6. Interim Injunctions
4.7. Interim Payment Orders
4.8. Permanent Injunctions
5. Defences
5.1. Passing-On Defence
5.2. Contribution
6. Limitation Periods
6.1. Limitation Periods by Cause of Action
6.1.1. Contractual Claims
6.1.2. Non-contractual Claims
6.1.3. Unfair Competition Claims
6.2. When Does the Limitation Period Start Running?
6.2.1. Contractual Claims
6.2.2. Non-contractual Claims
6.2.3. Unfair Competition Claims
6.3. Secret/Covert/Concealed Infringements
6.4. Continuing Infringements
6.5. Suspension of the Limitation Period
6.6. Effect of Public Law Proceedings on Limitation Periods
7. Jurisdiction and Venue
7.1. Jurisdiction
7.2. Specialist Courts or Tribunals
7.3. Venue
8. Procedure
8.1. Legal Framework
8.2. Pre-Action Procedures
8.3. Commencing the Proceedings and Pleadings
8.4. Hearings
8.5. Judgments
8.6. Appeals
8.7. Enforcement of Judgments
9. Burden and Standard of Proof
9.1. Burden of Proof
9.2. Standard of Proof
9.2.1. Presumptions
9.2.2. Special Rules
10. Production and Presentation of Evidence
10.1. Types of Evidence
10.2. Disclosure
10.2.1. Standard Disclosure
10.2.2. Third-Party Disclosure
10.2.3. Pre-action Disclosure
10.3. Privilege and Confidential Information
10.4. Expert Evidence
10.5. Presentation of Evidence at the Hearing
11. Funding and Costs
11.1. Funding
11.2. Third-Party Funders
11.3. After-the-Event Insurance
11.4. Conditional Fees
11.5. Contingency Fees
11.6. Availability of Public Funding (Legal Aid and Other Publicly Funded Schemes)
11.7. Legal Costs
11.8. Cost Capping
11.9. Protective Cost Orders
11.10. Methods of Assessment
12. Concurrent Proceedings
12.1. Stays: Private Actions and Administrative Proceedings
12.1.1. Civil Claims and European Commission Proceedings
12.1.2. Civil Claims and Proceedings before NCAs
12.2. Stays: Civil Claims and Criminal Proceedings
12.3. Effects of Decisions by Competition Authorities and Civil Claims
12.3.1. European Commission Decisions
12.3.2. Decisions of NCAs
12.4. Use of Evidence Obtained in Public Law Proceedings for Civil Claims
12.5. Use of Evidence Adduced in Criminal Proceedings for Civil Claims
13. Collective Actions
13.1. Forms of Collective Actions Available in Competition Cases
13.1.1. Collective Legal Standing
13.1.2. Prerequisites
13.1.2.1. Existence of Identical Facts Causing Loss to all Group Members
13.1.2.2. A Number of Affected Persons
13.1.2.3. Consumers and Users
13.1.3. Admissibility Procedure
13.1.4. Opt-in Mechanism
13.1.5. Opt-out Mechanism
13.1.6. Scope and Effects of Judgments in Collective Claims
13.2. Recognition and Enforcement of Judgments in Collective Actions
14. Arbitration and ADR
14.1. Legal Framework
14.2. Arbitrability
14.3. The Arbitrator's Duty to Raise Competition Law Issues Ex Officio
14.4. Determination of the Applicable Competition Law
14.5. The Arbitrator's Powers to Award Civil Law Remedies
14.6. Fact-Finding and Evidence
14.7. The Status of Previous Decisions Reached by Competent NCAs or Courts and Parallel Proceedings
14.7.1. Proceedings by Competition Authorities
14.7.2. Parallel Proceedings
14.8. Cooperation between the Arbitrator, the Competition Authorities and the Courts
14.9. Availability of Collective Actions
14.10. Review of Competition Law Awards by National Courts
14.10.1. Annulment of Arbitration Awards
14.10.2. Recognition and Enforcement
14.11. ADR
Bibliography
Table of Cases
Table of Legislation
Turkey
1. Introduction
2. Legal Basis and Causes of Action
2.1. Tort
2.2. Contract
2.3. Restitution
2.4. Statutory Cause of Action
3. Standing of the Claimant
3.1. Conditions for Standing
3.2. Direct Purchasers
3.3. Indirect Purchasers
3.4. Possible Conflicts Between Direct and Indirect purchasers
3.5. Competitors
3.6. Parties to Unlawful Agreements
4. Remedies
4.1. Declarations: Nullity Claims
4.2. Compensatory Damages
4.3. Restitution
4.3. Punitive/Exemplary/Aggravated/Multiple Damages
4.5. Disgorgement Damages
4.6. Interest
4.7. Interest
4.8. Permanent Injunctions
5. Defences
5.1. Passing on Defence
5.2. Contribution
5.3. Other Defences
6. Limitation periods
6.1. Limitation Periods by Cause of Action
6.1.1. Contract
6.1.2. Tort
6.1.3. Restitution
6.2. When does the Limitation Period Start Running?
6.2.1. Contract
6.2.2. Tort
6.2.3. Restitution
6.3. Secret/Covert/Concealed Infringements
6.4. Continuing Infringements
6.5. Interruption of the Limitation Period
6.6. Suspension of the Limitation Period
6.7. Effect of Public Law Proceedings on the Limitation Periods
7. Jurisdiction and Venue
7.1. Jurisdiction
7.2. venue
7.3. Specialist Courts or Tribunals
8. Procedure
8.1. Pre-action Procedures
8.2. Commencement of Proceedings
8.3. Pleadings
8.4. Hearings
8.5. Judgments
8.6. Appeals
8.7. Enforcement/Execution of Judgments
9. Burden and standard of proof
9.1. Burden of Proof
9.2. Standard of Proof
9.3. Special Rules
9.4. The Court's Evaluation of the Evidence
10. Production and presentation of evidence
10.1. Types of Evidence
10.2. Procedure for the Production of Evidence
10.3. Disclosure
10.4. Privileges
10.5. Confidential Information
10.6. Economic Evidence
10.7. Presentation of Evidence at the Hearing
11. Costs
11.1. General Rules on Costs
11.2. Court's Discretion and Power to Depart from the General Rules
11.3. Conditional Fees
11.4. Contingency Fees
11.5. Availability of Public Funding
11.6. Protective Cost Orders
12. Concurrent Proceedings
12.1. Stays: Private Actions and Administrative Proceedings
12.2. Stays: Private Actions and Criminal Proceedings
12.3. Status of Decisions by Competition Authorities (or Judgments by Courts in Public Law Proceedings) in Private Actions
12.4. Disclosure/Use of Evidence on the Competition Authority's File for Private Actions
12.5. Disclosure/Use of Evidence Adduced in Criminal Proceedings for Private Actions
13. Collective actions
14. Arbitration and ADR
Bibliography
Table of Cases
Table of Legislation
United States of America
1. Introduction
2. Legal Basis and Causes of Action
2.1. The Sherman Act Section 1 (15 U.S.C. § 1): Agreements in Restraint of Trade
2.1.1. An Agreement, Combination, or Conspiracy between Two or More Entities
2.1.2. An Unreasonable Restraint of Trade/the Rule of Reason and Per Se Analyses
2.2. The Sherman Act Section 2 (15 U.S.C. §2): Monopolies
2.3. The Clayton Act (15 U.S.C. §§ 12-27)
2.4. Robinson-Patman Act (15 U.S.C. §§ 13, 13A)
2.5. The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) Act (15 U.S.C. §§41-58)
2.6. The Interstate Commerce Requirement
2.7. Claims under the Antitrust Laws of the Various States
2.7.1. Parens Patriae Action
2.8. U.S. Government Enforcement of the Antitrust Laws
2.8.1. Criminal and Civil Enforcement by the Antitrust Division of the Department of Justice
2.8.2. The DOJ Antitrust Division's Corporate Leniency Program
2.8.3. ACPERA: the Antitrust Criminal Penalty Enhancement and Reform Act of 2004
2.9. Private Actions
2.10. Types of Private Claimants
2.10.1. Direct Purchasers
2.10.2. Indirect Purchasers/Remoteness
2.10.3. Potential Purchasers or Potential Competitors
3. Remedies
3.1. Treble Damages, Costs, and Attorneys' Fees
3.2. Measure of Damages
3.3. Joint and Several Liability/No Contribution
3.4. Interest
3.5. Declaratory Relief
3.6. Divestiture
3.7. Applicable Damage Burdens
3.8. Injunctions
3.8.1. Criteria for the Grant of an Interim Injunction
3.8.2. Permanent Injunctions
3.8.3. Undertakings
4. Common Defenses to Antitrust Claims
4.1. Exemptions and Immunities
4.2. Statutes of Limitation
4.2.1. Accrual of the Limitation Period
4.2.2. Tolling
4.2.3. Continuing Violations
4.2.4. Suspension of the Statute of Limitations
4.2.5. Class Action Tolling
4.2.6. Equitable Tolling or Fraudulent Concealment
4.3. Defenses Which Are Unavailable in Antitrust Cases
4.3.1. In Pari Delicto and Unclean Hands Defenses Unavailable
4.3.2. Passing on Defense Unavailable
5. Standing, Jurisdiction, and Venue
5.1. Standing and "Antitrust Injury"
5.1.1. Conditions for Standing for Private Injunctive Suits
5.2. Jurisdiction
5.2.1. Subject Matter Jurisdiction
5.2.2. The Foreign Trade Antitrust Improvement Act
5.2.3. Personal Jurisdiction
5.2.4. Venue
6. Legal Framework for Private Civil Actions
6.1. Overview of the U.S. Federal Courts
6.1.1. Multi-District Litigation
6.2. Preaction Procedures
6.3. Commencing Proceedings
6.4. Service of Process
6.5. Pleadings
6.5.1. The Complaint
6.5.2. Responding to a Complaint
6.5.3. The Answer
6.5.4. The Pre-Answer Motion to Dismiss
7. Disclosure or Discovery
7.1. The Broad Scope of Discovery in U.S. Litigation
7.1.1. The Particular Burdens of Discovery for Corporate Antitrust Defendants
7.1.2. Electronically Stored Information
7.1.3. Duty to Preserve
7.2. The Discovery Devices
7.3. Foreign Discovery
7.4. Third-Party Disclosure
7.5. Confidential Information
7.5.1. Protective Orders and Confidentiality Agreements
7.5.2. Filings "Under Seal"
7.6. Discovery of Information by Government Agencies
8. Concurrent Civil and Criminal Proceedings
8.1. Staying a Civil Action Pending a Government Investigation or Criminal Action
8.2. Government Judgments or Decrees: Effect on Pending Civil Antitrust Claims
8.2.1. Prima Facie Effect
8.2.2. Collateral Estoppel Effect of Government Proceedings
8.2.3. Additional Evidentiary Value of a Government Judgment or Decree
9. Privileges
9.1. Attorney-Client And Work-Product Privilege
9.2. Privilege Waivers Resulting From Disclosures to Government Agencies or Authorities
9.3. Privilege against Self-Incrimination
10. Class Actions
10.1. Class Action Requirements
10.2. Proof of Class-Wide Impact in Price-Fixing Cases
10.3. Opting Out of a Class Action, Judgment, and Settlement
11. Summary Judgment
12. Trials of Antitrust Actions
12.1. Right to a Jury Trial
12.2. Burden of Proof
12.3. Standard of Proof
12.4. Evidence
12.4.1. Hearsay Evidence
12.4.2. Expert Evidence
12.4.3. Potentially Prejudicial, Confusing, or Cumulative Evidence
12.5. Hearings
12.6. Verdict and Judgment
12.7. Appeals
12.8. Enforcement/Execution of Judgments
13. Funding and Costs
13.1. Third-Party Funding
13.2. Insurance
13.3. Contingency Fees
14. Arbitration
14.1. Legal Framework
14.2. Arbitrability of Antitrust Claims
14.3. Threshold Issues to Arbitrability
14.3.1. An Agreement to Arbitrate
14.3.2. Determination of Arbitrability
14.3.3. Unenforceable Arbitration Provisions
14.4. The Arbitrator's Powers
14.4.1. Duty to Render an Enforceable Award and Mandatory Rules
14.4.2. Challenges to the Arbitrator's Jurisdiction over Competition Law Issues
14.4.3. Potential Liability of Arbitrators and Arbitral Institutions
14.5. The Determination of the Applicable Laws
14.6. Fact-Finding and Evidence
14.7. Confidentiality
14.8. Parallel Proceedings
14.9. Class Action Arbitrations
14.10. The Arbitration Award
14.10.1. Procedures and Time Limits to Confirm or Vacate the Award
14.10.2. Confirmation of Arbitration Awards, Defenses to Confirmation, and Vacating Awards
14.10.3. The Narrow Scope of Judicial Review of Arbitration Awards
Bibliography
Table of Cases
Table of Legislation
Consolidated Bibliography
Consolidated Table of Cases
Consolidated Table of Legislation
Consolidated Index

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International Competition Litigation

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