Energy Production Systems Engineering
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LIST OF TABLES xxi
LIST OF ANNEX xxv
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xxvii
INTRODUCTION xxix
CHAPTER 1 ELECTRICAL SAFETY 1
Installation Safety Requirements-General Industry (NEC®) 5
Installation Safety Requirements-Special Industry - Utility (NESC) 7
Safe Work Practice Requirements 11
Electrical PPE 15
ARC Flash Analysis Utilizing NFPA 70E Tables 21
Hazardous/Classified Areas 25
Classified Area - "Class" System 26
Classified Area - "Zone" System 32
Boiler Control and Burner Management 34
Glossary of Terms 37
Problems 39
Recommended Reading 41
CHAPTER 2 BASIC THERMAL CYCLES 43
Steam Thermodynamic Analysis Fundamentals 43
Pressure, Temperature, and Volume Relationships 60
Heat Rate 70
Gas Thermodynamic Analysis Fundamentals 72
Glossary of Terms 77
Problems 78
Recommended Reading 81
CHAPTER 3 BOILERS AND STEAM GENERATORS 83
Air Preheater 95
Cooling Towers 98
Glossary of Terms 102
Problems 104
Recommended Reading 105
CHAPTER 4 FOSSIL FUELS AND THE BASIC COMBUSTION PROCESS 107
Combustible Fuel 107
Oxygen 108
Fossil Fuels 115
Natural Gas 118
Fuel Oil 119
Glossary of Terms 120
Problems 122
Recommended Reading 122
CHAPTER 5 HYDRAULIC TURBINES 123
Hydraulic Reaction Turbines 127
Hydraulic Impulse Turbines 128
Kinetic Energy Hydraulic Turbines 128
Glossary of Terms 129
Problems 130
Recommended Reading 130
CHAPTER 6 NUCLEAR POWER 131
Boiling Water Reactor 137
Pressurized Water Reactor 139
Pressurized Heavy Water Reactor 142
Pressure Tube Graphite Reactor 142
High Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactor 143
Liquid Metal Fast Breeder Reactor 143
Nuclear Power Safety 143
Units of Activity 147
Units of Exposure 148
Glossary of Terms 151
Problems 154
Recommended Reading 157
CHAPTER 7 CONVEYORS 159
Belt Conveyor 161
Pneumatic Conveyor Systems 171
Rotary Screw Conveyor System 171
Vibrating Conveyor System 171
Conveyor Safety 172
Glossary of Terms 172
Problems 173
Recommended Reading 174
CHAPTER 8 FANS 175
Centrifugal Fan (Radial Airflow) 176
Axial Fan (Axial Airflow) 183
Centrifugal Fan Fundamental Laws 183
Glossary of Terms 185
Problems 186
Recommended Reading 187
CHAPTER 9 PUMPS 189
System Resistance Curves 189
Centrifugal Pump 195
Axial Flow Pump 204
Positive Displacement Pump 205
Glossary of Terms 206
Problems 207
Recommended Reading 207
CHAPTER 10 CONDENSER COOLING SYSTEM 209
Condenser Cooling 209
Condenser Operation 213
Condenser Safety Precautions 214
Glossary of Terms 215
Problems 216
Recommended Reading 216
CHAPTER 11 STEAM TURBINES 217
Turbine Safety 231
Turbine Vibration 233
Glossary of Terms 239
Problems 241
Recommended Reading 243
CHAPTER 12 GAS TURBINES 245
Glossary of Terms 255
Problems 256
Recommended Reading 257
CHAPTER 13 RECIPROCATING ENGINES 259
Glossary of Terms 269
Problems 271
Recommended Reading 272
CHAPTER 14 ELECTRICAL SYSTEM 273
Distribution System Configuration 277
Enclosures 283
Busway Applications 284
Cables 289
Cable Testing 313
Megger Testing 313
High Potential Testing 314
Acceptance 317
Cathodic Protection 317
Glossary of Terms 319
Problems 321
Recommended Reading 324
CHAPTER 15 TRANSFORMERS AND REACTORS 325
Glossary of Terms 345
Problems 346
Recommended Reading 347
CHAPTER 16 GENERATORS 349
Generator Protection 383
Glossary of Terms 386
Problems 388
Recommended Reading 389
CHAPTER 17 MOTORS 391
Reduced Voltage Starting Methods 416
Glossary of Terms 435
Problems 437
Recommended Reading 439
CHAPTER 18 VARIABLE FREQUENCY DRIVE SYSTEMS 441
Harmonics 458
Glossary of Terms 465
Problems 465
Recommended Reading 466
CHAPTER 19 SWITCHGEAR 467
Glossary of Terms 480
Problems 481
Recommended Reading 482
CHAPTER 20 BATTERY/VITAL BUS SYSTEMS 483
Design of Battery Systems (DC System Load and Battery Capacity) 489
Design of Battery Systems (Battery Charger) 496
Glossary of Terms 497
Problems 498
Recommended Reading 498
CHAPTER 21 GROUND SYSTEM 499
Ungrounded System 500
Resistance Grounded System 503
Reactance Grounded System 504
Solidly Grounded System 506
Glossary of Terms 513
Problems 514
Recommended Reading 515
CHAPTER 22 ELECTRICAL SYSTEM PROTECTION AND COORDINATION 517
Glossary of Terms 531
Problems 532
Recommended Reading 533
CHAPTER 23 CONTROL SYSTEMS 535
Glossary of Terms 554
Problems 555
Recommended Reading 556
CHAPTER 24 INSTRUMENTS AND METERS 557
Temperature 561
Flow 566
Pressure 568
Level 570
Instrument Identification Standards 584
Glossary of Terms 599
Problems 599
Recommended Reading 602
CHAPTER 25 VALVES AND ACTUATORS 603
Valve Types 607
Ball Valve 607
Check Valve 609
Gate Valve 610
Globe Valve 611
Relief Valve 612
Valve Losses 613
Glossary of Terms 621
Problems 622
Recommended Reading 623
CHAPTER 26 EMISSION CONTROL SYSTEMS 625
Particulate Emission Control 626
Nitrogen Oxides Emissions Control 628
Combustion Control of Nox 629
Post-Combustion Control of NOx 630
Sulfur Dioxide Emissions Control (Scrubber) 632
Continuous Emission Monitoring System (CEMS) 635
Carbon Dioxide (CO2) and Greenhouse Gas Emission Control 636
Glossary of Terms 644
Problems 645
Recommended Reading 646
CHAPTER 27 WATER TREATMENT 647
Flow 650
Areas and Volumes 652
Volume 652
Detention Time 654
Dosage 654
Process Removal Efficiency 655
Pump Calculations 656
Glossary of Terms 659
Problems 659
Recommended Reading 661
CHAPTER 28 SOLAR AND WIND ENERGY 663
Wind Energy 663
Thermal Solar Energy 666
Parabolic Trough Solar Field Technology 667
Solar Power Towers 669
Dish System 670
Photovoltaic Solar Energy 670
Glossary of Terms 678
Problems 679
Recommended Reading 679
ANNEXES 681
INDEX 783
