
Design Methodology for RF CMOS Phase Locked Loops
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Content
- Design Methodology for RF CMOS Phase Locked Loops
- Contents
- Preface
- 1 Approach to CMOS PLL Design
- 1.1 MOS Transistor Basics
- 1.1.1 Enhancement Type MOSFET Structure
- 1.1.2 Operating Principles of the N-Channel MOSFET Transistor
- 1.2 Nonideal and Second-Order Effects in Submicron Technologies
- 1.2.1 Channel-Length Modulation
- 1.2.2 Parasitic Capacitances
- 1.2.2 Parasitic Capacitances
- 1.2.3 Gate Resistance
- 1.2.4 Body Effect
- 1.3 Impact on PLL Performance
- 1.3.1 Phase Noise
- 1.3.2 Parasitic Capacitances and PLL Behavior
- 1.4 State of the Art and Challenges in CMOS PLL Design
- 1.5 PLL Design Flow
- 1.6 Basic Design Bibliography
- References
- 2 PLL Fundamentals
- 2.1 Frequency Synthesizer
- 2.1.1 Integer-N Architecture
- 2.1.2 Fractional Architecture
- 2.2 Fundamental Figures of Merit of a Frequency Synthesizer
- 2.2.1 Phase Noise
- 2.2.2 Spurious Emissions
- 2.2.3 Lock Time
- References
- 3 LC-Tank Integrated Oscillators
- 3.1 Functional Description
- 3.2 Types of LC-Tank Oscillators
- 3.2.1 NMOS
- 3.2.2 PMOS
- 3.2.3 CMOS
- 3.3 Integrated Passive Elements
- 3.3.1 Integrated Inductors
- 3.3.2 Integrated Varactors
- 3.4 LC-Tank Oscillator Phase Noise
- 3.4.1 Definition of Phase Noise
- 3.4.2 The Leeson Model
- 3.5 Designing the Layout of the Oscillator
- References
- 4 Frequency Divider
- 4.1 Basic Frequency Dividers
- 4.2 High-Frequency Divider Architectures and Building Blocks
- 4.3 High-Frequency Divider-by-2
- 4.3.1 Razavi
- 4.3.2 Wang
- 4.3.3 SCL
- 4.3.4 TSPC
- 4.4 Dual-Modulus Prescaler
- 4.5 Low-Frequency Dividers
- 4.6 Phase Noise
- 4.7 Layout Considerations
- References
- 5 Phase Frequency Detector/Phase Detector
- 5.1 Multipliers
- 5.2 Exclusive-OR Logic Gate
- 5.3 Flip-Flop
- 5.4 PFD/CP
- 5.5 Phase Noise of Phase Detectors
- 5.5.1 The Craninckx Model
- 5.5.2 The Banerjee Model
- 5.6 Practical Considerations of Design
- 5.6.1 Design of the PFD
- 5.6.2 Design of the Charge Pump
- 5.7 Design of the Layout of the Phase Detector
- References
- 6 Determination of Building Blocks Specifications
- 6.1 Initial Requirements
- 6.1.1 Previous Works Search
- 6.1.2 Reference Crystal
- 6.1.3 Phase Noise
- 6.1.4 Spurious Emissions
- 6.1.5 Lock Time
- 6.2 Architecture Selection
- 6.3 Ad Hoc Simulation Tool: Simusyn
- 6.3.1 Simusyn Description
- 6.3.2 Models Implemented in Simusyn
- 6.4 Building Block Specification
- 6.4.1 Reference Crystal
- 6.4.2 VCO
- 6.4.3 Phase Detector
- 6.4.4 Frequency Divider
- 6.4.5 Global Specifications of the Loop
- References
- 7 Design of a 3.2-GHz CMOS VCO
- 7.1 Choice of Architecture of the Oscillator
- 7.1.1 Tank Circuit
- 7.1.2 Active Circuit
- 7.1.3 Output Stage
- 7.2 Design of the Oscillator
- 7.2.1 Basic Expressions for the Design of the VCO
- 7.2.2 Design and Selection of the Tank Circuit
- 7.2.3 Design of the Schematic Circuit of the Oscillator
- 7.2.4 Layout Implementation
- References
- 8 Design of a Frequency Divider
- 8.1 Choice of the Architecture of the Divider
- 8.1.1 High-Frequency Divider-by-2
- 8.1.2 Differential to Single-Ended Converter
- 8.1.3 Low-Frequency Digital Divider
- 8.2 Design of the Frequency Divider
- 8.2.1 High-Frequency Divider-by-2 and Converter
- 8.2.2 Low-Frequency Divider
- 8.3 Design of the Schematic Circuit of the Divider
- 8.3.1 Connection of Building Blocks and Current Source Implementation
- 8.3.2 Introduction of Auxiliary Components
- 8.4 Divisor Layout Generation and Simulation
- References
- 9 Design of a Phase Frequency Detector
- 9.1 Choice of the Architecture of the Detector
- 9.2 Design of the Phase Frequency Detector
- 9.2.1 Design of the PFD
- 9.2.2 Design of the Charge Pump
- 9.2.3 Design of the Schematic Circuit of the Phase Frequency Detector
- 9.2.4 Postlayout Simulations of the Phase Detector
- References
- 10 Design of the Complete PLL
- 10.1 General Considerations
- 10.2 Schematic Circuit Design of the Synthesizer
- 10.3 Layout of the Synthesizer
- 11 PLL Characterization and Results
- 11.1 VCO
- 11.2 Frequency Divider
- 11.3 Complete PLL
- 11.4 Result Discussion
- References
- About the Authors
- Index
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