Indicators
International Series of Monographs in Analytical Chemistry
Published on 22. October 2013
756 pages
978-1-4831-5139-7 (ISBN)
Description
Indicators offers a comprehensive account of indicators and their applications in areas such as titrimetric analysis and the analysis of mineral waters. The theory and principles of visual indicators are discussed, along with acid-base indicators, indicators for non-aqueous acid-base titrations, and titrations with non-chelating ligands. Metallochromic indicators, adsorption indicators, oxidation-reduction indicators, and fluorescent and chemiluminescent indicators are also considered. This volume is comprised of 10 chapters and begins with a brief history of indicators, including the contribution of Robert Boyle in the field. The different kinds of indicators are also described, along with developments in indicators in the nineteenth century. The next chapter deals with the theory and principles of visual indicators, followed by a discussion on acid-base indicators such as organic dyes, inorganic substances, compounds capable of fluorescence, and chemiluminescent systems. Subsequent chapters explore other varieties of indicators, including indicators for non-aqueous acid-base titrations, metallochromic indicators, and adsorption indicators, as well as oxidation-reduction indicators and fluorescent and chemiluminescent indicators. This book will be of interest to chemists.
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Preface1. The History of Indicators Previous Reviews of the History of Indicators The Earliest History of Acid-base Indicators Robert Boyle and Indicators Litmus The Qualitative Application of Indicators to the Analysis of Mineral Waters The Use of Indicators in Titrimetric Analyses The Variety of Indicators Development in the Nineteenth Century References2. Theory and Principles of Visual Indicators Introduction The Structure of Titrimetric Analysis Classifications Titrimetric Equilibria Indicator Equilibria The Relevance of Indicator and Titrimetric Equilibria Choice of Correct Indicator Titration Errors The Examination of Indicators References3. Acid-Base Indicators Organic Dyes as Color Indicators The Theory of Ostwald Chromophore Theory Unified Ostwald's and Chromophore Theory The Resonance Theory The Transition Interval of the Indicators The Influence of Experimental Conditions upon the Color Change of Indicators Sensitivity of Indicators Azo Indicators Nitro Indicators Phthaleins Sulfonephthaleins Anilinesulfonephthaleins Benzeins Triphenylmethane Dyes Various Substances Plant Extracts Screened and Mixed Indicators Examination of Indicators End-point Indication of Neutralization Reactions with Color Indicators Titration of Strong Acids with Strong Bases, and Vice Versa Titration of Weak Acids with Strong Bases Neutralization of Polybasic Acids and Mixtures of Acids Titration of Weak Bases with Strong Acids Neutralization of Polyacid Bases and Base Mixtures Displacement Titrations Titration in Two Phases Colorimetric Determination of pH Principle of the Measurements Selection of the Proper Indicator pH Measurement with Buffer Solutions Determination of pH without Buffer Solutions Errors in Colorimetric pH Determinations Rapid pH Measurements with Universal Indicator Solutions and Indicator Papers The Field of Application of Colorimetric pH Measurements Inorganic Acid-base Indicators Colloids as Acid-base Indicators Dye Adsorbates as Acid-base Indicators Acid-base Indicator Resins Other Acid-base Indicators References4. Indicators for Non-Aqueous Acid-Base Titrations Introduction Indicators for Acid-Base Titrations in the Lower Alcohols and in Aqueous-Organic Solvent Mixtures Indicators for Titration of Bases in Non-aqueous Solvents Indicators for Titration of Acids in Non-aqueous Solvents References5. Titrations with Non-chelating Ligands Mercurimetry Nitroprusside as Indicator Diphenylcarbazone or Diphenylcarbazide as Indicator Screened and Other Indicators Applications Cyanometric Titrations The Cyanometric Determination of Nickel Determination of Mercuric Salts References6. Metallochromic Indicators 6A. The Theory of Metal Indicators Introduction 1. The General Theory of Indicator Color Change 2. Side Reactions of the Indicator 3. Side Reactions of the Metal Ion 4. Side Reactions of the Metal-Indicator Complex 5. Indirectly Functioning Indicators 6. Indicator Error 7. Stepwise Titrations with Metal Indicators 8. Aspects of the Use of Metal Indicators References 6B. Metal Indicators and Their Application I. Introduction II. The Structures of Metal Indicators III. Classification of Indicators IV. List of Metal Indicators V. Values of Side Reaction Coefficients and Those of pMtrans VI. Alphabetical List of Metal Indicators and Their Synonyms7.
