Aquatic Contamination
Description
Authoritative resource presenting techniques and technologies to sustainably neutralize environmental contamination in aquatic plants, microorganisms, and more
Two thirds of the Earth is covered with aquatic habitats that play a key role in stabilizing the global environment and providing a wide variety of services to increasing human needs. Nevertheless, anthropogenic activities are rapidly destroying the quality of both fresh and marine waters globally, due to excessive use of chemicals, fertilizers and pollution from suburban and industrial areas eventually making their way into the aquatic world.
Aquatic Contamination: Tolerance and Bioremediation presents the broader spectrum of biological applicability of microbes with better understanding of cellular mechanisms for remediation of aquatic contaminants. The book also focuses on practices involved in molecular and genetic approaches, necessary to achieve targets of bioremediation and phytoremediation to solve global water contamination problems. Such approaches pave the way for the utilization of biological assets to design new, efficient, and environmentally sound remediation strategies by inculcating genomic techniques at cellular and molecular levels with model assessment.
Aquatic Contamination provides a comprehensive background for readers interested in all perspectives of the contamination of aquatic environs. It covers various research aspects which are being carried out globally to understand simulation models in the assessment of xenobiotics, role of genomics, transgenic plants, and microbial enzymes for degradation and removal of toxic substances in aquatic environs.
Key features include:
* Extensive coverage of interactions between plants, metals and microbes including the influence of biotic and abiotic factors
* Comprehensive discussion of the details of molecular mechanisms from assimilation to detoxification levels
* Exploration of the enzymatic approaches of potential plants acting as hyper-accumulators for contaminants in aquatic environs
* Details of sustainable tools such as transgenic plants for the manipulation of important functional microbial genes to achieve higher certainty of bioremediation
* Details of advances in tools and models like micro-arrays and simulation models for the complete assessment of xenobiotic compounds from cellular to degradation hierarchies
Aquatic Contamination: Tolerance and Bioremediation will be substantially helpful to environmentalists, microbiologists, biotechnologists and scientists, providing essential information on various modern technologies for the remediation of contaminants in aquatic ecosystems.
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Persons
Rouf Ahmad Bhat, Researcher, Department of School Education, Jammu and Kashmir, India.
Gowhar Hamid Dar, Assistant Professor, Department of Environmental Science, Sri Pratap College, Higher Education Department, Cluster University Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India.
Fernanda Maria Policarpo Tonelli, Researcher, Pitágoras College, Divinópolis Unity, Brazil.
Saima Hamid, Researcher, University of Kashmir, Jammu and Kashmir, India.
Content
About the Book xvii
About the Editors xix
Preface xxi
1 Emerging Techniques for Treatment of Wastewater 1
Naseema A. Wani, Nazir A. Malik, Younas R. Tantary, Ishrat Jan, Tawseef Ahmad, and Mohammad S. Wani
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Composition of Untreated Wastewater and Its Effect on Water Bodies 2
1.3 Strategies to Treat Wastewater 4
1.4 Tertiary Treatment 8
1.5 Natural Processes for Wastewater Management 9
1.6 Emerging or Advanced Techniques for the Treatment of Wastewater 11
1.7 Conclusion 17
2 Aquatic Ecosystems and Health Threats: Case Study on the Nickel Pollution in Gölbasi Lake in Hatay -- Turkiye 25
Volkan Altay, Büsra Kara, Ibrahim E. Yalcin, and Munir Ozturk
2.1 Introduction 25
2.2 Threats to the Health of Aquatic Ecosystems 25
2.3 Data Analysis 29
2.4 Results from the Study 31
2.5 Conclusions 38
3 Endophytic Fungi and Bacteria: Enhancement of Heavy Metal Phytoextraction 43
Amauri Ponce-Hernández, Javier A. Gómez-Rubio, Juan G. Ceballos-Maldonado, Domingo Martínez-Soto, Margarita Márquez-Vega, Alejandro Hernández-Morales, and Candy Carranza-Álvarez
3.1 Introduction 43
3.2 Main Anthropogenic Sources Releasing HMs into the Environment 43
3.3 Phytoremediation of HMs 44
3.4 Advantages and Disadvantages 47
3.5 Factors that Increase HMs Phytoremediation 47
3.6 Phytoremediation Mechanisms 48
3.7 Microbiota in Plants Used in Phytoremediation 50
3.8 Bacteria that Enhance Phytoremediation 53
3.9 Conclusion 53
4 Mechanism of Heavy Metal-Induced Stress and Tolerance 61
Jose A. Montes-Rocha, Angel J. Alonso-Castro, and Candy Carranza-Álvarez
4.1 Introduction 61
4.2 Heavy Metal-Induced Stress 61
4.3 Metal Tolerance Mechanisms 62
4.4 Root Exudates 62
4.5 Cellular Wall 63
4.6 Plasma Membrane 65
4.7 Vacuole 67
4.8 Xylem 67
4.9 Phloem 68
4.10 Sequestering of Metals in the Cytosol by Various Ligands 69
4.11 Considerations 71
4.12 Conclusion 71
5 Biotechnology for Sustainable Remediation of Contaminated Wastewater 77
Younis A. Hajam
5.1 Introduction 77
5.2 Organic Contaminants 78
5.3 Biotechnology in Environmental Engineering 79
5.4 Biological Treatment 82
5.5 Electrochemical Method 84
5.6 Heavy Metal Treatment 86
5.7 Conclusion 87
6 Novel Trends of Biotechnology in Wastewater Treatment 95
Anjani K. Upadhyay, Kazi N. Hasan, Apratim Chakraborty, and Manisha Priyadarshini
6.1 Introduction 95
6.2 The Nascent Organic Methods 96
6.3 Forthcoming Technologies/Incubating Ideas: Theory of Existential Growth 104
6.4 Conclusion: Progression of Trending Technologies in Water Science 105
7 Role of Free-Floating Macrophytes in the Abatement of Disturbed Environments 113
Wajiha Anum, Umair Riaz, Ghulam Murtaza, Syed Ali Zulqadar, and Laila Shahzad
7.1 Introduction 113
7.2 Nutrient Equilibrium 113
7.3 Importance of Free-Floating Macrophytes in Ecosystem Structure and Function 113
7.4 How Toxins are Added to the Environment 114
7.5 Role of Aquatic Plants in Water Bodies 114
7.6 Phytoremediation 115
7.7 FFPs as Bioabsorbants 116
8 Enzymatic Approach for Phytoremediation 123
Anjali Pathak, Mahendra K. Gupta, Mir S. Rabani, Shivani Tripathi, Sadhna Pandey , Charu Gupta, and Meenakshi Shrivastav
8.1 Introduction 123
8.2 Mechanism and Types of Phytoremediation 124
8.3 Conclusion 128
9 Phyto-Metalloproteins and Restoration of Freshwater Ecosystems 131
Ekta B. Jadhav, Shefali, Varad Nagar, Vinay Aseri, Poonam Kumari, Vanisha Godara, Sneha Lohar, Kumud K. Awasthi, Garima Awasthi, and Mahipal S. Sankhla
9.1 Introduction 131
9.2 Phytoremediation 132
9.3 Role of Metalloproteins in Phytoremediation 133
9.4 Use of Phytometalloproteins for Remediation of Contamination and Restoration of Freshwater Ecosystems 134
9.5 Heavy Metal Uptake from Contaminated Water 135
9.6 Phytometalloproteins in Remediation of Contaminated Freshwater Ecosystems 137
9.7 Genetically Engineered or Modified Metalloproteins for Improved Remediation of Contaminated Water 138
9.8 Conclusion 139
10 Phytoremediation: The Way Forward 145
Muatasim Jan, Tawseef A. Mir, and Rakesh K. Khare
10.1 Introduction 145
10.2 Need for Phytoremediation 146
10.3 Phytoremediation Approaches 147
10.4 Hyperaccumulation 150
10.5 Genetically Engineered Plants and Phytoremediation 152
10.6 Multiple Benefits of Phytoremediation from Ecological to Socioeconomic 152
10.7 Phytoremediation-Theoretical Aspects 154
10.8 Phytomanagement: A New Paradigm 155
10.9 Future Prospects 157
10.10 Conclusions 157
11 Biotechnological Advancements in Phytoremediation 165
Venkatesh Chunduri, Payal Kapoor, Anita Kumari, Aman Kumar, Saloni Sharma, Natasha Sharma, Satveer Kaur, and Monika Garg
11.1 Introduction 165
11.2 Types of Phytoremediation 165
11.3 Types of Pollutants 167
11.4 Naturally Available Plant Species for Phytoremediation 168
11.5 Phytoremediation of Organic Pollutants 168
11.6 Advances in Biotechnological Approaches for Phytoremediation of Different Pollutants 171
11.7 Biotechnology Advances in the Phytoremediation of Inorganic Pollutants 172
11.8 Biotechnology Advances in the Phytoremediation of Organic Pollutants 175
11.9 Implications of Transgenic Plants for Phytoremediation against Herbicides 175
11.10 Nanomaterials-Assisted Phytoremediation 176
11.11 Next-Generation Sequencing and Omics Approach for Improving Phytoremediation 176
11.12 Gene Editing Tools and Phytoremediation 178
11.13 Conclusion 179
12 Phytoremediation of Pesticides and Heavy Metals in Contaminated Environs 189
Durdana Shah, Azra Kamili, Nasreena Sajjad, Sumira Tyub, Gousia Majeed, Sabira Hafiz, Wasifa Noor, Saba Yaqoob, and Ishfaq Maqbool
12.1 Introduction 189
12.2 Mechanism of Phytoremediation by Heavy Metals 190
12.3 Factors which Affect Uptake Mechanisms 193
12.4 Strategies for Improved Efficiency of Phytoremediation 194
12.5 Metal Chelators Encoded by Overexpression Genes 194
12.6 Origins of Pesticide Entry into Water 194
12.7 Effects of Pesticides 197
12.8 Threats to Terrestrial Biodiversity 199
12.9 Impacts of Pesticides on Soil Ecosystem Services 199
13 Biotechnological Interventions for Removal of Heavy Metals and Metalloids from Water Resources 207
Munir Ozturk, Bengu Turkyilmaz Unal, and Huseyin Turker
13.1 Introduction 207
13.2 Water Pollution 207
13.3 Heavy Metals and Metalloids 208
13.4 Effects of Heavy Metals and Metalloids on Water Pollution 208
13.5 Heavy Metal and Metalloids Removal 209
13.6 Bioremediation in Pollution Management 209
13.7 Biosensors 212
13.8 Biotechnological Methods Used in the Removal of HMMs 213
13.9 Conclusion 213
14 Microbial Biofilms -- Pollutant Load Suppressor 219
Tanaji V. Latha, Uzma Sultana, Podduturi Vanamala, and Mir Z. Gul
14.1 Introduction 219
14.2 Characteristic Features of Biofilms that are Exploited for Bioremediation 219
14.3 Environmental Pollutants 220
14.4 Microbial Biofilms 220
14.5 Pesticide Degradation 224
14.6 Wastewater Treatment 225
14.7 Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs) 225
14.8 Bioremediation of Organic Pollutants 226
14.9 Bioremediation of Heavy Metals 226
14.10 Toxicity of Heavy Metals 227
14.11 Conclusion 229
15 Recent Advances in the Biodegradation of Petroleum Hydrocarbons: Insights from Whole Genome Sequencing 239
Yahaya Y. Riko and Zubairu U. Darma
15.1 Introduction: Aquatic Contamination Through Petroleum Hydrocarbons -- Sources, Statistics, Impact, and Solution 239
15.2 Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS): History, Concepts, Methodology, Analyses, and Relevance to Biodegradation of Petroleum Hydrocarbons 241
15.3 Key Insights and Recent Advances from Studies on the WGS of Petroleum Hydrocarbon-Degrading (Hydrocarbonoclastic) Bacteria in the Past Decade (2012--2021) 246
15.4 Future Research Directions in WGS Studies of Petroleum Hydrocarbon-Degrading Bacteria 267
15.5 Conclusions 268
16 Green Synthesized Nanomaterials as Tools to Remediate Aquatic Pollution 277
Charu Gupta, Mahendra K. Gupta, Mir S. Rabani, Shivani Tripathi, and Anjali Pathak
16.1 Introduction 277
16.2 Approaches of Nanoparticle Synthesis 278
16.3 Routes of Metal Nanoparticle Synthesis 279
16.4 Applications of Green Nanomaterials in the Remediation of Aquatic Pollution 280
16.5 Conclusion 285
17 Nanotechnology-Based Applications: A Valuable Tool for Wastewater Clean-up 291
Mir Z. Gul, Beedu S. Rao, and Karuna Rupula
17.1 Introduction 291
17.2 Nanotechnology: A Reliable Tool 292
17.3 Main Nanotechnological Processes for Water Purification and Wastewater Treatment 293
17.4 Polymer-Based Nanoabsorbents 295
17.5 Membrane-Based Technology 296
17.6 Nanomaterials for Microbial Control and Disinfection 299
17.7 Photocatalytic-Based Technology 300
17.8 Conclusions and Future Outlook 302
18 Reliability on Nanoscience: A Valuable Cleaning Tool for Wastewaters 313
Fernanda M. P. Tonelli, Helon G. Cordeiro, Danilo R. C. Ferreira, and Flávia C. P. Tonelli
18.1 Introduction 313
18.2 Wastewater's Pollution 313
18.3 Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials 314
18.4 Nanoscience and Wastewater Remediation 316
18.5 Conclusions 321
18.6 Future Perspectives 321
19 Transgenic Plant Technology and its Role in Bioremediation 329
Gulzar A. Rathar, Romica Verma, and Bhavana Sharma
19.1 Introduction 329
19.2 Transgenic Plant Technology 331
19.3 Transgenic Plants in Bioremediation 331
19.4 Metal Accumulators 332
19.5 Need for Transgenic Plants 333
19.6 Phytoremediation Via Chelation 334
19.7 Phytovolatilization 335
19.8 Chemical Modification 336
19.9 Risk Assessment 337
19.10 Future Perspectives 338
20 Comprehensive Note on Various Wastewater Treatment Strategies 345
Amna Aqeel and Javaria Zafar
20.1 Introduction 345
20.2 Treatment Strategies 346
20.3 Methods of Wastewater Treatments 350
20.4 Electrochemical Methods of Wastewater Treatment 355
20.5 Biological Treatment 356
20.6 Strategies for Biological Treatment 356
21 Case Studies of Aquatic Contamination and Bioremediation 367
Younis A. Hajam and Diksha
21.1 Introduction 367
21.2 Water Contamination 367
21.3 Noxious and Hazardous Combinations in Diesel-Tarnished Water 374
21.4 Halophilic Tiny Creatures Expected to Work as Bioremediation Trained Professionals 375
21.5 Parts Drew in with Diesel Bioremediation by Organisms 376
21.6 Conclusion 377
References 377
Glossary 385
Index 389
1
Emerging Techniques for Treatment of Wastewater
Naseema A. Wani1, Nazir A. Malik2, Younas R. Tantary3, Ishrat Jan4, Tawseef Ahmad5, and Mohammad S. Wani6
1 Department of Botany, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab, India
2 Department of Botany, Dolphin PG College of Science and Agriculture, Chandigarh, Punjab, India
3 Department of Botany, Government Degree College, Tangdhar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
4 Department of Zoology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
5 Department of Biotechnology, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab, India
6 Department of Agriculture, Government Mohindra College, Patiala, Punjab, India
1.1 Introduction
Water is exceptionally a prerequisite for sustaining earthly existence. While 70% of the earth is made up of water, it is surprisingly accessible to only less than 1%. The world population will increase by up to nine million by 2050 with the current population growth rate that may trigger serious freshwater shortages in the immediate future. It is predicted that access to clean water for human needs will be challenging around the globe by 2030, as natural freshwater resources may be under great strain (Wichelns et al. 2015). Regrettably, 97% of the world's surface water is saltwater; two-thirds of the remaining 3% have frozen because 1% of the world's water source is not equally dispersed, and this scarcity is a major trouble in developing nations (Smith 2009). The most important prerequisite of each and every human being is the clean and potable water, but at the same time, usage of this is the utmost responsibility and concern of today's world. Some areas are supplied with water for this purpose despite constant rainfall. There is a shortage in this regard in some areas. In all regions across the globe, this creates a major obstacle in managing water distribution. Water is a predominant factor in the environment which influences human health and other living organisms. The physical and chemical facets of water quality have become a problem with the rise in population, as wastewater from various sources poses a serious threat. Globally, billions of people face the big issue of proper sanitation and clean water supply (WHO 2013). The rapid development of human society throughout the globe in the form of population growth, urbanization, and industrial development has led to an increase in the need for clean and safe drinking water on the one hand and the formation of wastewater on the other. In both the developed world and the developing world, human actions have contributed to water resource pollution by discharging harmful chemical substances from factories, industrial waste, agricultural land, etc., raising some additional load on accessible water supplies and generating large amounts of wastewater (Li et al. 2013). This wastewater approaching from various anthropogenic places is released in a very identical manner into distinct water bodies, which include streams, seas, oceans, and estuaries where it pollutes and significantly damages the aquatic vegetation and fauna. Over the years, various regulations, protocols, and procedures associated with the treatment and release of wastewater into water bodies have been developed and applied around the world and reused to address the continuing challenge of drinking water. But, alternatively, apart from all the rules and regulations, there is another sad truth that a substantial quantity of wastewater has been abandoned untreated or dealt with using strategies that are ineffective and discharged into the environment which subsequently ends in the degradation of the environment. These inadequate sanitation services result in many waterborne diseases (Bixio et al. 2006). According to the WHO, about 80% of the diseases in the developing world are water-related, due to low water quality and lack of sanitation, and this is worse in rural areas (WHO 2013). Lack of sanitation contaminates watercourses around the world and is one of the most important sources of water contamination. Every year there are three million deaths from diarrheal diseases due to Escherichia coli, Salmonella and Cholera bacterial infections, as well as parasites and viruses. The number of children dying of diarrhea in the 1990s was much greater than the number of conflict-ridden victims after World War II (Smith 2009). Furthermore, it is reported that approximately four million humans around the globe have little or no accessibility to safe and sanitized water sources and every year huge numbers of people die from waterborne diseases (Montgomery and Elimelech 2007; Malato et al. 2009).
In order to solve these issues, wastewater treatment is needed to reprocess wastewater in a useful way from distinctive sources. Wastewater treatment approaches that are currently in use have been validated to be effective in the past, but there is a desperate need to reconsider and develop current policies and procedures and create new wastewater management systems if you want to lessen the environmental risk. Another prime advantage of wastewater treatment is that it can be utilized for consuming purposes that will significantly reduce the burden on natural freshwater supplies from increasing water requirements. The World Health Organization reported that 1.1 billion people did not have access to safe drinking water in 2015. So, purifying wastewater and keeping it safe to drink can help reduce the need for drinking water.
1.2 Composition of Untreated Wastewater and Its Effect on Water Bodies
Defining wastewater really is difficult. Water consideration in its natural state, i.e. water from streams, lakes, and rivers, contains a wide range of minerals, nutrients, and suspended and dispersed substances. The water that is employed for one reason may not be suitable for another. Therefore, to explain the purity of water, there is a list of criteria set by various countries for different water groups. In order to make sure of the availability of clean water, changes are made regularly on the basis of the databases accessible across the planet from certain water and health regulatory authorities. Any degradation in water quality due to the involvement of human activities is water pollution. Anthropogenic and ecological waste both together contribute with regard to the switch in the natural constitution of water. Wastes discharged into water bodies of one country do not remain restricted to specific limits, and this leads to an increase in conflict between bordering nations. Therefore, it is an international concern and that is why it needs global support. Every segment of society has been experiencing an increasing need for sustainable use of resources. Wastewater is any water that has been influenced by human consumption. Wastewater is used water from any mechanical, residential, or arming exercises, stormwater, surface overflow, or any sewer inflow or sewer penetration (Almuktar et al. 2018). Because of the water global scarcity issues, the situation is fundamental to consider nonconventional sources of water for satisfying the increase in the need for freshwater. Wastewater is considered an acceptable solution suitable for addressing the scarcity of water resources caused by multiple factors such as population progression (Bichai et al. 2012; Almuktar and Scholz 2016). However, the unbelievable diversity in wastewater sources intrusive of organic and inorganic elements generates the recycling of that water condition to ordered checking to evaluate incoming hazards affecting the overall environment (FAO 2003). Only 20% of the total wastewater produced is treated before it is delivered into the environment (UNESCO 2012). Satisfactory recycling of wastewater is important to look after the health of the community, the environment, and water resources.
Wastewater normally originates from various anthropogenic places that lead to various forms of contaminants and pollutants present in it counting organic, inorganic, and biological origin (Das et al. 2014). Inorganic contaminants and heavy metal pollutants, viz. copper, cadmium, nickel, and zinc, other chemical toxins and pollutants, such as colorants, detergents, hydrocarbons, and biodegradable substances, are contained in drinking water. Also contained in wastewater are biological pollutants, such as bacteria, microorganisms (pathogenic and nonpathogenic), fungi, and viruses (UN Water 2015). All of the three wide variety of contaminants and pollutants discussed if left untreated or not properly handled affects and impacts the environment in a dangerous way that leads to the degradation of the environment and its related problems. The level of impact depends on the contaminant and pollutant type, form, and concentration.
As discussed earlier, wastewater is a complex mixture of many contaminants and pollutants discharged from domestic, industrial, and agricultural places and, when left untreated, these contaminants and pollutants will pollute the water bodies and produce a significant hazard to the water's natural environment.
Biological pollutants of wastewater by pathogenic or nonpathogenic sources from various sources directly or indirectly contaminate groundwater, which can contribute to infection outbreaks. Untreated wastewater from various places is of major concern due to the long-term effect of water resources on the aquatic environment.
1.2.1 Effect on River Water
Globally, river water is the main source of freshwater for humans, and any pollution of any sort...
