
Theory and Applications of Satisfiability Testing - SAT 2018
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The 20 revised full papers, 4 short papers, and 2 tool papers were carefully reviewed and selected from 58 submissions. The papers address different aspects of SAT interpreted in a broad sense, including theoretical advances (such as exact algorithms, proof complexity, and other complexity issues), practical search algorithms, knowledge compilation, implementation-level details of SAT solvers and SAT-based systems, problem encodings and reformulations, applications as well as case studies and reports on findings based on rigorous experimentation. They are organized in the following topical sections: maximum satisfiability; conflict driven clause learning; model counting; quantified Boolean formulae; theory; minimally unsatisfiable sets; satisfiability modulo theories; and tools and applications.
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Content
- Intro
- Preface
- Organization
- Invited Talks
- Computable Short Proofs??
- Modelling SAT
- Contents
- Invited Talk
- Dependency Quantified Boolean Formulas: An Overview of Solution Methods and Applications
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Notions and Problem Definition
- 3 Overview of Solution Methods
- 3.1 Incomplete Approximations
- 3.2 Search-Based Solution
- 3.3 Abstraction-Based Solution
- 3.4 Fork Resolution
- 3.5 Basic Approach Using Universal Expansion
- 3.6 Transformation into QBF
- 3.7 The Role of Preprocessing
- 3.8 Computing Skolem Functions
- 4 Applications
- 4.1 Partial Equivalence Checking for Combinational Circuits
- 4.2 Controller Synthesis
- 4.3 Realizability Checking for Sequential Circuits
- 5 Conclusion and Future Challenges
- References
- Maximum Satisfiability
- Approximately Propagation Complete and Conflict Propagating Constraint Encodings
- 1 Introduction
- 1.1 Related Work
- 2 Preliminaries
- 3 Approximate Propagation Completeness and Conflict Propagation
- 4 Computing Minimal Approximately Optimal Encodings
- 4.1 Ensuring Encoding Correctness
- 4.2 Encoding Approximate Propagation Completeness
- 4.3 Encoding Approximate Conflict Propagation
- 4.4 MaxSAT Solving
- 5 Experiments
- 5.1 Case Study: Integer Factoring
- 6 Conclusion
- References
- Dynamic Polynomial Watchdog Encoding for Solving Weighted MaxSAT
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Related Work
- 3 Preliminaries
- 3.1 MaxSAT
- 3.2 Totalizer Network
- 3.3 Polynomial Watchdog Encoding Scheme
- 4 Dynamic PW Encoding and GPW Algorithm
- 4.1 Dynamic PW Encoding
- 4.2 Dynamic GPW Algorithm
- 5 PW Encoding Optimizations
- 5.1 Caching of Adder
- 5.2 Cone-of-Influence Encoding
- 5.3 Exact Bound Encoding
- 6 Experimental Results
- 7 Conclusions
- References
- Solving MaxSAT with Bit-Vector Optimization
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Preliminaries
- 2.1 SAT Solving
- 2.2 State-of-the-Art Unweighted MaxSAT Solvers
- 2.3 Totalizer Encoding
- 3 Responsiveness and Incrementality
- 3.1 Responsiveness
- 3.2 Incrementality
- 4 Optimization Modulo Bit-Vectors (OBV) Algorithms
- 5 Mrs. Beaver: An Unweighted MaxSAT Algorithm
- 5.1 Mrs. Beaver and Linear Search
- 5.2 Mrs. Beaver-Inc: The Incomplete Preprocessor
- 5.3 Responsiveness
- 5.4 Incrementality
- 6 Applying Mrs. Beaver to Solve BMO
- 7 Experimental Results
- 7.1 Unweighted MaxSAT: MaxSAT Evaluation 2017
- 7.2 Industrial Instances
- 8 Conclusion
- References
- Conflict Driven Clause Learning
- Using Combinatorial Benchmarks to Probe the Reasoning Power of Pseudo-Boolean Solvers
- 1 Introduction
- 1.1 Our Investigations and Conclusions
- 1.2 Organization of this Paper
- 2 Experimental Set-up
- 3 Description of Benchmarks
- 4 Experimental Evaluation
- 4.1 Pseudo-Boolean Solvers and Boolean Reasoning
- 4.2 Pseudo-Boolean Solvers and Linear Programming
- 4.3 Pseudo-Boolean Solvers Versus CDCL and MIP
- 5 Concluding Remarks
- References
- Machine Learning-Based Restart Policy for CDCL SAT Solvers
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Background
- 3 Prior Hypotheses on ``The Power of Restarts''
- 4 ``Restarts Enable Learning Better Clauses'' Hypothesis
- 4.1 Confirming the ``Compacting the Assignment Stack'' Claim
- 4.2 Learning Better Clauses
- 4.3 Solving Instances Faster
- 4.4 Clause Length
- 4.5 Low LBD in Core Proof
- 4.6 New Restart Policy
- 5 A Machine Learning-Based Restart Policy
- 5.1 LBD Percentile
- 5.2 LBD of Next Clause
- 6 Experimental Evaluation
- 7 Related Work
- 8 Conclusion
- References
- Chronological Backtracking
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Chronological Backtracking
- 2.1 Algorithm
- 2.2 Combining CB and NCB
- 3 Experimental Results
- 3.1 SAT Competition
- 3.2 MaxSAT Evaluation
- 4 Conclusion
- References
- Centrality-Based Improvements to CDCL Heuristics
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Centrality Computation
- 3 Modified Decision and Deletion Heuristics
- 4 Performance Evaluation
- 5 Performance Details
- 6 Discussion
- References
- Model Counting
- Fast Sampling of Perfectly Uniform Satisfying Assignments
- 1 Introduction
- 1.1 Model Counting
- 2 Related Work
- 3 Caching and Component Decomposition
- 4 How to Get One Uniform Sample
- 5 How to Get Many Uniform Samples at Once
- 6 Reservoir Sampling
- 6.1 Reservoir Sampling in the Context of Model Caching
- 7 A Complete Algorithm
- 8 Evaluation and Experiments
- 8.1 Uniformity Verification
- 8.2 Running Time
- 8.3 Comparison
- References
- Fast and Flexible Probabilistic Model Counting
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Previous Work
- 2.1 Independent Support Sets
- 3 Our Results
- 4 First a Lower Bound
- 5 Then an Upper Bound
- 6 Finally a (1)|S| Approximation
- 7 Homogeneous Distributions
- 8 Low Density Parity Check Codes
- 9 Bounding B in Practice
- 10 Experiments
- 11 Conclusions
- References
- Exploiting Treewidth for Projected Model Counting and Its Limits
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Preliminaries
- 3 Dynamic Programming on TDs for SAT
- 4 Counting Projected Models by Dynamic Programming
- 5 Runtime (Upper and Lower Bounds)
- 6 Correctness of the Algorithm
- 7 Conclusions
- References
- Quantified Boolean Formulae
- Circuit-Based Search Space Pruning in QBF
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Preliminaries
- 3 CQESTO Algorithm
- 3.1 Projection (proj)
- 3.2 SAT Calls
- 3.3 Backtracking
- 3.4 Discussion
- 3.5 Correctness and Termination
- 4 Experimental Evaluation
- 5 Summary and Future Work
- References
- Symmetries of Quantified Boolean Formulas
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Quantified Boolean Formulas
- 3 Groups and Group Actions
- 4 Syntactic Symmetries
- 5 Semantic Symmetries
- 6 Existential Symmetry Breakers
- 7 Universal Symmetry Breakers
- 8 Construction of Symmetry Breakers
- References
- Local Soundness for QBF Calculi
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Preliminaries
- 3 Policies and Strategies
- 4 Operations on Strategies
- 5 Local Soundness of Expansion-Derived Calculi
- 5.1 Local Soundness for IR-calc
- 5.2 What Needs to Be Done Differently for IRM-calc?
- 6 Local Soundness for CDCL-Derived Calculi
- 7 Winning Strategies Are Worst-Case Exponential for IRM-calc Proofs
- 8 Conclusion and Future Work
- References
- QBF as an Alternative to Courcelle's Theorem
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Preliminaries
- 2.1 Treewidth
- 2.2 CNF Formulas
- 2.3 From Primal to Incidence Treewidth
- 3 2-QBF
- 4 Abstract Argumentation
- 5 Abduction
- 5.1 Adding -Preferences
- 6 Circumscription
- 7 Minimal Unsatisfiable Subsets
- 8 Conclusion
- References
- Polynomial-Time Validation of QCDCL Certificates
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Preliminaries
- 3 Validation of Certificates
- 4 RUP Proofs from Ordinary Q-Resolution
- 5 RUP Proofs from Long-Distance Q-Resolution
- 6 True Formulas
- 7 Experiments
- 8 Concluding Remarks
- References
- Theory
- Sharpness of the Satisfiability Threshold for Non-uniform Random k-SAT
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Preliminaries
- 3 Sharpness of the Threshold
- 3.1 Non-uniform Sharpness
- 3.2 Influence and Bourgain's Sharp Threshold Theorem
- 3.3 Proof of Sharpness for Non-uniform Random k-SAT
- 3.4 Relation to the Clause-Drawing Model
- 3.5 Example Application of the Theorem
- 4 Discussion of the Results
- References
- In Between Resolution and Cutting Planes: A Study of Proof Systems for Pseudo-Boolean SAT Solving
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Proof Systems for Pseudo-Boolean SAT Solving
- 3 Relations Between Subsystems of Cutting Planes
- 4 Tricky Formulas Based on Easy NP Instances
- 5 Concluding Remarks
- References
- Cops-Robber Games and the Resolution of Tseitin Formulas
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Preliminaries
- 2.1 Tseitin Formulas
- 3 A Game Characterization of Resolution Variable Space
- 4 Cops and Robber Games
- 4.1 The Cops-Robber Game Characterizes Width on Tseitin Formulas
- 4.2 An Invisible Robber Characterizes Variable Space on Tseitin Formulas
- 4.3 A Game Characterization of Depth on Tseitin Formulas
- 5 Regular Resolution and Monotone Games
- 5.1 The Visible Robber
- 5.2 The Invisible Robber
- 6 New Relations Between Complexity Measures for Tseitin Formulas
- 7 Conclusions and Open Problems
- References
- Minimally Unsatisfiable Sets
- Minimal Unsatisfiability and Minimal Strongly Connected Digraphs
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Preliminaries
- 3 Review on Minimal Unsatisfiability (MU)
- 4 MU with Full Monotone Clauses (FM)
- 5 FM with Binary Clauses (DFM)
- 6 Deficiency 2 Revisited
- 7 MU for 2-CNF
- 8 Conclusion
- References
- Finding All Minimal Safe Inductive Sets
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Preliminaries
- 2.1 Basic Definitions
- 2.2 MUSes, MCSes and Hitting Set Duality
- 2.3 Safe Inductive Invariants and MSIS
- 2.4 Monotonicity and MSMP
- 3 Problem Formulation: AllMSIS and SMSIS
- 4 MSIS Enumeration Using Hitting Set Duality
- 4.1 Inductive Support and Collapse Sets
- 4.2 CAMUS for MSIS Extraction
- 4.3 The CAMSIS Algorithm
- 5 MARCO and MSIS Extraction
- 5.1 MARCO Algorithm for MSMP
- 5.2 A Monotone Version of MSIS Enumeration
- 6 Complexity of MSIS and MUS
- 7 Experimental Results
- 8 Conclusion and Future Work
- References
- Satisfiability Modulo Theories
- Effective Use of SMT Solvers for Program Equivalence Checking Through Invariant-Sketching and Query-Decomposition
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Background: Automatic Generation of Simulation Proof
- 3 Running Example
- 4 Invariant Sketches and the Use of Counter-Examples
- 5 Efficient Discharge of Proof Obligations
- 6 Experiments
- 7 Related Work and Conclusions
- References
- Experimenting on Solving Nonlinear Integer Arithmetic with Incremental Linearization
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Background
- 3 Implementing Incremental Linearization in a Lazy SMT Solver
- 4 Experimental Analysis
- 5 Conclusions
- References
- Tools and Applications
- XOR-Satisfiability Set Membership Filters
- 1 Introduction
- 2 XORSAT Filters
- 2.1 XORSAT
- 2.2 XORSAT Filter Construction
- 2.3 False Positive Rate, Query Time, and Storing Multiple Solutions
- 2.4 Dictionaries
- 2.5 Blocked XORSAT Filters
- 3 Filter Efficiency
- 4 XORSAT Filter Parameters
- 5 Detailed Example
- 5.1 Building the Filter
- 5.2 Querying the Filter
- 6 Experimental Results
- 7 Conclusions and Future Work
- References
- ALIAS: A Modular Tool for Finding Backdoors for SAT
- 1 Introduction
- 2 On Backdoors to SAT
- 3 The ALIAS tool
- 4 Experimental Results
- 5 Conclusion
- References
- PySAT: A Python Toolkit for Prototyping with SAT Oracles
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Preliminaries
- 3 PySAT Toolkit Description
- 3.1 PySAT Design
- 3.2 Provided Interface
- 3.3 Installation
- 4 Usage Example
- 5 Experimenting with MaxSAT
- 6 Related Work
- 7 Conclusions
- References
- Constrained Image Generation Using Binarized Neural Networks with Decision Procedures
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Problem Description
- 3 The Generative Neural Network Approach
- 4 The Constraint-Based Approach
- 4.1 Approximation of a PDE Solver
- 4.2 Geometric and Process Constraints
- 5 Experiments
- 6 Related Work
- 7 Conclusion
- References
- Author Index
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