
General Principles of EU Law and the EU Digital Order
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Content
- Intro
- Half-Title Page
- Title Page
- Copyright Page
- Editors
- Contributors
- Summary of Contents
- Table of Contents
- Preface
- Part I General Issues
- Chapter 1 The Resilience of the EU Single Market's Building Blocks in the Face of Digitalization
- §1.01 INTRODUCTION
- §1.02 CONTEXT: SPECIFIC FEATURES OF THE EU'S DSM
- §1.03 DIGITALIZATION AND THE MATERIAL SCOPE OF THE FOUR FREEDOMS
- [A] The Broad Concept of Economic Activity
- [B] Blurring Lines and Concealing Distinctions Between Goods, Persons and Services
- [1] Importance of Services
- [2] Blurring Lines Between Goods and Services
- [3] Blurring Lines and Concealing Distinctions Between Services and Workers: 'Humans as a Service?'
- [4] The Need to Recognize Data as Fifth Freedom?
- [C] Concluding Remarks
- §1.04 THE SUBSTANTIVE SCOPE OF APPLICATION: NON-DISCRIMINATION, MARKET ACCESS AND PUBLIC INTERESTS
- [A] The Concepts of Freedom and Free Movement
- [1] Non-discrimination
- [2] Market Access
- [3] Article 16 EU Charter of Additional Value?
- [B] Public Interests and Fundamental Rights
- [C] Concluding Remarks
- §1.05 PERSONAL SCOPE: THE QUESTION OF HORIZONTALITY
- [1] Free Movement Rules
- [2] Fundamental Rights
- [3] Public and Private Interests
- [4] Concluding Remarks
- §1.06 TERRITORIAL SCOPE
- §1.07 CONCLUSION
- Chapter 2 The Principle of Sincere Cooperation, the Charter and Digitalisation
- §2.01 INTRODUCTION
- §2.02 THE DUTY TO HAVE AUTHORITIES CAPABLE OF ENSURING EFFECTIVE IMPLEMENTATION OF EU LAW
- §2.03 THE DUTY TO AVOID CONFLICTS WITH EU INSTITUTIONS
- §2.04 THE DUTY NOT TO INTERFERE WITH THE OPERATION OF EU LAW OR EU INSTITUTIONS
- §2.05 THE DUTY NOT TO INTERFERE WITH COMMISSION DECISIONS
- §2.06 THE DUTY TO AVOID FACILITATING BREACH OF EU LAW
- [A] A Duty to Avoid Facilitating or Allowing Breach of the National Law of Other Member States
- [B] The Duty to Correct Errors
- [C] The Duty to Provide a Fair Trial and Effective Remedies
- [D] The Duty to Act as Trustee or Agent of Necessity for the Union
- §2.07 THE DUTY NOT TO ALLOW INTERFERENCE BY DEFENDANTS WITH THE RIGHT TO AN EFFECTIVE REMEDY
- §2.08 SINCERE COOPERATION AND COMPETITION AS AN EU OBJECTIVE
- §2.09 THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC AREA
- [A] Have National Authorities and Courts a Duty to Raise Issues under the Charter on Their Own Initiative?
- [B] Sincere Cooperation and Legal Certainty
- [C] Judges' Attitudes
- [D] Protection of the Environment
- §2.10 IS THERE A GENERAL PRINCIPLE REQUIRING EFFECTIVE NATIONAL PROCEDURAL REMEDIES IN ENVIRONMENTAL CASES?
- §2.11 DIGITALISATION, A NEW AREA OF LAW, IN THE LIGHT OF THE GENERAL PRINCIPLE OF SINCERE COOPERATION
- [A] How Far Does the Principle of Sincere Cooperation Impose a Legal Duty to Regulate Digital Information in Private Hands?
- [B] Issues Arise in Connection with Data-Gathering Enterprises and Information-Providing Enterprises
- §2.12 CONTRACTUAL ARRANGEMENTS
- §2.13 SUGGESTED GENERAL PRINCIPLES
- §2.14 CONCLUSION
- Chapter 3 Judicial Development of EU Fundamental Rights Law in the Digital Era: A Fresh Look at the Concept of 'General Principles'
- §3.01 THE TRANSACTIONAL AND NON-TRANSACTIONAL PROTECTION OF USERS
- §3.02 EFFECTS OF EU FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
- §3.03 JUDICIAL EU FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS LAW
- §3.04 IF NOT THE CHARTER, THEN WHAT?
- §3.05 CONCLUSION
- Part II Principles and Rights
- Chapter 4 The Approach of the CJEU in the Era of Digitalization: Free Movement in Relation to the Internet at Its 25th Anniversary
- §4.01 INTRODUCTION
- §4.02 THE LEGAL NATURE OF FREE MOVEMENT AND THE INTERNAL MARKET
- §4.03 THE EVOLUTION OF THE CASE-LAW IN THE AREA OF FREE MOVEMENT
- [A] The First Decennium after the 'Release' of the Internet (1993-2003): From Equating a Fax or a Telephone to 'Virtual Market Places'
- [B] The Interim Phase, i.e., the Second Decennium after the 'Release' of the Internet (2004-2013): Intensification of the Degree of Complexity
- [C] The Final Phase (2014-2018): Reviews Directing Towards Collaborative Economies and Other Complicated Set-Ups
- §4.04 CONCLUSIONS
- Chapter 5 Proportionality Beyond the Constitution: The Impact of the Principle on EU Digitalization Legislation
- §5.01 INTRODUCTION
- §5.02 PROPORTIONALITY: FOUNDATIONS, SOURCES AND PROTECTION OF MEMBER STATES' INTERESTS
- [A] Elements of Proportionality
- [1] Form and Content
- [2] Procedural Requirements
- [B] Proportionality: Protecting Member States' Interests?
- §5.03 THE GENERAL DATA PROTECTION REGULATION (GDPR)
- §5.04 TAXING THE DIGITAL ECONOMY
- §5.05 COMPARISON AND CONCLUSIONS
- Chapter 6 General Principles of EU Law for the Collaborative Economy
- §6.01 INTRODUCTION
- §6.02 THE ROLE OF GENERAL PRINCIPLES IN THE SHARING ECONOMY
- §6.03 RESILIENCE: NEW LIGHT TO OLD PRINCIPLES
- [A] Effet Utile: Effectiveness of EU Law
- [1] Internal Market: Market Access
- [2] Consumer Protection
- [3] Data Protection
- [4] Competition Law
- [5] Labour Law
- [6] Conclusion on the Principle of Effectiveness
- [B] Proportionality and Subsidiarity
- §6.04 REINVENTION: NEW PRINCIPLES
- [A] Effective Analogy
- [B] Algorithmic Fairness
- [1] The Problem
- [2] Existing (Partial) Solutions
- [3] Future (More Coherent) Solutions Through the Creation of a General Principle
- §6.05 CONCLUSION
- Chapter 7 EU Non-discrimination Law in the Era of Artificial Intelligence: Mapping the Challenges of Algorithmic Discrimination
- §7.01 THE MECHANICS OF ALGORITHMIC DISCRIMINATION
- [A] AI, Machine-Learning and Algorithms
- [B] What Risks of Discrimination Do Machine-Learning Algorithms Pose?
- [C] Bias Through the Lens of Non-discrimination Law: Demystifying Algorithmic Discrimination
- [1] Stereotyping in Framing, Labelling and Modelling
- [2] Structural Discrimination Engrained in Data
- §7.02 THE APPLICABILITY OF THE CURRENT EU NON-DISCRIMINATION LAW REGIME TO CASES OF ALGORITHMIC DISCRIMINATION
- [A] Algorithmic Discrimination in the Labour Market
- [1] Equal Pay
- [2] Employment: Hiring, Promotion and Working Conditions
- [3] Algorithmic Stereotyping in Job Ads and Opportunities
- [B] The Provision and Supply of Goods and Services
- [1] Structural Misrepresentation in the Access to Goods and Services
- [2] Algorithmic Stereotyping in Advertising
- [3] Algorithmic Price Discrimination
- §7.03 CONCEPTUAL CHALLENGES, UNCERTAINTIES AND LIMITS OF EU NON-DISCRIMINATION LAW IN THE DIGITAL ERA
- [A] Direct Discrimination: A Sound Conceptual Basis with Limited Applicability?
- [B] Indirect Discrimination: A Broader Reach but More Justifications
- §7.04 ENFORCEMENT CHALLENGES: A NEED TO RETHINK THE APPLICATION OF EU NON-DISCRIMINATION LAW?
- [A] The Individual Rights-Based Approach
- [B] The Public Supervisory Approach
- §7.05 CONCLUSIONS
- Chapter 8 Here, There and Everywhere: The Right to Privacy in the Context of Good Administration in Cross-Border Coordination of Social Security Matters
- §8.01 INTRODUCTION
- §8.02 COMPETING RIGHTS AND PRINCIPLES: EFFICIENCY, FIGHTING FRAUD AND THE RIGHT TO PRIVACY: THE THEORETICAL SETTING
- §8.03 SOCIAL SECURITY AND REGULATION 883/2004
- [A] Introduction
- [B] Regulation 883/2004
- [C] The Personal Data Needed by Regulation 883/2004
- [D] European Forms (E-forms) Carrying Personal Data
- [E] Regulation 883/2004 and the EESSI-Platform
- [F] The EESSI: Platform as a Way of Enhancing the Co-operation
- §8.04 FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS: THE RIGHT TO PRIVACY AND DATA PROTECTION
- §8.05 IS THE EESSI IN COMPLIANCE WITH FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND GDPR?
- §8.06 FIGHTING INACCURACIES VERSUS THE RIGHT TO PRIVACY, OR: IN THE NAME OF FRAUD
- §8.07 CONCLUDING REMARKS
- Part III EU and Digital Rights
- Chapter 9 Balancing Fundamental Rights as a Method for Enforcing Digital Copyright in the EU: Exploring the Institutional Implications
- §9.01 COPYRIGHT IN THE DIGITAL ENVIRONMENT: INTERESTS INVOLVED AND THE CHALLENGE FOR ENFORCEMENT
- §9.02 THE EU LEGAL FRAMEWORK ON DIGITAL COPYRIGHT ENFORCEMENT: A LEGISLATIVELY SANCTIONED UNCERTAINTY
- [A] Copyright and the Global Information Infrastructure: The Elusive Search for Balance Through Political Bargaining
- [B] Implementing International Rules at the EU Level: A New Terrain of Contestation
- [C] Legal Rules on Copyright Enforcement: A Fragmented Regulative Landscape
- [D] Exacerbating Uncertainty Through National Implementation
- §9.03 ENTER THE EU COURT OF JUSTICE: BALANCING FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AS A METHOD FOR ENFORCING DIGITAL COPYRIGHT?
- §9.04 INSTITUTIONAL IMPLICATIONS
- [A] The Court as a Competence Dispatcher
- [1] Promusicae
- [2] Scarlet Extended
- [3] UPC-Telekabel
- [B] Influencing the Design of National Decision-Making Processes
- §9.05 JUDICIAL BALANCING IN THE CONTEXT OF LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL DIVERSITY
- Chapter 10 The Gravitational Force of the Charter of Fundamental Rights in EU Copyright Law
- §10.01 THE EU COPYRIGHT FRAMEWORK
- §10.02 EXCLUSIVE RIGHTS AND FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
- [A] GS Media
- [B] Renckhoff
- [C] Pelham
- §10.03 LIMITATIONS AND EXCEPTIONS
- [A] Painer
- [B] Deckmyn
- [C] Funke Medien, Spiegel Online, and Pelham
- §10.04 ENFORCEMENT MEASURES
- [A] Promusicae
- [B] Later Case Law
- §10.05 CONCLUSION
- Chapter 11 Proportionality in the CJEU's Internet Copyright Case Law: Invasive or Resilient?
- §11.01 INTRODUCTION
- §11.02 THE MULTIPLE FUNCTIONS OF RIGHTS PROPORTIONALITY IN THE CJEU CASE LAW
- [A] Legislation or Judicial Rights Proportionality? Scarlet's Choice
- [B] Using Rights Proportionality to Expand the Scope of EU Copyright Law: Deckmyn's Parody
- [C] Privatizing Rights Proportionality: The Troubling UPC Telekabel Wien
- [D] Annihilating Free Wi-Fi in Europe with Fundamental Rights Balance: Mc Fadden
- [E] Capturing Hyperlinking under EU Copyright Law Through Proportionality: GS Media
- [F] Transitional Conclusions on the Case Law
- §11.03 THREE CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES TO THE CJEU'S USE OF PROPORTIONALITY
- [A] Is There a Way out of Incommensurability?
- [B] Rights Inflation or 'Loss of Rights'
- [C] Spillover Effects or 'Externalities'
- §11.04 PROPORTIONALITY AS A MODE OF REGULATION: SYNTHETIZING DISCUSSION
- §11.05 CONCLUSION
- Part IV Competition Law and Related Issues
- Chapter 12 General Principles of European Competition Law and the 'Modern Bigness' of Digital Power: The Missing Link Between General Principles of Public Economic Law and Competition Law
- §12.01 INTRODUCTION
- §12.02 GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF EU LAW AND EUROPEAN COMPETITION LAW
- [A] Area-Specific General Principles: The Utrecht Tradition and the Principles of Public Economic Law
- [B] The General Principles of Freedom, Equality and Solidarity
- [C] A Resurfacing of General Principles of Public Economic Law?
- §12.03 THE PROBLEM OF MODERN BIGNESS: BLURRY LINES BETWEEN MARKET AND NON-MARKET IMPACTS
- §12.04 CONCLUSION: BIG TECH IN LIGHT OF PRINCIPLES OF PUBLIC ECONOMIC LAW
- Chapter 13 Portability in Datasets under Intellectual Property, Competition Law, and Blockchain
- §13.01 INTRODUCTION
- §13.02 PORTABILITY IN DATA?
- §13.03 PORTING RIGHT TO DATABASES
- §13.04 THE INTERFACE BETWEEN PORTING RIGHTS AND DATABASE PROTECTION AND TRADE SECRET PROTECTION
- §13.05 COMPETITION LAW: DATA HOARDING BY SOME PLATFORMS A VIOLATION OF ARTICLE 101 OR 102 TFEU?
- §13.06 BLOCKCHAIN
- §13.07 CONCLUSION
- Chapter 14 Applying the Principle of Proportionality in the Assessment of Online Sales Restrictions: Does the ECJ Manage to Strike a Balance?
- §14.01 THE PRINCIPLE OF PROPORTIONALITY IN THE APPLICATION OF THE EU COMPETITION RULES
- §14.02 ONLINE SALES RESTRICTIONS: ANY CAUSE FOR CONCERN?
- §14.03 SELECTIVE DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS AND ARTICLE 101(1) TFEU
- §14.04 THE COURT'S RULING IN METRO
- §14.05 LIFE AFTER THE VERTICAL BLOCK EXEMPTION REGULATION
- §14.06 ONLINE SALES RESTRICTIONS UNDER THE VBER
- §14.07 PIERRE FABRE: THE GAME CHANGER
- [A] The Case
- [B] Comment on the Court's Ruling
- §14.08 COTY: REDRESSING THE BALANCE?
- [A] The Case
- [1] The First Question
- [2] The Second Question
- [3] Questions 3 and 4
- [B] Comments on the Court's Ruling
- §14.09 CONCLUDING REMARKS
- Part V Data Protection
- Chapter 15 Anarchy, State, and Blockchain Utopia: Rule of Law Versus Lex Cryptographia
- §15.01 BLOCKCHAIN AND FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS OUTSIDE THE RULE OF LAW
- [A] Blockchain as a Barrier to the Rule of Law
- [B] The Rule of Law and Lex Cryptographia as Alternatives
- §15.02 BLOCKCHAIN AND FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AS A NEW PARADIGM
- [A] Fundamental Rights Within the Lex Cryptographia Ecosystem
- [B] The Choice Between Two Regimes of Fundamental Rights
- §15.03 CONCLUDING REMARKS
- Chapter 16 Governance of Digital Technology: Towards Principles for the Regulation of the Design, Implementation and Monitoring of AI Systems
- §16.01 INTRODUCTION
- §16.02 THE ISSUE AT HAND
- §16.03 REGULATION AND THE RULE OF LAW
- [A] Co-regulation and Self-Regulation
- [B] NUDGES
- §16.04 REGULATION OF DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY
- §16.05 THE ROLE OF PRINCIPLES IN LAW AND REGULATION
- [A] Some Recent Examples of AI Principles and Guidelines
- §16.06 THOUGHT EXPERIMENT: UTRECHT PSALTER
- [A] Utrecht PSALTER Principles
- [1] Precaution 2.0
- [2] Sustainability
- [3] Accountability
- [4] Legality/Legitimacy
- [5] Transparency
- [6] Effectiveness
- [7] Responsibility
- §16.07 REGULATION BY DESIGN? CONCLUDING REMARKS
- Chapter 17 Reconciling Privacy by Design with the Principle of Transparency
- §17.01 INTRODUCTION
- §17.02 PRIVACY BY DESIGN
- §17.03 THE PRINCIPLE OF TRANSPARENCY
- §17.04 THE CONFLICT BETWEEN PRIVACY BY DESIGN AND THE PRINCIPLE OF TRANSPARENCY: A LACK OF DEMOCRATIC LEGITIMIZATION
- §17.05 WAYS FORWARD: HOW TO PRACTICALLY ACHIEVE TRANSPARENCY IN THE CONTEXT OF PRIVACY BY DESIGN
- [A] Clarify Privacy Laws Through the Use of Visualization
- [B] Create New Methods to Reduce the Difficultly of Transposing Legal Rules into a Formalized Language
- [C] Develop a More Coherent Privacy by Design Methodology
- §17.06 CONCLUSION
- Part VI Conclusive Chapter
- Chapter 18 Towards General Principles 2.0: The Application of General Principles of EU Law in the Digital Society
- §18.01 INTRODUCTION: ALEXA, WHAT IS THE DIGITAL SOCIETY?
- §18.02 EFFECTS OF THE TECHNOLOGICAL DISRUPTION ON THE DOCTRINE OF GENERAL PRINCIPLES
- §18.03 THE RESILIENCE OF GENERAL PRINCIPLES IN THE DIGITAL SOCIETY
- §18.04 THE NEED TO RELY ON NEW GENERAL PRINCIPLES IN THE DIGITAL SOCIETY
- §18.05 FROM THE DIGITAL SINGLE MARKET TO THE IRULE OF LAW
- [A] The Digital Single Market and the Infosphere
- [B] Towards an iRule of Law?
- §18.06 CONCLUDING REMARKS: ON REGULABILITY IN EU LAW AND THE "FRENCH COAST CODE"
- Index
- EUROPEAN MONOGRAPH SERIES
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