Spin Labeling

List of ContributorsPreface1. Introduction I. Electron Spin Resonance in Biology II. Spin LabelingâEURA Reporter Group Technique III. Prelude References2. General Magnetic Resonance Theory I. Introduction II. Principles of Electron Spin Resonance III. The Magnetic Interactions IV. Analysis of the ESR Spectra V. Line Shape Theory References3. Theory of Slow Tumbling ESR Spectra for Nitroxides I. Introduction II. Theory III. Applications Appendix A. General Solutions and Discussion of the Computer Program for Nitroxides Appendix B. Computer Program for Slow Tumbling Nitroxides in Isotropic Liquids References4. Biradicals as Spin Probes I. Introduction II. The Triplet State III. Biradicals with Hyperfine Interactions IV. Spin Relaxation V. Conclusions Appendix A. The Spin Hamiltonian Appendix B. The Linewidths for a Nitroxide Biradical References5. The Chemistry of Spin Labels I. The Stability of the Paramagnetic Nitroxide Group in Spin Labels II. The Synthesis of Spin Labels III. Experimental Procedures for Preparation of Spin Labels References6. Molecular Structures of Nitroxides I. X-Ray Analysis of Single Nitroxide Crystals II. Experimental Results III. Conclusions on the Conformations of Nitroxides IV. ESR Spectra of Single Nitroxide Crystals References7. Instrumental Aspects of Spin Labeling I. ESR Instrumentation and Instrumental Artifacts II. The Use of Computers to Process Spin Labeling Data References8. The Use of Spin Labels for Studying the Structure and Function of Enzymes I. Introduction II. Reagents for Spin Labeling Enzymes III. Laboratory Techniques for Spin Labeling Enzymes IV. Information Obtainable from Spin-Labeled Enzymes V. Detailed Studies of Spin-Labeled Enzymes VI. Future Possibilities References9. Spin-Label-Induced Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Relaxation Studies of Enzymes I. Introduction II. Nuclear Spin Relaxation III. Measurement of Relaxation Times IV. Enzyme Studies V. Conclusions References10. Anisotropic Motion in Liquid Crystalline Structures I. Classification of Liquid Crystals II. The Relevance of Spin Probes to the Investigation of Liquid Crystals III. Anisotropic Motion of Spin Probes in Liquid Crystals IV. Nitroxide Spin Probe Investigations of Liquid Crystalline Mesophases References11. Oriented Lipid Systems as Model Membranes I. Types of System II. Nature of the Spectra III. Applications IV. Conclusion References12. Lipid Spin Labels in Biological Membranes I. Introduction II. Molecular Motion in Membranes III. Characterizing Macroscopic Order IV. Polarity Profile V. Measuring the Fraction of Membrane Lipids in the Fluid Bilayer VI. Lipid-Protein Interactions in Membranes References13. Molecular Motion in Biological Membranes I. Introduction II. "Fluid" Membranes III. Lateral Phase Separations IV. Lateral Diffusion V. Membrane Function VI. The Flexibility Gradient VII. Membrane Fusion Appendix A. Rotational Correlation Times Appendix B. Direct Experimental Evidence for a Phospholipid Spin Label Tilt ReferencesAppendix I. Simulated X-Band SpectraâEURIsotropic TumblingAppendix II. Principal Values of the g and Hyperfine Tensors for Several Nitroxides Reported to DateAppendix III. Commercial Sources of Spin Labeling Equipment and SuppliesAppendix IV. Practical Considerations for the Calculation of Order Parameters for Fatty Acid or Phospholipid Spin Labels in MembranesAppendix V. Symbols and AbbreviationsIndex