
Language, Memory, and Cognition in Infancy and Early Childhood
Description
Alles über E-Books | Antworten auf Fragen rund um E-Books, Kopierschutz und Dateiformate finden Sie in unserem Info- & Hilfebereich.
More details
Other editions
Additional editions

Content
- Front Cover
- Language, Memory and Cognition in Infancy and Early Childhood
- Copyright Page
- Contents
- Contributors
- Preface
- A
- Amnesia, Infantile
- Glossary
- Introduction
- Infantile Amnesia
- For What Is There Amnesia?
- The Phenomenon of Infantile or Childhood Amnesia
- Age of Earliest Memory
- Distribution of Early Memories
- The Universality of Childhood Amnesia
- Individual Differences
- Group Differences
- Explaining Infantile or Childhood Amnesia
- Memories Are Formed but Become Inaccessible
- Autobiographical Memories of Early Life Events Are Lacking
- Explaining Autobiographical Memory Development
- The Neural Substrate of Autobiographical Memory and Its Development
- Developments in Basic Memory Processes
- Developments in Nonmnemonic Abilities
- Developments in Language and Narrative Expression
- The Social Context of Remembering
- Linking Autobiographical Memory Development and Infantile or Childhood Amnesia
- The Rate at Which Memories Are Formed
- The Rate at Which Memories Are Forgotten
- The Crossover of Two Functions
- Summary and Conclusions
- See also
- Suggested Readings
- Artistic Development
- Glossary
- Introduction
- Children's Drawings
- Form
- Space
- Color
- Composition
- Motivation and the Expression of Feelings
- Talent or Giftedness in the Arts
- Drawing of Mentally Handicapped Children
- The Sociocultural Milieu
- Divergent Interpretations
- The Development of Sculpture
- Modeling the Human Figure
- Modeling Animal Figures
- Concluding Comments
- See also
- Suggested Readings
- Attention
- Glossary
- Introduction
- Attention in Infancy and Early Childhood
- Orienting
- Sustained Attention
- Executive or Endogenous Attention
- Psychophysiological Measures of Infant Attention
- Heart Rate
- EEG and ERPs
- Attention and Recognition Memory in Infancy
- Visual Fixation and Attention: What Does Looking Mean?
- Individual Differences in Attention
- Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Conclusion
- Suggested Readings
- B
- Bayley Scales of Infant Development
- Glossary
- Introduction
- Historical Background
- Development of the Early Scales
- Bayley Scales of Infant Development
- Bayley Scales of Infant Development-II
- Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development
- Contemporary Research using the Bayley Scales
- Summary
- See also
- Suggested Readings
- Bilingualism
- Glossary
- Introduction
- Early Differentiation
- Building Up Phonetic Categories
- Babbling in Bilingual Infants
- Learning Words
- Segmenting Words: Phonotactics
- Learning Word Forms
- Vocabulary Size
- Semantics
- Morphosyntax
- Cognitive Development
- Conclusions and Future Directions
- See also
- Suggested Readings
- Birth Order
- Glossary
- Introduction
- A Brief History
- Social Development
- Intellectual Development
- Theories of Birth-Order Differences
- Confluence Model
- Resource Dilution Model
- Parental Feedback Theory
- Family Niche Theory
- Prenatal Hypomasculinization Theory
- Contrasting Mechanisms
- Modern Data: The Importance of Research Design
- Intellectual Development
- Social Development
- Stereotype Effects
- Further Complexities
- Firstborns, Only-Children, and MiddleBorns
- Gender
- Summary
- Suggested Readings
- Brain Development
- Glossary
- Introduction
- Overview
- Prenatal Cortical Organization
- Genesis of Cortical Layers
- Development and Differentiation of Functional Areas
- Defining a neocortical area
- Area differentiation: Protomap vs. protocortex
- Function
- Architectonics
- Connections
- Topography
- Postnatal Brain Development
- Lessons from Visual Cortex
- The development of ocular dominance columns
- Progressive and Regressive Neural Events
- Broad progressive events
- General growth
- Neurogenesis
- Myelination
- Synaptogenesis and intracortical connections
- Broad Regressive Events
- Axon retraction/synapse elimination
- Cell death
- Developmental Neuroplasticity
- Perinatal Stroke
- Adverse Effects of Neuroplasticity?
- Neuroimaging Techniques for the Study of Human Development
- Imaging Caveats
- Structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging
- Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
- Review
- See also
- Suggested Readings
- Brain Function
- Glossary
- Introduction
- Theories of the Functional Development of the Human Brain
- Maturation
- Interactive Specialization
- Skill Learning
- Functional Development of the Human Brain: Examples
- Face Processing
- Working Memory
- Long-Term Memory
- Explicit memory
- Implicit memory
- Language
- Summary and Conclusions
- See also
- Suggested Readings
- Relevant Websites
- C
- Categorization Skills and Concepts
- Glossary
- Introduction
- Defining Categorization, Categories, and Concepts
- Categorization
- Categories
- Concept
- How Do We Measure Infants' Categorization, Categories, and Concepts?
- The Multiple Habituation Procedure
- A variation: Familiarization and visual paired- comparison
- Another variation: Object examining
- The Sequential-Touching Method
- What Do We Know about Infants' Categorization and Concepts?
- Do Infants form Categories and Concepts?
- Some problems of interpretation
- What Are the Processes of Categorization in Infancy?
- Summary representations
- Exemplar representation
- Correlated attributes
- Summary
- A New Framework for Categorization
- Summary: The Development of Categorization
- See also
- Suggested Readings
- Cognitive Development
- Glossary
- Introduction
- The Shape of Early Cognitive Development
- Cognitive Development as a Web
- Developmental ladders and staircases
- Developmental webs
- The Process of Developing Cognitive Skills
- Skills: The Child in Context
- The Process of Development: Getting from One Level to Another
- Typical Development of Early Cognitive Skills
- Physical Causality
- Newborn
- Reflex levels
- Sensorimotor levels
- Representations
- Numeracy
- Newborn
- Reflex levels
- Sensorimotor levels
- Representational levels
- Perspective Taking
- Newborn
- Reflex levels
- Sensorimotor levels
- Representations
- Variation within Children
- Tasks
- Environmental Support
- Emotions and Internal States
- Variation Across Children: Webs and Pathways
- Timing
- Adaptations and Perturbations
- Cultural Variation
- Summary
- See also
- Suggested Readings
- Relevant Websites
- Cognitive Developmental Theories
- Glossary
- Introduction
- Piaget and Vygotsky
- Neo-Piagetian Theories
- Complexity Theories
- Information Processing Theory
- Implicit vs. Explicit Cognition
- Knowledge of Mental States
- Dynamic Systems Theories
- Microgenetic Analysis
- Theories of Reasoning Processes
- Theories of Infant Cognitive Development
- Understanding the Physical World
- Neural Net Model of Balance Scale Understanding
- Neuroscience Approaches
- Summary
- See also
- Suggested Readings
- Cognitive Neuroscience
- Glossary
- Introduction
- Brain Development
- Domains of Cognitive and Behavioral Change
- Developing a Social Brain
- Language Acquisition and Speech Recognition
- Frontal Cortex Development, Object Permanence, and Planning
- Conclusions
- See also
- Suggested Readings
- Critical Periods
- Glossary
- Introduction
- Basic Concepts of Critical Periods
- History and Terminology
- How Might Critical or Sensitive Periods Work?
- Alternative Conceptions of Critical Periods
- Implications of Critical and Sensitive Periods for Early Childhood Development
- Discerning Critical Periods in Humans
- Time and Timing in Development
- New Horizons for Human Plasticity
- Three Examples of the Importance of Timing
- Newborn Screening
- Early Education
- Critical Life Events and Teachable Moments
- See also
- Suggested Readings
- D
- Developmental Disabilities: Cognitive
- Glossary
- Introduction
- Disorders of Communication: Developmental Language Disorders
- Normal Language Development
- Children at Risk
- Subtypes of Developmental Language Disorders
- Articulation and expressive dysfluency disorders
- Disorders of receptive and expressive language
- Higher-order language syndromes
- Outcome for Children with Developmental Language Disorders
- Autism Spectrum Disorders
- Etiology
- Diagnosis
- Core Deficits
- Social competence
- Language impairment
- Restricted range of behaviors, interests, and activities
- Treatment
- Visual-Spatial Disabilities
- Summary
- See also
- Suggested Readings
- E
- Exploration and Curiosity
- Glossary
- Introduction
- Curiosity
- Theories of Curiosity
- Drive theories
- Incongruity theories
- Competence and intrinsic motivation theories
- Types of Curiosity
- Developmental Progression
- Facilitation of the Development of Curiosity
- Relation to Other Developmental Skills
- Exploration
- Modes of Exploration
- Developmental Patterns
- Influences upon the Development of Exploration
- Facilitation of the Development of Exploration
- Relation to Other Developmental Skills
- Exploration and Curiosity
- Interrelations of Curiosity and Exploration
- Importance to Development
- See also
- Suggested Readings
- Relevant Websites
- F
- Future Orientation
- Glossary
- Introduction
- Future Orientation
- Historical Roots
- Research on Infants' and Young Children's Future-Orientation
- Future-Oriented Processes in the Saccadic Eye Movement System
- Future-Oriented Processes in the Smooth Pursuit Visual System
- Future-Oriented Processes in the Visual- Manual System
- Future-Oriented Processes in the Postural and Locomotion Systems
- Future-Oriented Processes in Early Social Systems
- Early Tools for Learning about the Future
- Learning Temporal Patterns and Ordered Sequences
- Learning Contingencies in Reinforcement Paradigms
- Learning about the Future through Conversation
- Physiology of Future-Oriented Processes
- Other Methods and Methodological Challenges
- A Taxonomy for Classification of Future-Oriented Processes
- See also
- Suggested Readings
- G
- Genetics and Inheritance
- Glossary
- Introduction
- Genetic Transmission
- Genes
- Meiosis
- Gene Expression
- Single Gene and Chromosomal Disorders
- Single-Gene Autosomal Traits
- Sex-Linked Disorders
- Chromosomal Disorders
- Genomic Imprinting
- Locating Genes
- Complex Traits and Disorders
- Behavioral Genetic Designs and Methods
- Gene-Environment Relationships
- Locating Candidate Genes for Complex Traits
- Genetic and Environmental Contribution to Common Traits and Disorders
- The Human Genome Project
- Findings from the Human Genome Project
- Moral, Ethical, and Legal Implications
- Conclusions and Future Directions
- See also
- Suggested Readings
- Relevant Websites
- Grammar
- Glossary
- Introduction
- From Holophrases to Abstract Constructions
- Word Combinations
- Pivot Schemas
- Item-Based and Abstract Constructions
- Using Grammar to Say Who Did What to Whom
- Word Order
- Case and Agreement
- Combining Word Order, Case, and Other Cues: Coalition and Competition
- Inflectional Morphology
- Abstract Constructions
- Learning Processes
- The Debate: Can Children Learn Grammar?
- Learning Mechanisms
- Intention Reading and Cultural Learning
- Schematization and Analogy
- Constructing Lexical Categories: Functionally Based Distributional Analysis
- Mechanisms for Constraining Generalization
- Conclusions
- See also
- Suggested Readings
- Relevant Website
- H
- Habituation and Novelty
- Glossary
- Introduction
- Habituation and Novelty
- The Use of Habituation and Novelty Paradigms in the Study of Development
- The Habituation-Dishabituation Procedure
- The Visual-Paired Comparison Procedure
- Differences between Habituation-Dishabituation and Visual-Paired Comparison
- Limitations of Habituation-Dishabituation and Novelty Procedures
- Major Theories of Habituation and Novelty
- The comparator model
- Optimal level theory/discrepancy hypothesis
- Major Developmental Trends
- The Role of Attention in Habituation and Novelty Detection
- Attention
- Effects of Arousal on Habituation
- Effects of Arousal on Novelty Detection
- What Kind of Memory Do Novelty Preferences Reflect?
- Distinctions between Different Types of Memory
- What Type of Memory Do Novelty Preferences Reflect?
- Neural Mechanisms Underlying Performance in the Visual-Paired Comparison
- Do Novelty Preferences Depend on the Hippocampus?
- Encoding vs. retrieval in the Visual-Paired Comparison
- Evidence from lesion studies
- Evidence from neuroimaging studies
- Summary
- The Interaction between Memory and Attention in the Visual-Paired Comparison
- Electrophysiological Correlates of Infant Novelty Preferences
- Summary and Conclusions
- See also
- Suggested Readings
- Head Start
- Glossary
- Introduction
- The Beginnings of Head Start
- The Early Years of Head Start
- Intelligence and Early Intervention
- Parent Involvement
- 1978-89: New Issues Emerge
- Health
- Social Services
- Parental Involvement
- 1989-96: A Critical Look at Head Start: Advisory Panels
- 1990-Present: Research/Evaluation Revived
- New Funding Initiative from Administration on Children, Youth and Families /Head Start Bureau
- New Funding Initiative from Administration on Children, Youth and Families/Head Start Bureau
- The Role of the Head Start National Research Conferences
- Summary
- See also
- Suggested Readings
- Humor
- Glossary
- Introduction
- Humor Development
- Ages Infant to 3 Years
- Ages 4-6 Years
- Ages 6-8 Years
- Theoretical Explanations of Humor Development
- Anthropological/Sociological/Communication Theory
- Psychodynamic Theory
- Constructivist Theory
- Other Theoretical Explanations
- Humor Development in Relation to Other Developmental Domains
- Cognitive Development
- Language Development
- Social-Emotional Development
- Physical and Motor Development
- Individual Differences in Humor Expression
- Methods for Fostering Humor Development
- The Role of Parents and Other Caregivers
- The Role of Teachers and Other Adults
- Summary
- See also
- Suggested Readings
- I
- Imagination and Fantasy
- Glossary
- Introduction
- Imagining, Pretending, and Fantasizing: The Developmental Course
- Imagination and Pretending
- Imaginary Companions
- Fantastical Beings
- What Do Children Understand about Imagination and Fantasy?
- Understanding of Pretending and Imagination
- What Do Children Understand about Fantastical Beings and Events?
- Individual Differences in Imagination, Pretense, and Fantasy
- Summary and Conclusion
- See also
- Suggested Readings
- Imitation and Modeling
- Glossary
- Introduction
- Humans as the Imitative Animal
- Distinguishing Imitation from Other Forms of Social Learning
- Origins of Imitation in Humans
- The Binding Problem
- Learning to Imitate by Operant Conditioning
- Learning to Imitate by Associative Learning
- Piaget's Theory of Imitative Development
- Imitation of Facial Acts
- The Active Intermodal Mapping Hypothesis
- Using Imitation to Learn about Objects
- Imitation of Novel Acts from Memory
- Imitation of Peers Outside the Dyad
- Using Imitation to Learn about People
- Imitation and Social Communication
- Roots of Social Cognition
- The Regulation of Imitation
- Regulation of Imitation by Goals and Intentions
- Regulation of Imitation by Emotions
- Regulation of Imitation by Prior Experience and Success of the Model
- Infant Imitation as an Emerging Interdisciplinary Field
- Mirror Neurons
- Autism
- Robotics
- Summary and Future Directions
- See also
- Suggested Readings
- Intellectual Disabilities
- Glossary
- Introduction
- Definition and Categorization
- Definition History
- Adaptive Behavior
- Two-Group Approach
- Etiology-Specific Approach
- Dual Diagnosis
- Identification, Intervention, and Education
- Identifying Young Children with Intellectual Disability
- Early Intervention
- Special Education
- Individualized Education Plan
- Education planning for older children with intellectual disability
- Etiology and Education Planning
- Families of Children with Intellectual Disability
- Summary
- See also
- Suggested Readings
- Relevant Websites
- L
- Language Acquisition Theories
- Glossary
- Introduction
- Theoretical Accounts of Language Learning
- Behaviorist Accounts
- Nativist Accounts
- Social/Cognitive Accounts
- Connectionist Accounts
- Constrained Learning
- Constrained Invention
- Is Language Innate?
- Innateness Defined as Genetic Encoding
- Innateness Defined as Developmental Resilience
- Resilience in the face of external variation
- Resilience in the face of internal variation
- Mechanisms that Could Lead to Resilience
- Language is Not a Unitary Phenomenon
- See also
- Suggested Readings
- Language Development: Overview
- Glossary
- Introduction
- Overview of Development
- Infancy
- Early Comprehension and Production
- Learning a Vocabulary and Developing Meaning
- Learning Grammar
- Learning Morphology
- Early Syntactic Development
- Later Syntactic Development
- Developing Pragmatic and Metalinguistic Skills
- Conversation
- Narrative
- Metalinguistic Skills
- Atypical Development
- Learnability and Constituency
- Conclusion
- Suggested Readings
- Learning
- Glossary
- Introduction
- Early Work on Learning
- Statistical Learning
- The Role of Frequency in the Formation of Speech Categories
- The Role of Joint Probability and Transitional Probabilities in Visual Statistical Learning
- The Role of Transitional Probabilities in Segmenting Words in Continuous Speech
- How Infants Might Tune in to Long Distance Dependencies
- Generalization in Learning
- Current Issues
- Summary
- See also
- Suggested Readings
- Literacy
- Glossary
- Introduction
- The History of Literacy Instruction
- Learning to Read versus Learning to Talk
- Language
- Links between Language and Literacy
- Literacy Skills
- Development of Literacy Skills and Phases of Learning
- Pre-reading phase
- The learning-to-read phase
- The reading-to-learn phase
- Components of Reading and Effective Instructional Practices
- Phonological awareness
- Phonics
- Fluency
- Reading comprehension
- Literacy Learning Environments
- Home
- Classroom Instruction
- Characteristics of effective teachers
- Multiple dimensions of instruction
- Individualizing student instruction and newdefinitions of reading disabilities
- Conclusion
- See also
- Suggested Readings
- Relevant Websites
- M
- Mathematical Reasoning
- Glossary
- Introduction
- Number and the Core Systems View
- A General Model of Numerical Processing
- Developmental Origins of Number Processing
- The Approximate Number System in Infancy and Early Childhood
- The Special Case of Small Numbers of Objects: Object Tracking and the Object-File System
- Going Beyond Discrimination: Using the Approximate Number System in Arithmetic Operations
- The Role of Language in Numerical Development
- Learning to Count
- Linguistic Effects on Number Comprehension and Encoding
- Abnormal Numerical Development
- Sex Differences in Arithmetic Development
- Conclusion
- See also
- Suggested Readings
- Memory
- Glossary
- Introduction
- Newborns
- High-Amplitude Sucking
- Visual Preference
- Head Turning
- Imitation
- Summary
- 3-6-Month-Olds
- Visual Recognition Memory Paradigm
- Operant Conditioning Procedures
- Electrophysiology
- Summary
- 6-12-Month-Olds
- Operant Conditioning - Train Task
- Deferred Imitation
- Summary
- 12-24-Month-Olds
- Summary
- Conclusions
- See also
- Suggested Readings
- Milestones: Cognitive
- Glossary
- Introduction
- 0-1 Month of Age
- Recognition Memory
- Basic Learning Processes
- 1-6 Months of Age
- Recognition Memory
- Knowledge of Objects and Events
- Perceptual Categorization
- 6-12 Months of Age
- Short-Term Memory
- Recall and Long-Term Explicit Memory
- Object Permanence
- Causality
- Goal-Directed and Intentional Action
- Planning and Means-Ends Problem Solving
- Egocentric Spatial Framework
- Meanings of Words
- Conceptual Categorization
- 12-18 Months of Age
- Advances in Long-Term Recall
- Intentionality (Human Agency)
- Word Production
- Pretense
- Pictorial Competence
- Analogical Problem Solving
- 18-24 Months of Age
- Strategic Memory
- Self-Recognition
- Desire in Others
- Tool Use
- 24-36 Months of Age
- Scripts as Organizational Underpinnings for Autobiographical Memory
- Advances in Pictorial Competence
- Models as Symbols
- Pretense and Sociodramatic Play
- Challenges and Opportunities
- See also
- Suggested Readings
- N
- Neonativism
- Glossary
- Introduction
- Explaining the Origins of Behavior and Knowledge
- A History of the Notion of Nativism
- Ancient times
- Influences of early modern philosophers
- Innate modules
- Behaviorism and nativism
- Constructivism
- A new form of nativism
- What is Nativism?
- Struggling with Definitions
- Why These Differences in Meaning Are Important
- Various Forms of Interactioninsm
- Conclusions
- See also
- Suggested Readings
- O
- Object Concept
- Glossary
- Introduction
- Object Concept
- Piaget's Theory
- Evaluating Piaget's Theory
- Nativist Theory
- Evaluating Nativist Theory
- Developmental Mechanisms of Object Concepts: Action Systems
- Object Concepts and Search Behavior
- Manual Learning and Experience
- Integrating Information Over Time and Space: The Role of Eye Movements
- Oculomotor Learning and Experience
- Developmental Mechanisms of Object Concepts: Neural Systems
- Conclusions
- Suggested Readings
- P
- Perception and Action
- Glossary
- Introduction
- Origins of Perception-Action Coupling
- Perceptuomotor Behavior of Neonates
- Adaptation to Changes in Brain and Body
- Principles of Perception and Action
- Reciprocity between Perception and Action
- Sensitivity to surfaces and objects
- Sensitivity to movements of the body
- Sensitivity to the relation between self and environment
- Planning and Prospective Control
- Significance of future-directed information
- Smooth visual pursuit tracking
- Reaching for stationary and moving objects
- Predictive tracking of briefly occluded moving objects
- Embodied knowledge
- Perception and Action are Context Specific
- Coordination of leg movements
- Scaling perceptual information to motor responses
- Development of reaching in the light and dark
- Action Understanding
- Common coding of the observation and execution of actions
- Simulation and understanding of actions
- Developmental origins of common coding
- Change Mechanisms
- Variation and Selection
- Summary
- See also
- Suggested Readings
- Relevant Website
- Piaget's Cognitive-Developmental Theory
- Glossary
- Introduction
- Major Themes
- Criticisms of the Theory
- See also
- Suggested Readings
- Play
- Glossary
- Introduction
- Types and Functions of Play
- Types of Play
- Interpersonal play
- Object play
- Functions of Play
- The Developmental Progression of Play
- Play and Other Related Functions
- A Short History of Research on Play
- Play in Relation to Play Partners, Gender, and Culture
- Play and Play Partners
- Gender Segregation of Play
- Play and Culture
- Summary
- See also
- Suggested Readings
- Pragmatic Development
- Glossary
- Introduction
- Early to Mid-Infancy
- Summary
- Late Infancy
- Pointing
- Symbolic Gestures
- Summary
- Early Word Learning and Use
- Summary
- Multiword Speech
- Summary
- Extended Discourse
- Conversational Development
- Narrative Development
- Summary
- Concluding Remarks
- See also
- Suggested Readings
- Preverbal Development and Speech Perception
- Glossary
- Introduction
- How Do We Study Language Perception in a Nonverbal Infant?
- The Beginnings of Human Speech Perception
- The Social and Emotional Ecology of Infant Language Learning
- Infants' Perception of the Speech Stream
- Perception of Prosody
- Perception of Phonology
- Perception of Conditional Probability
- Relating Research from the Laboratory to Infants' Language-Learning Ecology
- See also
- Suggested Readings
- R
- Reasoning in Early Development
- Glossary
- Introduction
- A Framework for Understanding Issues in the Development of Reasoning
- Induction
- Analogical Reasoning
- Deduction
- See also
- Suggested Readings
- S
- School Readiness
- Glossary
- Introduction
- Conceptualizing School Readiness and Transition
- Before Children Get to School
- Child Factors
- Entrance Age
- Gender
- Cognitive Skills and IQ
- Language/literacy skills
- Self-regulation
- Motivation
- Sociocultural Factors
- Socioeconomic disadvantage and academic achievement
- Race, ethnicity, and academic achievement
- Early Childcare and Preschool
- Is day care good or bad for children?
- Are early intervention programs for at-risk students effective?
- Parenting
- Does parenting matter?
- Can parenting be modified?
- What is parenting anyway?
- Family learning environment
- Parental warmth/responsivity
- Parental control/discipline
- Once Children Begin School
- Stability of Language and Literacy Skills
- The Effect of Schooling and the Specificity of Learning
- Parents' and Teachers' Beliefs about Readiness
- Conclusions
- See also
- Suggested Readings
- Relevant Websites
- Self Knowledge
- Glossary
- Introduction
- Perceptually Based Self-Knowledge
- Bodily Awareness
- Self-Efficacy
- Self-Reflective Awareness
- Visual Self-Recognition
- Early Autobiographical Self-Knowledge
- Conclusion
- See also
- Suggested Readings
- Semantic Development
- Glossary
- Introduction
- First Words
- Comprehension
- Production
- Learning Words: Theories and Mechanisms
- Constraints Theories
- The whole-object constraint
- Taxonomic constraint
- Mutual exclusivity constraint
- Sociopragmatic Theories and Cues to Word Learning
- Evidence from experimental studies
- Parental input: Individual, socioeconomic and cultural factors
- Attentional Mechanisms
- Combining Syntactic and Pragmatic Cues
- Hybrid Models of Word - Learning
- Nouns vs. Verbs: Is there a Noun Bias?
- Verb Learning
- Sources of Information about Verb Meaning
- Sociopragmatic Cues
- Syntactic Bootstrapping
- Conclusion
- See also
- Suggested Readings
- Separation and Stranger Anxiety
- Glossary
- Introduction
- Reactions to the Approach and Disappearance of People
- Stranger Anxiety
- Cognitive Advances Underlying the Response to Strangers
- Object permanence
- Incongruity between the familiar and the unfamiliar face
- Brain maturation
- Fear and Anxiety as Indicators of Emotional Advances in the First Year
- The 8-month anxiety
- Fearfulness as a marker of a new level of emotional organization
- Separation Anxiety
- The Normative Course of Separation Anxiety
- The role of cognitive and social factors
- The Developmental Significance of Separation
- Consequences of Separation in Animals
- Physiological and Behavioral Correlates of Emotional Distress
- The Mother-Child Dyad and Separation Anxiety
- Attachment as a window on separation anxiety
- Separation anxiety in secure and insecure children
- The separation-individuation process
- Separation anxiety as a marker of emotional development
- Maternal separation anxiety
- Separation Anxiety Disorder in Young Children
- Differentiating Separation Anxiety Disorder from Normal Separation Reactions
- Clinical and Etiological Consideration
- Suggested Readings
- Speech Perception
- Glossary
- Introduction
- Why Speech Perception Is Difficult
- Methodologies for Studying Infant Speech Perception
- Infant Speech Discrimination Procedures
- Infants' Phonetic Discrimination
- Infants' Discrimination of Phonemes
- Categorical Perception
- Audio-Visual Speech Perception
- Infants' Perception of Non-Native Speech Sounds
- Speech Preferences in Infancy
- Auditory and Speech Preference Procedures
- Infants' Speech Preferences
- See also
- Suggested Readings
- Symbolic Thought
- Glossary
- Introduction
- Definition and Overview
- Development of Symbolic Thought
- Level 1: Intentionality and Mediation Without Reflection
- Level 2: Thinking about Representations in the Absence of Stimuli
- Level 3: Treating Symbols as Symbols
- Level 4: Reflection on the Quality of the Symbol- Referent Relation
- Facilitation of Symbolic Thought
- The Role of Symbolic Thought in Problem Solving
- Summary
- See also
- Suggested Readings
- T
- Theory of Mind
- Glossary
- Introduction
- What is a Theory of Mind?
- Theory of Mind
- Understanding False Belief
- Mental Representation
- Beliefs and Desires: Truth and Fulfillment
- Predicting and Explaining Behavior
- Development of Theory of Mind
- Social Perception in Infancy
- Mental-State Awareness in Toddlers and Young Preschoolers
- Metarepresentational Ability in Older Preschoolers
- Recursive and Interpretive Abilities in School- age Children
- Differences in Development
- Individual Differences
- Atypical Development
- Cultural Differences
- Explanations of Theory-of-Mind Development
- See also
- Suggested Readings
- Twins
- Glossary
- Introduction
- Twin Behaviors
- Prosocial Behaviors
- Psychological Closeness
- Shyness
- School Behaviors
- Twin Language
- Why and How We Use Twins to Study Behavior
- Comparing MZ and DZ Twins
- Heritability
- Environment
- Genetic Influences on Environmental Influences
- The Equal Environments Assumption
- Gene-Environment Correlation and Interaction
- Twin Study Results on Normal Development
- Temperament
- Cognition
- Externalizing Behaviors
- Empathy and Prosocial Behaviors
- Internalizing Behavior
- Summary
- See also
- Suggested Readings
- Subject Index
System requirements
File format: ePUB
Copy protection: Watermark-DRM (Digital Rights Management)
System requirements:
- Computer (Windows; MacOS X; Linux): Use a reading software that can process the file format ePUB: e.g., Adobe Digital Editions or FBReader – both free (see eBook Help).
- Tablet/Smartphone (Android; iOS): Before downloading, install the free app Adobe Digital Editions (see eBook Help).
- E-reader: Bookeen, Kobo, Pocketbook, Sony, Tolino and many more (not Kindle).
The file format ePUB works well for novels and non-fiction books – i.e., „flowing” text without complex layout. On an e-reader or smartphone, line and page breaks automatically adjust to fit the small displays.
This eBook uses Watermark-DRM, a „soft” copy protection. This means that there are no technical restrictions to prevent illegal distribution. However, there is a personalised watermark embedded in the eBook that can be used to identify the purchaser of the eBook in the event of misuse and to provide evidence for legal purposes.
For more information, see our eBook Help page.