
Freedom of expression and the internet
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Content
- Intro
- List of abbreviations
- Table of cases
- Preface
- Chapter 1. Introduction: the challenges of ensuring freedom of expression on the internet
- Chapter 2. The content of freedom of expression online
- 2.1. Main elements of the right
- 2.1.1. Freedom of opinion
- 2.1.2. Freedom of information
- 2.1.3. Freedom of the press and media
- 2.1.4. Freedom of international communication
- 2.1.5. Freedom of artistic expression
- 2.1.6. Freedom of cultural expression
- 2.1.7. Freedom of science
- 2.1.8. A new freedom? Internet freedom and openness
- 2.1.9. Right to anonymity
- 2.1.10. Right to whistle-blowing
- 2.2. Corollary rights: freedom of assembly and association, and the rights to education and access to knowledge
- 2.3. Right to access to the internet
- Chapter 3. Restrictions on freedom of expression online
- 3.1. Principles and problems
- 3.2. Criteria for restrictions and the practice of the Court in internet cases
- 3.2.1. Criteria for restrictions
- 3.2.2. The practice of the Court
- The margin of appreciation
- The role of context
- Protection of the rights of others
- Information already available on the internet
- Specific responsibilities of the media
- Responsibilities of politicians
- 3.3. Conclusion
- Chapter 4. Standard setting by the Council of Europe and non-state actors
- 4.1. The context: the role of human rights in internet governance
- 4.2. Activities of the Council of Europe: awareness-raising and standard setting
- 4.2.1. Recommendations and declarations
- 4.2.2. Guidelines and recommendations for business
- 4.3. Activities of non-state actors
- 4.3.1. The Charter of Human Rights and Principles for the Internet
- 4.3.2. Standard setting in the private sector
- 4.3.3. Transparency to protect freedom of expression
- Chapter 5. Specific issues
- 5.1. Internet content regulation and freedom of expression
- 5.2. Information and disinformation
- 5.2.1. The consequences of misinformation
- 5.3. Technological neutrality and freedom of expression
- 5.4. Network neutrality and freedom of expression
- 5.5. Characteristics of protected and unprotected speech online
- 5.6. Fighting online hate speech
- 5.7. Defamation, reputation and freedom of expression online
- 5.8. Protection of children in light of freedom of expression
- 5.9. Freedom of expression and internet domain names
- 5.10. The role of internet intermediaries: reconfiguring their rights and duties
- 5.11. Regulatory approaches to freedom of expression in social networks
- 5.12. Private and public spaces on the internet
- 5.13. Freedom of expression and algorithms
- 5.13.1. Training data
- 5.13.2. Overblocking
- 5.13.3. Lack of explainability
- 5.14. Whistle-blowing as a human right
- 5.15. Transcending the national level
- Chapter 6. Relevant practice on the national level
- 6.1. Jurisdiction and freedom of expression online
- 6.1.1. France v. US and Yahoo v. LICRA: a tale of two countries and two courts
- 6.1.2. UK: the internet comes under national jurisdiction
- 6.1.3. European Union: the right to be forgotten and its limits
- 6.1.4. Austria: worldwide obligation to search for unlawful content?
- 6.2. Access and freedom of expression online
- 6.2.1. Europe: restrictions placed on prisoners' access to certain sites
- 6.2.2. China and Turkey: blocking access to Wikipedia
- 6.2.3. India: shutdown of internet access and cell phone services in Kashmir
- 6.2.4. Internet access as a protected right in 20 Council of Europe member states
- Germany: the internet as an essential part of life
- Finland: a right to broadband?
- 6.2.5. Cloudflare terminates service for 8chan in response to US shootings
- 6.3. Copyright and freedom of expression online
- 6.3.1. France: the limits to enforcing copyright
- 6.3.2. European Parliament: EU Copyright Directive
- 6.3.3. Italy: Court holds video-sharing platform liable for content uploaded by users
- 6.4. Public and private violations of freedom of expression online
- 6.4.1. Hate speech disrupts freedom of expression online
- 6.4.2. Germany's Network Enforcement Act
- 6.4.3. Singapore: bill to fight misinformation
- 6.4.4. Russia: criminalisation of online content that 'disrespects' the government
- 6.5. Powerful internet companies and national laws: who wins the battle for freedom of expression?
- 6.5.1. Google Italy: personalising (criminal) liability for online content
- 6.5.2. UK: publisher's liability for Google confirmed
- 6.5.3. Social media platforms remove Chinese state-sponsored disinformation campaign targeting Hong Kong
- 6.6. Business and freedom of expression online
- 6.6.1. Tajikistan: no complicity of companies in censorship
- 6.6.2. EU: does the export of censorship and surveillance technology violate human rights?
- Chapter 7. European monitoring mechanisms
- 7.1. Council of Europe Internet Governance Strategy
- 7.2. Monitoring by Council of Europe bodies
- 7.2.1. The Committee of Ministers
- 7.2.2. The Parliamentary Assembly
- 7.2.3. The Secretary General
- 7.2.4. The Commissioner for Human Rights
- 7.2.5. The European Court of Human Rights
- 7.2.6. The Council of Europe's other monitoring bodies
- The European Committee on Social Rights
- The Advisory Committee for the Protection of National Minorities
- The European Commission against Racism and Intolerance (ECRI)
- 7.2.7. Capacity-building
- 7.3. Monitoring by the OSCE and the EU
- 7.3.1. The OSCE
- 7.3.2. The EU
- 7.4. European hotlines
- 7.5. Civil society watchdogs
- Chapter 8. Promotion of freedom of expression online
- 8.1. The Council of Europe
- 8.2. The European Union
- 8.3. The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE)
- 8.4. The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)
- 8.5. The UN Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Opinion and Expression
- 8.6. Initiatives by individual states
- Chapter 9. Conclusions
- 9.1. Freedom of expression as the key right of the internet age
- 9.2. Setting standards for free speech online: the impact of the Council of Europe
- 9.3. Protecting internet-based freedom of expression: new challenges
- 9.4. The role of national courts and of the European Court of Human Rights
- 9.5. Judges outside the courtroom: monitoring freedom of expression
- 9.6. Taking things one step further: promoting freedom of expression
- 9.7. Freedom of expression on the internet: a catalyst and an enabler of human rights
- Summary
- Bibliography
- About the authors
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